1
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Lin WC, Kovalsky A, Wang YC, Wang LL, Goldberg S, Kao WL, Wu CY, Chang HY, Shyue JJ, Burda C. Interpenetration of CH 3NH 3PbI 3 and TiO 2 improves perovskite solar cells while TiO 2 expansion leads to degradation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21407-21413. [PMID: 28758661 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03116e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells have drawn much attention and achieved efficiencies over 22%, but relatively little is known about the long-term stability under photovoltaic operation. So far, stability studies have reported about the importance of degradation of each layer, but little to no consideration has been given to the whole device architecture. We investigated the stability of perovskite solar cells in order to fundamentally understand the mechanism behind efficiency improvement/degradation during device operation. We found that during operation the interfaces of the perovskite and the electron-transport layer (ETL), meso-porous TiO2, further intermix with each other, which leads to improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) during the initial operation of these solar cells. The operation-induced structural changes are examined directly by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with in situ low-energy Ar+ sputtering and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) with C60 sputtering. In addition, this study describes that the primary cause of irreversible degradation during operation is due to the expansion of TiO2 and ion migration throughout the perovskite solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Lin
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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2
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Noël C, Houssiau L. Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Materials Depth Profiling Using Low Energy Cesium Ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:908-916. [PMID: 26883532 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The structures developed in organic electronics, such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) or organic photovoltaics (OPVs) devices always involve hybrid interfaces, joining metal or oxide layers with organic layers. No satisfactory method to probe these hybrid interfaces physical chemistry currently exists. One promising way to analyze such interfaces is to use in situ ion beam etching, but this requires ion beams able to depth profile both inorganic and organic layers. Mono- or diatomic ion beams commonly used to depth profile inorganic materials usually perform badly on organics, while cluster ion beams perform excellently on organics but yield poor results when organics and inorganics are mixed. Conversely, low energy Cs(+) beams (<500 eV) allow organic and inorganic materials depth profiling with comparable erosion rates. This paper shows a successful depth profiling of a model hybrid system made of metallic (Au, Cr) and organic (tyrosine) layers, sputtered with 500 eV Cs(+) ions. Tyrosine layers capped with metallic overlayers are depth profiled easily, with high intensities for the characteristic molecular ions and other specific fragments. Metallic Au or Cr atoms are recoiled into the organic layer where they cause some damage near the hybrid interface as well as changes in the erosion rate. However, these recoil implanted metallic atoms do not appear to severely degrade the depth profile overall quality. This first successful hybrid depth profiling report opens new possibilities for the study of OLEDs, organic solar cells, or other hybrid devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Noël
- Research Centre in Physics of Matter and Radiation, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Laurent Houssiau
- Research Centre in Physics of Matter and Radiation, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
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3
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Chu YH, Liao HY, Lin KY, Chang HY, Kao WL, Kuo DY, You YW, Chu KJ, Wu CY, Shyue JJ. Improvement of the gas cluster ion beam-(GCIB)-based molecular secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) depth profile with O2(+) cosputtering. Analyst 2016; 141:2523-33. [PMID: 27000483 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, cluster ion beams have displayed their capability to analyze organic materials and biological specimens. Compared with atomic ion beams, cluster ion beams non-linearly enhance the sputter yield, suppress damage accumulation and generate high mass fragments during sputtering. These properties allow successful Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis of soft materials beyond the static limit. Because the intensity of high mass molecular ions is intrinsically low, enhancing the intensity of these secondary ions while preserving the sample in its original state is the key to highly sensitive molecular depth profiles. In this work, bulk poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was used as a model material and analyzed using Time-of-Flight SIMS (ToF-SIMS) with a pulsed Bi3(2+) primary ion. The optimized hardware of a 10 kV Ar2500(+) Gas Cluster Ion Beam (GCIB) with a low kinetic energy (200-500 V) oxygen ion (O2(+)) as a cosputter beam was employed for generating depth profiles and for examining the effect of beam parameters. The results were then quantitatively analyzed using an established erosion model. It was found that the ion intensity of the PET monomer ([M + H](+)) and its large