1
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Kumar V, Páez JL, Míguez-Lago S, Cuerva JM, Cruz CM, Campaña AG. Chiral nanographenes exhibiting circularly polarized luminescence. Chem Soc Rev 2025; 54:4922-4947. [PMID: 40208628 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00745j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
Chiral nanographenes constitute an unconventional material class that deviates from planar graphene cutouts. They have gained considerable attention for their ability to exhibit circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), which offers new opportunities in chiral optoelectronics. Their unique π-conjugated architectures, coupled with the ability to introduce chirality at the molecular level, have made them powerful contenders in developing next-generation optoelectronic devices. This review thoroughly explores recent advances in the synthesis, structural design, and CPL performance of chiral nanographenes. We delve into diverse strategies for inducing chirality, including covalent functionalization, helically twisted frameworks, and heteroatom doping, each of which unlocks distinct CPL behaviors. In addition, we discuss the mechanistic principles governing CPL and future directions in chiral nanographenes to achieve high dissymmetry factors (glum) and tunable emission properties. We also discuss the key challenges in this evolving field, including designing robust chiral frameworks, optimizing CPL efficiency, and scaling up real-world applications. Through this review, we aim to shed light on recent developments in the bottom-up synthesis of structurally precise chiral nanographenes and evaluate their impact on the growing domain of circularly polarized luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viksit Kumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada. Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - José L Páez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada. Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Sandra Míguez-Lago
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada. Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan M Cuerva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada. Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Carlos M Cruz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada. Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Araceli G Campaña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada. Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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2
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Stanojkovic J, Terenti N, Stuparu MC. Direct Edge Functionalization of Corannulene-Coronene Hybrid Nanographenes. JACS AU 2025; 5:1707-1716. [PMID: 40313849 PMCID: PMC12042022 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2025] [Accepted: 01/31/2025] [Indexed: 05/03/2025]
Abstract
For more than a century, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions have been central to the construction of a rich variety of organic molecules that are useful in all aspects of human life. Typically, small aromatic nuclei, such as benzene, provide an ideal substrate. An increase in the number of annulated aromatic rings enhances the number of potential reactive sites and frequently results in complex product mixtures. Thus, nanographenes with a relatively large aromatic system are seldom selective in their substitution positions. Moreover, nanographene substrates with a scope for multiple substitution reactions and patterns remain rare. Herein, we demonstrate that a curved aromatic system based on a corannulene-coronene hybrid structure comprising 48 conjugated sp 2-carbon atoms allows for direct and regioselective edge functionalization through bromination, nitration, formylation, and Friedel-Crafts acylation in good yields. The postsynthetically installed functional groups can be modified through versatile organic chemistry transformations, including (mechanochemical) Suzuki-Miyaura, Sonogashira-Hagihara, and Buchwald-Hartwig amination reactions. Furthermore, the substitutions can be carried out in a sequential manner to yield heterofunctional structures. The edge-functionalization strategy enables modular access to nanostructures with appealing properties, such as strong fluorescence emission in the visible and near-infrared regions (475-900 nm) with record Stokes shifts (>300 nm), at an exceptionally small carbon footprint (C48).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Stanojkovic
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Natalia Terenti
- National
Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies
- INCDTIM, 67-103 Donat Street, Cluj-Napoca 400293, Romania
| | - Mihaiela C. Stuparu
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- National
Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies
- INCDTIM, 67-103 Donat Street, Cluj-Napoca 400293, Romania
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3
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Li ZA, Zhu KL, Yao NT, Liang J, Shang YL, Zhang Y, Gong HY. Enantiomer-enriched π-extended helicenes with a perylene core from binaphthol: axial-to-helical chirality transfer with a stepwise Scholl reaction mechanism. Chem Sci 2025:d5sc01498k. [PMID: 40336997 PMCID: PMC12053474 DOI: 10.1039/d5sc01498k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025] Open
Abstract
π-Extended helicenes, as chiral nanographene molecules, possess unique chiral structures and properties, making them highly valuable for applications in advanced chiral materials. However, their enantioselective synthesis typically requires complex resolution processes or the use of expensive catalysts and labor-intensive substrates. This study introduces a cost-effective strategy that utilizes binaphthol, an axially chiral precursor, in the Scholl reaction to generate a twisted perylene core. This approach leads to the formation of an enantiomer-enriched helical structure with an enantiomeric ratio of up to 80.1 : 19.9, without the need for specialized ligands or substrates. The enantiomeric purity is further enhanced through crystal selection or thin-layer chromatography (TLC), eliminating the need for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The resulting helicenes exhibit a circular dichroism dissymmetry factor (|g abs|) of up to 0.01, accompanied by near-infrared (NIR) emission and a fluorescence quantum yield of 41.1%. These results underscore the practicality and efficiency of binaphthol in enantioselective synthesis, expanding the scope of the Scholl reaction to produce enantiomerically enriched helicenes with excellent optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ao Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District Beijing 100875 China
