1
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Carbone MEE, Castle JE, Ciriello R, Salvi AM, Treacy J, Zhdan P. In Situ Electrochemical-AFM and Cluster-Ion-Profiled XPS Characterization of an Insulating Polymeric Membrane as a Substrate for Immobilizing Biomolecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2504-2513. [PMID: 28192989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of ortho-aminophenol (oAP) by cyclic voltammetry (CV), on platinum substrates in neutral solution, produces a polymeric film (PoAP) that grows to a limiting thickness of about 10 nm. The insulating film has potential use as a bioimmobilizing substrate, with its specificity depending on the orientation of its molecular chains. Prior investigations suggest that the film consists of alternating quinoneimine and oAP units, progressively filling all the platinum sites during the electrosynthesis. This work concerns the evaluation of the growth orientation of PoAP chains, which until now was deduced only from indirect evidence. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used in situ with an electrochemical cell so that PoAP deposition on a specific area can be observed, thus avoiding any surface reorganization during ex situ transport. In parallel with microscopy, XPS experiments have been performed using cluster ion beams to profile this film, which is exceptionally thin, without damage while retaining molecular information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E E Carbone
- Science Department, University of Basilicata , Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-Potenza, Italy
| | - James E Castle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Rosanna Ciriello
- Science Department, University of Basilicata , Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-Potenza, Italy
| | - Anna M Salvi
- Science Department, University of Basilicata , Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-Potenza, Italy
| | - Jon Treacy
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, The Birches Industrial Estate, Imberhorne Lane, East Grinstead, West Sussex RH19 1UB, U.K
| | - Peter Zhdan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, U.K
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2
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Barbey R, Laporte V, Alnabulsi S, Klok HA. Postpolymerization Modification of Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) Brushes: An XPS Depth-Profiling Study. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400819a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Barbey
- Institut des
Matériaux
and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire
des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12,
CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Laporte
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de
Microscopie Électronique, Surface Analysis Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXC, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saad Alnabulsi
- Physical Electronics, Inc., 17825 Lake Drive East, Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317,
United States
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des
Matériaux
and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire
des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12,
CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Gilbert JB, Rubner MF, Cohen RE. Depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of interlayer diffusion in polyelectrolyte multilayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6651-6. [PMID: 23569265 PMCID: PMC3637782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222325110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional organic thin films often demand precise control over the nanometer-level structure. Interlayer diffusion of materials may destroy this precise structure; therefore, a better understanding of when interlayer diffusion occurs and how to control it is needed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy paired with C60(+) cluster ion sputtering enables high-resolution analysis of the atomic composition and chemical state of organic thin films with depth. Using this technique, we explore issues common to the polyelectrolyte multilayer field, such as the competition between hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions in multilayers, blocking interlayer diffusion of polymers, the exchange of film components with a surrounding solution, and the extent and kinetics of interlayer diffusion. The diffusion coefficient of chitosan (M = ∼100 kDa) in swollen hydrogen-bonded poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(acrylic acid) multilayer films was examined and determined to be 1.4*10(-12) cm(2)/s. Using the high-resolution data, we show that upon chitosan diffusion into the hydrogen-bonded region, poly(ethylene oxide) is displaced from the film. Under the conditions tested, a single layer of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) completely stops chitosan diffusion. We expect our results to enhance the understanding of how to control polyelectrolyte multilayer structure, what chemical compositional changes occur with diffusion, and under what conditions polymers in the film exchange with the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael F. Rubner
- Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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4
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Liao HY, Lin KY, Kao WL, Chang HY, Huang CC, Shyue JJ. Enhancing the Sensitivity of Molecular Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry with C60+-O2+ Cosputtering. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3781-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400214t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yang Liao
- Research Center for Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yi Lin
- Research Center for Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Kao
- Research Center for Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Yun Chang
- Research Center for Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
- Nanoscience
and Technology Program,
Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Engineering and