molecular fragment ([M - C2H4O + H](+)) steadily declined during single GCIB sputtering, with distortion of the distribution information. However, under an optimized GCIB-O2(+) cosputter, the secondary ion intensity quickly reached a steady state and retained >95% intensity with respect to the pristine surface, although the damage cross-section was larger than that of single GCIB sputtering. This improvement was due to the oxidation of molecules and the formation of -OH groups that serve as proton donors to particles emitted from the surface. As a result, the ionization yield was enhanced and damage to the chemical structure was masked. Although O2(+) is known to alter the chemical structure and cause damage accumulation, the concurrently used GCIB could sufficiently remove the surface layer and allow the damage to be masked by the enhanced ionization yield when the ion-solid interaction volume was kept shallow with a low O2(+) energy. This low O2(+) energy (200 V) cosputtering also produced a smoother surface than a single GCIB. Because the oxidized species were produced by O2(+) and removed by GCIB simultaneously, a sufficiently high O2(+) current density was required to produce adequate enhancements. Therefore, it was found that 10 kV with 2 × 10(-6) A per cm(2) Ar2500(+) and 200 V with 3.2 × 10(-4) A per cm(2) O2(+) produced the best profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Bruner C, Novoa F, Dupont S, Dauskardt R. Decohesion kinetics in polymer organic solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:21474-21483. [PMID: 25369109 DOI: 10.1021/am506482q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the role of molecular weight (MW) of the photoactive polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on the temperature-dependent decohesion kinetics of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs). The MW of P3HT has been directly correlated to its carrier field effect mobilities and the ambient temperature also affects OSC in-service performance and P3HT arrangement within the BHJ layer. Under inert conditions, time-dependent decohesion readily occurs within the BHJ layer at loads well below its fracture resistance. We observe that by increasing the MW of P3HT, greater resistance to decohesion is achieved. However, failure consistently occurs within the BHJ layer representing the weakest layer within the device stack. Additionally, it was found that at temperatures below the glass transition temperature (∼41-45 °C), decohesion was characterized by brittle failure via molecular bond rupture. Above the glass transition temperature, decohesion growth occurred by a viscoelastic process in the BHJ layer, leading to a significant degree of viscoelastic deformation. We develop a viscoelastic model based on molecular relaxation to describe the resulting behavior. The study has implications for OSC long-term reliability and device performance, which are important for OSC production and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bruner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , 496 Lomita Mall, Durand Building, Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
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5
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Shen K, Mao D, Garrison BJ, Wucher A, Winograd N. Depth Profiling of Metal Overlayers on Organic Substrates with Cluster SIMS. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10565-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402658r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Shen
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department
of Chemistry, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dan Mao
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department
of Chemistry, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Barbara J. Garrison
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department
of Chemistry, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Andreas Wucher
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of Physics, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department
of Chemistry, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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6
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Bornemann N, Dörsam E. A flatbed scanner for large-area thickness determination of ultra-thin layers in printed electronics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:21897-21911. [PMID: 24104082 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.021897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Enabling solution-based printing techniques for sub-100 nm thin semiconductors for the application in large-area organic electronics is a challenging task. In order to optimize the process parameters, the layers have to be characterized on a large lateral scale while determining the nanometer thickness at the same time. We present a lateral and vertical resolving measurement method for large-area, semi-transparent thin films based on optical interference effects. We analyzed the RGB color images of up to 150 mm square-sized thin film samples obtained by a modified commercial flatbed scanner. Utilizing and comparing theoretical and measured color contrast values, we determined most probable thickness values of the imaged sample area pixel by pixel. Within specific boundary conditions, we found very good agreement between the presented imaging color reflectometry and reference methods. Due to its simple setup, our method is suitable to be implemented as part of a color vision inspection system in in-line printing and coating processes.
