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Jeerage KM, Berry J, Murray J, Goodman C, Piotrowski P, Jones C, Cecelski CE, Carney J, Lippa K, Lovestead T. The need for multicomponent gas standards for breath biomarker analysis. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35584612 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac70ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath is a non-invasive, information-rich matrix with the potential to diagnose or monitor disease, including infectious disease. Despite significant effort dedicated to biomarker identification in case control studies, very few breath tests are established in practice. In this topical review, we identify how gas standards support breath analysis today and what is needed to support further expansion and translation to practice. We examine forensic and clinical breath tests and discuss how confidence has been built through unambiguous biomarker identification and quantitation supported by gas calibration standards. Based on this discussion, we identify a need for multicomponent gas standards with part-per-trillion to part-per-million concentrations. We highlight National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) gas standards developed for atmospheric measurements that are also relevant to breath analysis and describe investigations of long-term stability, chemical reactions, and interactions with gas cylinder wall treatments. An overview of emerging online instruments and their need for gas standards is also presented. This review concludes with a discussion of our ongoing research to examine the feasibility of producing multicomponent gas standards at breath-relevant concentrations. Such standards could be used to investigate interference from ubiquitous endogenous compounds and as a starting point for standards tailored to specific breath tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita M Jeerage
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 647.07, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, UNITED STATES
| | - Jennifer Berry
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, UNITED STATES
| | - Jacolin Murray
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Cassie Goodman
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Paulina Piotrowski
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Christina Jones
- Office of Advanced Manufacturing, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Christina Elena Cecelski
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, UNITED STATES
| | - Jennifer Carney
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Katrice Lippa
- Office of Weights and Measures, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Tara Lovestead
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 647.07, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, UNITED STATES
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2
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Lewis AC, Hopkins JR, Carslaw DC, Hamilton JF, Nelson BS, Stewart G, Dernie J, Passant N, Murrells T. An increasing role for solvent emissions and implications for future measurements of volatile organic compounds. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190328. [PMID: 32981432 PMCID: PMC7536026 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a broad class of air pollutants which act as precursors to tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Total UK emissions of anthropogenic VOCs peaked in 1990 at 2,840 kt yr-1 and then declined to approximately 810 kt yr-1 in 2017 with large reductions in road transport and fugitive fuel emissions. The atmospheric concentrations of many non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in the UK have been observed to fall over this period in broadly similar proportions. The relative contribution to emissions from solvents and industrial processes is estimated to have increased from approximately 35% in 1990 to approximately 63% in 2017. In 1992, UK national monitoring quantified 19 of the 20 most abundant individual anthropogenic VOCs emitted (all were NMHCs), but by 2017 monitoring captured only 13 of the top 20 emitted VOCs. Ethanol is now estimated to be the most important VOC emitted by mass (in 2017 approx. 136 kt yr-1 and approx. 16.8% of total emissions) followed by n-butane (52.4 kt yr-1) and methanol (33.2 kt yr-1). Alcohols have grown in significance representing approximately 10% of emissions in 1990 rising to approximately 30% in 2017. The increased role of solvent emissions should now be reflected in European monitoring strategies to verify total VOC emission reduction obligations in the National Emissions Ceiling Directive. Adding ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone and 2-propanol to the existing NMHC measurements would provide full coverage of the 20 most significant VOCs emitted on an annual mass basis. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair C. Lewis
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jim R. Hopkins
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - David C. Carslaw
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Ricardo Energy and Environment Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0QR, UK
| | - Jacqueline F. Hamilton
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Beth S. Nelson
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gareth Stewart
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James Dernie
- Ricardo Energy and Environment Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0QR, UK
| | - Neil Passant
- Ricardo Energy and Environment Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0QR, UK
| | - Tim Murrells
- Ricardo Energy and Environment Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0QR, UK
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3
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Rhoderick GC, Cecelski CE, Miller WR, Worton DR, Moreno S, Brewer PJ, Viallon J, Idrees F, Moussay P, Kim YD, Kim D, Lee S, Baldan A, Li J. Stability of gaseous volatile organic compounds contained in gas cylinders with different internal wall treatments. ELEMENTA (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2019; 7:10.1525/elementa.366. [PMID: 32118079 PMCID: PMC7047742 DOI: 10.1525/elementa.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been ongoing for decades to track growth rates and assist in curbing emissions of these compounds into the atmosphere. To accurately establish mole fraction trends and assess the role of these gas-phase compounds in atmospheric chemistry it is essential to have good calibration standards. A necessity and precursor to accurate VOC gas standards are the gas cylinders and the internal wall treatments that aid in maintaining the stability of the mixtures over long periods of time, measured in years. This paper will discuss the stability of VOC gas mixtures in different types of gas cylinders and internal wall treatments. Stability data will be given for 85 VOCs studied in gas mixtures by National Metrology Institutes and other agency laboratories. This evaluation of cylinder treatment materials is the outcome of an activity of the VOC Expert Group within the framework of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) program.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C. Rhoderick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, US