System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Huang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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5
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Lee I, Kim S, Yun J, Park I, Kim TS. Interfacial toughening of solution processed Ag nanoparticle thin films by organic residuals. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:485704. [PMID: 23128272 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/48/485704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reliable integration of solution processed nanoparticle thin films for next generation low-cost flexible electronics is limited by mechanical damage in the form of delamination and cracking of the films, which has not been investigated quantitatively or systematically. Here, we directly measured the interfacial fracture energy of silver nanoparticle thin films by using double cantilever beam fracture mechanics testing. It was demonstrated that the thermal annealing temperature and period affect the interfacial fracture energy. Also it was found that the interfacial fracture resistance can be maximized with optimized annealing conditions by the formation of organic residual bridges during the annealing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhwa Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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6
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7
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Liao HY, Tsai MH, Chang HY, You YW, Huang CC, Shyue JJ. Effect of Cosputtering and Sample Rotation on Improving C60+ Depth Profiling of Materials. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9318-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3020824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yang Liao
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hung Tsai
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Yun Chang
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen You
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Huang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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8
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Liao HY, Tsai MH, You YW, Chang HY, Huang CC, Shyue JJ. Dramatically Enhanced Oxygen Uptake and Ionization Yield of Positive Secondary Ions with C60+ Sputtering. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3355-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yang Liao
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hung Tsai
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen You
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Yun Chang
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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9
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Chang CJ, Chang HY, You YW, Liao HY, Kuo YT, Kao WL, Yen GJ, Tsai MH, Shyue JJ. Parallel detection, quantification, and depth profiling of peptides with dynamic-secondary ion mass spectrometry (D-SIMS) ionized by C60+–Ar+ co-sputtering. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 718:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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You YW, Chang HY, Lin WC, Kuo CH, Lee SH, Kao WL, Yen GJ, Chang CJ, Liu CP, Huang CC, Liao HY, Shyue JJ. Molecular dynamic-secondary ion mass spectrometry (D-SIMS) ionized by co-sputtering with C60+ and Ar+. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2897-2904. [PMID: 21913268 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (D-SIMS) analysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was conducted using a quadrupole mass analyzer with various combinations of continuous C(60)(+) and Ar(+) ion sputtering. Individually, the Ar(+) beam failed to generate fragments above m/z 200, and the C(60)(+) beam generated molecular fragments of m/z ~1000. By combining the two beams, the auxiliary Ar(+) beam, which is proposed to suppress carbon deposition due to C(60)(+) bombardment and/or remove graphitized polymer, the sputtering range of the C(60)(+) beam is extended. Another advantage of this technique is that the high sputtering rate and associated high molecular ion intensity of the C(60)(+) beam generate adequate high-mass fragments that mask the damage from the Ar(+) beam. As a result, fragments at m/z ~900 can be clearly observed. As a depth-profiling tool, the single C(60)(+) beam cannot reach a steady state for either PET or PMMA at high ion fluence, and the intensity of the molecular fragments produced by the beam decreases with increasing C(60)(+) fluence. As a result, the single C(60)(+) beam is suitable for profiling surface layers with limited thickness. With C(60)(+)-Ar(+) co-sputtering, although the initial drop in intensity is more significant than with single C(60)(+) ionization because of the damage introduced by the auxiliary Ar(+), the intensity levels indicate that a more steady-state process can be achieved. In addition, the secondary ion intensity at high fluence is higher with co-sputtering. As a result, the sputtered depth is enhanced with co-sputtering and the technique is suitable for profiling thick layers. Furthermore, co-sputtering yields a smoother surface than single C(60)(+) sputtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wen You
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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11
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Kingshott P, Andersson G, McArthur SL, Griesser HJ. Surface modification and chemical surface analysis of biomaterials. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:667-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Lin WC, Liu CP, Kuo CH, Chang HY, Chang CJ, Hsieh TH, Lee SH, You YW, Kao WL, Yen GJ, Huang CC, Shyue JJ. The role of the auxiliary atomic ion beam in C60+–Ar+co-sputtering. Analyst 2011; 136:941-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00642d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Yu BY, Kuo CH, Wang WB, Yen GJ, Iida SI, Chen SZ, Lin WC, Lee SH, Kao WL, Liu CY, Chang HY, You YW, Chang CJ, Liu CP, Jou JH, Shyue JJ. ToF-SIMS imaging of the nanoscale phase separation in polymeric light emitting diodes: Effect of nanostructure on device efficiency. Analyst 2011; 136:716-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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IIJIMA Y, NARUSE M, SAKAI Y, HIRAOKA K. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Scanning Probe Microscopy Analysis of Polymethylmetacrylate Surface Etched by Charged Water Droplets. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2011. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.60.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuji SAKAI