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7
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Gilbert JB, Rubner MF, Cohen RE. Depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of interlayer diffusion in polyelectrolyte multilayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6651-6. [PMID: 23569265 PMCID: PMC3637782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222325110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional organic thin films often demand precise control over the nanometer-level structure. Interlayer diffusion of materials may destroy this precise structure; therefore, a better understanding of when interlayer diffusion occurs and how to control it is needed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy paired with C60(+) cluster ion sputtering enables high-resolution analysis of the atomic composition and chemical state of organic thin films with depth. Using this technique, we explore issues common to the polyelectrolyte multilayer field, such as the competition between hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions in multilayers, blocking interlayer diffusion of polymers, the exchange of film components with a surrounding solution, and the extent and kinetics of interlayer diffusion. The diffusion coefficient of chitosan (M = ∼100 kDa) in swollen hydrogen-bonded poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(acrylic acid) multilayer films was examined and determined to be 1.4*10(-12) cm(2)/s. Using the high-resolution data, we show that upon chitosan diffusion into the hydrogen-bonded region, poly(ethylene oxide) is displaced from the film. Under the conditions tested, a single layer of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) completely stops chitosan diffusion. We expect our results to enhance the understanding of how to control polyelectrolyte multilayer structure, what chemical compositional changes occur with diffusion, and under what conditions polymers in the film exchange with the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael F. Rubner
- Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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8
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Liao HY, Lin KY, Kao WL, Chang HY, Huang CC, Shyue JJ. Enhancing the Sensitivity of Molecular Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry with C60+-O2+ Cosputtering. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3781-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400214t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yang Liao
- Research Center for Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yi Lin
- Research Center for Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Kao
- Research Center for Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Yun Chang
- Research Center for Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
- Nanoscience
and Technology Program,
Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Engineering and
System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Huang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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9
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Liao HY, Tsai MH, Chang HY, You YW, Huang CC, Shyue JJ. Effect of Cosputtering and Sample Rotation on Improving C60+ Depth Profiling of Materials. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9318-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3020824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yang Liao
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hung Tsai
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Yun Chang
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen You
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Huang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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10
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Relationship between the morphology of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/methanofullerene composite and its photoelectrode characteristics in the water phase. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Killelea DR, Gibson KD, Yuan H, Becker JS, Sibener SJ. Dynamics of the sputtering of water from ice films by collisions with energetic xenon atoms. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:144705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3699041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Liao HY, Tsai MH, You YW, Chang HY, Huang CC, Shyue JJ. Dramatically Enhanced Oxygen Uptake and Ionization Yield of Positive Secondary Ions with C60+ Sputtering. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3355-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yang Liao
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hung Tsai
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen You
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Yun Chang
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for
Applied
Science, Academia Sinica, Tapei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nation Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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13
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Paruch RJ, Garrison BJ, Postawa Z. Partnering Analytic Models and Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Simulations to Interpret Depth Profiles Due to Kiloelectronvolt Cluster Bombardment. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3010-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300363j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Paruch
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ul. Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków,
Poland
| | - Barbara J. Garrison
- Department of Chemistry,
104
Chemistry Building, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zbigniew Postawa
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ul. Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków,
Poland
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14
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Garrison BJ, Schiffer ZJ, Kennedy PE, Postawa Z. Modeling dynamic cluster SIMS experiments. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.4905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Garrison