| | | | - Walter R. Miller
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, US
| | - David R. Worton
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - Sergi Moreno
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - Paul J. Brewer
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - Joële Viallon
- Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM), Sévres Cedex, FR
| | - Faraz Idrees
- Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM), Sévres Cedex, FR
| | - Philippe Moussay
- Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM), Sévres Cedex, FR
| | - Yong Doo Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, KR
| | - Dalho Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, KR
| | - Sangil Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, KR
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Rhoderick GC, Kelley ME, Miller WR, Norris JE, Carney J, Gameson L, Cecelski CE, Harris KJ, Goodman CA, Srivastava A, Hodges JT. NIST Standards for Measurement, Instrument Calibration, and Quantification of Gaseous Atmospheric Compounds. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4711-4718. [PMID: 29498261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are many gas phase compounds present in the atmosphere that affect and influence the earth's climate. These compounds absorb and emit radiation, a process which is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The major greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Some halocarbons are also strong greenhouse gases and are linked to stratospheric ozone depletion. Hydrocarbons and monoterpenes are precursors and contributors to atmospheric photochemical processes, which lead to the formation of particulates and secondary photo-oxidants such as ozone, leading to photochemical smog. Reactive gases such as nitric oxide and sulfur dioxide are also compounds found in the atmosphere and generally lead to the formation of other oxides. These compounds can be oxidized in the air to acidic and corrosive gases and contribute to photochemical smog. Measurements of these compounds in the atmosphere have been ongoing for decades to track growth rates and assist in curbing emissions of these compounds into the atmosphere. To accurately establish mole fraction trends and assess the role of these gas phase compounds in atmospheric chemistry, it is essential to have good calibration standards. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has been developing standards of many of these compounds for over 40 years. This paper discusses the development of these standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Rhoderick
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Michael E Kelley
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Walter R Miller
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - James E Norris
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Jennifer Carney
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Lyn Gameson
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Christina E Cecelski
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Kimberly J Harris
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Cassie A Goodman
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Abneesh Srivastava
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Joseph T Hodges
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
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Dilonardo E, Penza M, Alvisi M, Cassano G, Di Franco C, Palmisano F, Torsi L, Cioffi N. Sensitive detection of hydrocarbon gases using electrochemically Pd-modified ZnO chemiresistors. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:82-90. [PMID: 28144567 PMCID: PMC5238677 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pristine and electrochemically Pd-modified ZnO nanorods (ZnO NRs) were proposed as active sensing layers in chemiresistive gas sensors for hydrocarbon (HC) gas detection (e.g., CH4, C3H8, C4H10). The presence of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of ZnO NRs, obtained after the thermal treatment at 550 °C, was revealed by morphological and surface chemical analyses, using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The effect of the Pd catalyst on the performance of the ZnO-based gas sensor was evaluated by comparing the sensing results with those of pristine ZnO NRs, at an operating temperature of 300 °C and for various HC gas concentrations in the range of 30-1000 ppm. The Pd-modified ZnO NRs showed a higher selectivity and sensitivity compared to pristine ZnO NRs. The mean sensitivity of Pd-modified ZnO NRs towards the analyzed HCs gases increased with the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the target gas molecule. Finally, the evaluation of the selectivity revealed that the presence or the absence of metal nanoparticles on ZnO NRs improves the selectivity in the detection of specific HCs gaseous molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dilonardo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Electrotechnics and Electronics, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Penza
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Laboratory Functional Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Applications - Brindisi Research Center, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Marco Alvisi
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Laboratory Functional Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Applications - Brindisi Research Center, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Gennaro Cassano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Laboratory Functional Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Applications - Brindisi Research Center, Brindisi, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Palmisano
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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