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
| | - Kenzo HIRAOKA
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
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15
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16
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Yu BY, Liu CY, Lin WC, Wang WB, Lai IM, Chen SZ, Lee SH, Kuo CH, Kao WL, You YW, Liu CP, Chang HY, Jou JH, Shyue JJ. Effect of fabrication parameters on three-dimensional nanostructures and device efficiency of polymer light-emitting diodes. ACS NANO 2010; 4:2547-2554. [PMID: 20426427 DOI: 10.1021/nn901593c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
By using 10 kV C(60)(+) and 200 V Ar(+) ion co-sputtering, a crater was created on the light-emitting layer of phosphorescent polymer light-emitting diodes, which consisted of a poly(9-vinyl carbazole) (PVK) host doped with a 24 wt % iridium(III)bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C(2)] (FIrpic) guest. A force modulation microscope (FMM) was used to analyze the nanostructure at the flat slope near the edge of the crater. The three-dimensional distribution of PVK and FIrpic was determined based on the difference in their mechanical properties from FMM. It was found that significant phase separation occurred when the luminance layer was spin coated at 30 degrees C, and the phase-separated nanostructure provides a route for electron transportation using the guest-enriched phase. This does not generate excitons on the host, which would produce photons less effectively. On the other hand, a more homogeneous distribution of molecules was observed when the layer was spin coated at 60 degrees C. As a result, a 30% enhancement in device performance was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Ying Yu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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17
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Zhu Z, Shutthanandan V, Nachimuthu P. Using C60
+
sputtering to improve detection limit of nitrogen in zinc oxide. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Yu BY, Lin WC, Wang WB, Iida SI, Chen SZ, Liu CY, Kuo CH, Lee SH, Kao WL, Yen GJ, You YW, Liu CP, Jou JH, Shyue JJ. Effect of fabrication parameters on three-dimensional nanostructures of bulk heterojunctions imaged by high-resolution scanning ToF-SIMS. ACS NANO 2010; 4:833-840. [PMID: 20099877 DOI: 10.1021/nn9014449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Solution processable fullerene and copolymer bulk heterojunctions are widely used as the active layers of solar cells. In this work, scanning time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is used to examine the distribution of [6,6]phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and regio-regular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (rrP3HT) that forms the bulk heterojunction. The planar phase separation of P3HT:PCBM is observed by ToF-SIMS imaging. The depth profile of the fragment distribution that reflects the molecular distribution is achieved by low energy Cs(+) ion sputtering. The depth profile clearly shows a vertical phase separation of P3HT:PCBM before annealing, and hence, the inverted device architecture is beneficial. After annealing, the phase segregation is suppressed, and the device efficiency is dramatically enhanced with a normal device structure. The 3D image is obtained by stacking the 2D ToF-SIMS images acquired at different sputtering times, and 50 nm features are clearly differentiated. The whole imaging process requires less than 2 h, making it both rapid and versatile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Ying Yu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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19
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Huang JH, Chien FC, Chen P, Ho KC, Chu CW. Monitoring the 3D Nanostructures of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Using Confocal Lifetime Imaging. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1669-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901992c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsien Huang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Ching Chien
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Ho
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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20
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Kelly TL, Yano K, Wolf MO. Nanoscale control over phase separation in conjugated polymer blends using mesoporous silica spheres. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:421-431. [PMID: 19624138 DOI: 10.1021/la9020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A method of preparing blended conjugated polymer microparticles using mesoporous silica spheres is described. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was blended with poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) by a sequential infiltration-polymerization approach. The materials were evaluated by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy and are shown to retain the overall spherical structure of the silica template. The filling of the mesopores and the polymer distribution within individual particles were determined by a combination of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption. The results suggest that when PEDOT is added to the silica host, followed by PFA, the phase separation of the two immiscible polymers is constrained by the dimensions of the silica mesopores, ensuring nanoscale contact between the two phases. The silica template can be removed by etching with 25% hydrofluoric acid, leaving behind a blended polymer microparticle. The etched microparticles exhibit macroporous morphologies different from that of pure PEDOT particles prepared by a similar route. The blended microparticles also appear to undergo limited phase separation; no evidence for distinct polymer domains was observed. Conductivity measurements indicate that the blended particles are above the percolation threshold and support the conclusion that the phase domains are extremely small. Importantly, when PFA is added to the host first, followed by PEDOT, there is a striking difference to the final composition and morphology of the particles. This reversal of the blending order results in a more amorphous, phase-separated material. These results demonstrate the preparation of conjugated polymer blends with engineered nanoscale phase separation and may allow for future improvements in organic device architecture and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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21