- Department of Chemistry; Penn State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Zachary J. Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry; Penn State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Paul E. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry; Penn State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Zbigniew Postawa
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics; Jagiellonian University; ul. Reymonta 4 30-059 Kraków Poland
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15
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Chang CJ, Chang HY, You YW, Liao HY, Kuo YT, Kao WL, Yen GJ, Tsai MH, Shyue JJ. Parallel detection, quantification, and depth profiling of peptides with dynamic-secondary ion mass spectrometry (D-SIMS) ionized by C60+–Ar+ co-sputtering. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 718:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Liao HC, Lee CH, Ho YC, Jao MH, Tsai CM, Chuang CM, Shyue JJ, Chen YF, Su WF. Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based oligomer modified TiO2 nanorods for air-stable and all solution processed poly(3-hexylthiophene):TiO2 bulk heterojunction inverted solar cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30334e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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You YW, Chang HY, Lin WC, Kuo CH, Lee SH, Kao WL, Yen GJ, Chang CJ, Liu CP, Huang CC, Liao HY, Shyue JJ. Molecular dynamic-secondary ion mass spectrometry (D-SIMS) ionized by co-sputtering with C60+ and Ar+. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2897-2904. [PMID: 21913268 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (D-SIMS) analysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was conducted using a quadrupole mass analyzer with various combinations of continuous C(60)(+) and Ar(+) ion sputtering. Individually, the Ar(+) beam failed to generate fragments above m/z 200, and the C(60)(+) beam generated molecular fragments of m/z ~1000. By combining the two beams, the auxiliary Ar(+) beam, which is proposed to suppress carbon deposition due to C(60)(+) bombardment and/or remove graphitized polymer, the sputtering range of the C(60)(+) beam is extended. Another advantage of this technique is that the high sputtering rate and associated high molecular ion intensity of the C(60)(+) beam generate adequate high-mass fragments that mask the damage from the Ar(+) beam. As a result, fragments at m/z ~900 can be clearly observed. As a depth-profiling tool, the single C(60)(+) beam cannot reach a steady state for either PET or PMMA at high ion fluence, and the intensity of the molecular fragments produced by the beam decreases with increasing C(60)(+) fluence. As a result, the single C(60)(+) beam is suitable for profiling surface layers with limited thickness. With C(60)(+)-Ar(+) co-sputtering, although the initial drop in intensity is more significant than with single C(60)(+) ionization because of the damage introduced by the auxiliary Ar(+), the intensity levels indicate that a more steady-state process can be achieved. In addition, the secondary ion intensity at high fluence is higher with co-sputtering. As a result, the sputtered depth is enhanced with co-sputtering and the technique is suitable for profiling thick layers. Furthermore, co-sputtering yields a smoother surface than single C(60)(+) sputtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wen You
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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18
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Kingshott P, Andersson G, McArthur SL, Griesser HJ. Surface modification and chemical surface analysis of biomaterials. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:667-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Effect of sample rotation on surface roughness with keV C60 bombardment in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) experiments. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Lin WC, Liu CP, Kuo CH, Chang HY, Chang CJ, Hsieh TH, Lee SH, You YW, Kao WL, Yen GJ, Huang CC, Shyue JJ. The role of the auxiliary atomic ion beam in C60+–Ar+co-sputtering. Analyst 2011; 136:941-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00642d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Yu BY, Kuo CH, Wang WB, Yen GJ, Iida SI, Chen SZ, Lin WC, Lee SH, Kao WL, Liu CY, Chang HY, You YW, Chang CJ, Liu CP, Jou JH, Shyue JJ. ToF-SIMS imaging of the nanoscale phase separation in polymeric light emitting diodes: Effect of nanostructure on device efficiency. Analyst 2011; 136:716-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Miyayama T, Sanada N, Bryan SR, Hammond JS, Suzuki M. Removal of Ar+
beam-induced damaged layers from polyimide surfaces with argon gas cluster ion beams. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Yu BY, Liu CY, Lin WC, Wang WB, Lai IM, Chen SZ, Lee SH, Kuo CH, Kao WL, You YW, Liu CP, Chang HY, Jou JH, Shyue JJ. Effect of fabrication parameters on three-dimensional nanostructures and device efficiency of polymer light-emitting diodes. ACS NANO 2010; 4:2547-2554. [PMID: 20426427 DOI: 10.1021/nn901593c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
By using 10 kV C(60)(+) and 200 V Ar(+) ion co-sputtering, a crater was created on the light-emitting layer of phosphorescent polymer light-emitting diodes, which consisted of a poly(9-vinyl carbazole) (PVK) host doped with a 24 wt % iridium(III)bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C(2)] (FIrpic) guest. A force modulation microscope (FMM) was used to analyze the nanostructure at the flat slope near the edge of the crater. The three-dimensional distribution of PVK and FIrpic was determined based on the difference in their mechanical properties from FMM. It was found that significant phase separation occurred when the luminance layer was spin coated at 30 degrees C, and the phase-separated nanostructure provides a route for electron transportation using the guest-enriched phase. This does not generate excitons on the host, which would produce photons less effectively. On the other hand, a more homogeneous distribution of molecules was observed when the layer was spin coated at 60 degrees C. As a result, a 30% enhancement in device performance was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Ying Yu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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24
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Mahoney CM. Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry of polymers and related materials. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:247-293. [PMID: 19449334 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (cluster SIMS) has played a critical role in the characterization of polymeric materials over the last decade, allowing for the ability to obtain spatially resolved surface and in-depth molecular information from many polymer systems. With the advent of new molecular sources such as C(60)(+), Au(3)(+), SF(5)(+), and Bi(3)(+), there are considerable increases in secondary ion signal as compared to more conventional atomic beams (Ar(+), Cs(+), or Ga(+)). In addition, compositional depth profiling in organic and polymeric systems is now feasible, without the rapid signal decay that is typically observed under atomic bombardment. The premise behind the success of cluster SIMS is that compared to atomic beams, polyatomic beams tend to cause surface-localized damage with rapid sputter removal rates, resulting in a system at equilibrium, where the damage created is rapidly removed before it can accumulate. Though this may be partly true, there are actually much more complex chemistries occurring under polyatomic bombardment of organic and polymeric materials, which need to be considered and discussed to better understand and define the important parameters for successful depth profiling. The following presents a review of the current literature on polymer analysis using cluster beams. This review will focus on the surface and in-depth characterization of polymer samples with cluster sources, but will also discuss the characterization of other relevant organic materials, and basic polymer radiation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Mahoney
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, Surface and Microanalysis Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8371, USA.
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25
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Yu BY, Lin WC, Wang WB, Iida SI, Chen SZ, Liu CY, Kuo CH, Lee SH, Kao WL, Yen GJ, You YW, Liu CP, Jou JH, Shyue JJ. Effect of fabrication parameters on three-dimensional nanostructures of bulk heterojunctions imaged by high-resolution scanning ToF-SIMS. ACS NANO 2010; 4:833-840. [PMID: 20099877 DOI: 10.1021/nn9014449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Solution processable fullerene and copolymer bulk heterojunctions are widely used as the active layers of solar cells. In this work, scanning time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is used to examine the distribution of [6,6]phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and regio-regular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (rrP3HT) that forms the bulk heterojunction. The planar phase separation of P3HT:PCBM is observed by ToF-SIMS imaging. The depth profile of the fragment distribution that reflects the molecular distribution is achieved by low energy Cs(+) ion sputtering. The depth profile clearly shows a vertical phase separation of P3HT:PCBM before annealing, and hence, the inverted device architecture is beneficial. After annealing, the phase segregation is suppressed, and the device efficiency is dramatically enhanced with a normal device structure. The 3D image is obtained by stacking the 2D ToF-SIMS images acquired at different sputtering times, and 50 nm features are clearly differentiated. The whole imaging process requires less than 2 h, making it both rapid and versatile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Ying Yu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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26
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Huang JH, Chien FC, Chen P, Ho KC, Chu CW. Monitoring the 3D Nanostructures of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Using Confocal Lifetime Imaging. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1669-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901992c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsien Huang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Ching Chien
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Ho
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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27
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Brison J, Muramoto S, Castner DG. ToF-SIMS Depth Profiling of Organic Films: A Comparison between Single Beam and Dual-beam Analysis. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2010; 114:5565-5573. [PMID: 20383274 PMCID: PMC2850126 DOI: 10.1021/jp9066179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In dual-beam depth profiling, a high energy analysis beam and a lower energy etching beam are operated in series. Although the fluence of the analysis beam is usually kept well below the static SIMS limit, complete removal of the damage induced by the high energy analysis beam while maintaining a good depth resolution is difficult. In this study a plasma polymerized tetraglyme film is used as the model organic system and the dimensionless parameter R, (analysis beam fluence)/(total ion fluence), is introduced to quantify the degree of sample damage induced as a function of the analysis beam fluence. It was observed for a constant C(60) (+) etching beam fluence, increasing the analysis fluence (and consequently increasing the R parameter) increased in the amount of damage accumulated in the sample. For Bi(n) (+) (n = 1 and 3) and C(60) (+) depth profiling, minimal damage accumulation was observed up to R = 0.03, with a best depth resolution of 8 nm. In general, an increase in the Bi(n) (+) analysis fluence above this value resulted in a decrease in the molecular signals of the steady state region of the depth profile and a degradation of the depth resolution at the polymer/substrate interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Brison