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Jou JH, Wang WB, Chen SZ, Shyue JJ, Hsu MF, Lin CW, Shen SM, Wang CJ, Liu CP, Chen CT, Wu MF, Liu SW. High-efficiency blue organic light-emitting diodes using a 3,5-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)tetraphenylsilane host via a solution-process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Yu BY, Lin WC, Huang JH, Chu CW, Lin YC, Kuo CH, Lee SH, Wong KT, Ho KC, Shyue JJ. Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Imaging of Polymer Bulk-Heterojunction by Scanning Electrical Potential Microscopy and C60+ Cluster Ion Slicing. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8936-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901588t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Ying Yu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsien Huang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chin Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hung Kuo
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hsian Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tseng Wong
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Ho
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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23
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Zhu Z, Nachimuthu P, Lea AS. Molecular Depth Profiling of Sucrose Films: A Comparative Study of C60n+ Ions and Traditional Cs+ and O2+ Ions. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8272-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900553z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Ponnusamy Nachimuthu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Alan S. Lea
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
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24
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Rafati A, Davies MC, Shard AG, Hutton S, Mishra G, Alexander MR. Quantitative XPS depth profiling of codeine loaded poly(l-lactic acid) films using a coronene ion sputter source. J Control Release 2009; 138:40-4. [PMID: 19427343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The controlled release of active pharmaceutical ingredients from polymers over prolonged periods of time is vital for the function of drug eluting stents and other drug loaded delivery devices. Characterisation of the drug distribution in polymers allows the in vitro and in vivo performance to be rationalised. We present the first X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling study of such a drug eluting stent system for which we employ a novel coronene ion sputter source. The rationale for this is to ascertain quantitative atomic concentration data through the thickness of flat films containing codeine and poly(l-lactic acid) (PLA) as a model of a drug loaded polymer device. A range of films of thickness of up to 96 nm are spun cast from chloroform onto Piranha cleaned silicon wafers. Ellipsometry of the films is undertaken prior to depth profiling to determine the total film thickness and provide a measure of the relative loading of drug within the PLA matrix through spectroscopic analysis. Progressive XPS analysis of the bottom of the sputter crater with sputter time indicated codeine to be depleted from the surface and segregated to the bulk of the polymer films by comparison with a uniform distribution calculated from the bulk loading. This serves to illustrate that surface depletion of drug occurs, which poses important implications for drug loaded polymer delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rafati
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, University of Nottingham, School of Pharmacy, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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25
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Huang JH, Ho ZY, Kekuda D, Chang Y, Chu CW, Ho KC. Effects of nanomorphological changes on the performance of solar cells with blends of poly[9,9'-dioctyl-fluorene-co-bithiophene] and a soluble fullerene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:025202. [PMID: 19417264 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/2/025202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Controlled nanophase segregation within the blended films of a conjugated polymer and a soluble fullerene has enabled us to form a continuous transfer pathway for the carriers, thereby increasing the photocurrent generation for polymer photovoltaic devices. Here, we study the effects of nanomorphological changes on the performance of polymer solar cells using blended films of poly[9,9'-dioctyl-fluorene-co-bithiophene] (F8T2) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Different weight ratios of the F8T2 and PCBM blends in various solvents were studied at different annealing temperatures. The morphology of the films seems to be a strong function of the processing conditions. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the photovoltaic devices has improved significantly from 0.34% to 2.14% under air mass 1.5 simulated solar illumination (100 mW cm(-2)), which could be attributed to the nanomorphological changes in the films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsien Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Lin YC, Chen YY, Yu BY, Lin WC, Kuo CH, Shyue JJ. Sputter-induced chemical transformation in oxoanions by combination of C60+ and Ar+ ion beams analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. Analyst 2009; 134:945-51. [DOI: 10.1039/b814729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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