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Department of Chemical Engineering, Box 351750, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - S. Muramoto
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Department of Chemical Engineering, Box 351750, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - David G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Department of Chemical Engineering, Box 351750, Seattle, WA 98195
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Box 351750, Seattle, WA 98195
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28
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Wucher A, Winograd N. Molecular sputter depth profiling using carbon cluster beams. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:105-14. [PMID: 19649771 PMCID: PMC2863088 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sputter depth profiling of organic films while maintaining the molecular integrity of the sample has long been deemed impossible because of the accumulation of ion bombardment-induced chemical damage. Only recently, it was found that this problem can be greatly reduced if cluster ion beams are used for sputter erosion. For organic samples, carbon cluster ions appear to be particularly well suited for such a task. Analysis of available data reveals that a projectile appears to be more effective as the number of carbon atoms in the cluster is increased, leaving fullerene ions as the most promising candidates to date. Using a commercially available, highly focused C (60) (q+) cluster ion beam, we demonstrate the versatility of the technique for depth profiling various organic films deposited on a silicon substrate and elucidate the dependence of the results on properties such as projectile ion impact energy and angle, and sample temperature. Moreover, examples are shown where the technique is applied to organic multilayer structures in order to investigate the depth resolution across film-film interfaces. These model experiments allow collection of valuable information on how cluster impact molecular depth profiling works and how to understand and optimize the depth resolution achieved using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wucher
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 47048, Duisburg, Germany.
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29
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Jou JH, Wang WB, Chen SZ, Shyue JJ, Hsu MF, Lin CW, Shen SM, Wang CJ, Liu CP, Chen CT, Wu MF, Liu SW. High-efficiency blue organic light-emitting diodes using a 3,5-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)tetraphenylsilane host via a solution-process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Yu BY, Lin WC, Huang JH, Chu CW, Lin YC, Kuo CH, Lee SH, Wong KT, Ho KC, Shyue JJ. Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Imaging of Polymer Bulk-Heterojunction by Scanning Electrical Potential Microscopy and C60+ Cluster Ion Slicing. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8936-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901588t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Ying Yu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsien Huang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chin Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hung Kuo
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hsian Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tseng Wong
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Ho
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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31
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Zhu Z, Nachimuthu P, Lea AS. Molecular Depth Profiling of Sucrose Films: A Comparative Study of C60n+ Ions and Traditional Cs+ and O2+ Ions. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8272-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900553z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Ponnusamy Nachimuthu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Alan S. Lea
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
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32
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Huang JH, Ho ZY, Kekuda D, Chang Y, Chu CW, Ho KC. Effects of nanomorphological changes on the performance of solar cells with blends of poly[9,9'-dioctyl-fluorene-co-bithiophene] and a soluble fullerene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:025202. [PMID: 19417264 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/2/025202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Controlled nanophase segregation within the blended films of a conjugated polymer and a soluble fullerene has enabled us to form a continuous transfer pathway for the carriers, thereby increasing the photocurrent generation for polymer photovoltaic devices. Here, we study the effects of nanomorphological changes on the performance of polymer solar cells using blended films of poly[9,9'-dioctyl-fluorene-co-bithiophene] (F8T2) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Different weight ratios of the F8T2 and PCBM blends in various solvents were studied at different annealing temperatures. The morphology of the films seems to be a strong function of the processing conditions. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the photovoltaic devices has improved significantly from 0.34% to 2.14% under air mass 1.5 simulated solar illumination (100 mW cm(-2)), which could be attributed to the nanomorphological changes in the films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsien Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Lin YC, Chen YY, Yu BY, Lin WC, Kuo CH, Shyue JJ. Sputter-induced chemical transformation in oxoanions by combination of C60+ and Ar+ ion beams analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. Analyst 2009; 134:945-51. [DOI: 10.1039/b814729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Iwai
- National Institute for Materials Science
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