| | - Ke-Lin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District Beijing 100875 China
| | - Nai-Te Yao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District Beijing 100875 China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District Beijing 100875 China
| | - Yi-Ling Shang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District Beijing 100875 China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District Beijing 100875 China
| | - Han-Yuan Gong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District Beijing 100875 China
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4
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Ishiwari F, Omine T, Saeki A, Munro K, Buck M, Zharnikov M. Homochiral Carboxylate-Anchored Truxene Tripods: Design, Synthesis, and Monolayer Formation on Ag(111). Chemistry 2025; 31:e202404750. [PMID: 39963079 PMCID: PMC11973864 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202404750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2025]
Abstract
The design of well-defined assemblies of chiral molecules is a prerequisite for numerous applications, such as chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS). In this context, tripodal molecular films bear the advantage of better control of molecular orientation and alignment than analogous monopodal systems. To this end, we report on the synthesis and assembly property of C3 chiral syn-5,10,15-truxene triacetic acid. (S,S,S) and (R,R,R) enantiomers were isolated and adsorbed on underpotential deposited Ag(111)/Au/mica both individually and as a racemate. The enantiomers form a densely packed and well-ordered structure (including the azimuthal alignment), even though with small sizes of individual domains. The molecules adsorb predominantly in tripodal configuration, with all three docking groups bound to the substrate as carboxylates in a bidentate fashion. The truxene backbone is then oriented parallel to the substrate surface but the fluorene blades are twisted to some extent. The racemate monolayer turned out to be less densely packed and less well-ordered compared to the films of individual enantiomers, which underlines the fact that uniform chirality is primarily important for molecular ordering of the truxenes. We hope that the designed system will be useful in the context of CISS and stimulate further activities regarding chiral tripods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Ishiwari
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversityYamadaoka 2-1SuitaOsaka565-0871Japan
- PRESTOJapan Science and Technology Agency (JST)KawaguchiSaitama332-0012Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science DivisionInstitute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI)Osaka University1-1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565-0871Japan
| | - Takuya Omine
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversityYamadaoka 2-1SuitaOsaka565-0871Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversityYamadaoka 2-1SuitaOsaka565-0871Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science DivisionInstitute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI)Osaka University1-1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565-0871Japan
| | - Kirsty Munro
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Manfred Buck
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte Physikalische ChemieUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
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5
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Huang LX, Pan HR, Xing JF, Zhao XJ, Li ZJ, Xie RJ, Geng YH, Deng QS, Tan YZ. Helical Quintulene: Synthesis, Chirality, and Supramolecular Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202424991. [PMID: 39870589 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202424991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2025] [Accepted: 01/27/2025] [Indexed: 01/29/2025]
Abstract
Quintulene is a quintuply symmetrical cycloarene with a positively curved molecular geometry. First described by Staab and Sauer in 1984, its successful synthesis was not achieved until 2020. Due to the challenges posed by its positive curvature, structural extensions of quintulene have been studied rarely. In this work, we report the synthesis of a chiral quintulene (1) featuring five [5]helicene units at its rim constructed through the introduction of steric hindrance. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the structure of 1 that showcases a unique chirality combining helicity and rotational symmetry. The enantiomers of 1 were separated and their chiroptical properties were examined, revealing the dissymmetric absorption and luminescence. Additionally, the bowl shape facilitates supramolecular assembly between 1 and fullerenes, with a binding constant to C60 10-fold higher than to C70. This work expands the structural diversity of quintulene and bridges the structures of cycloarenes and multi-helicenes, paving the way for the structural design of chiral cycloarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hong-Rui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xin-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ze-Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rong-Jie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yu-Huan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qing-Song Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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6
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Fukuda H, Kobayashi M, Tsurumaki E, Yamashina M, Hasegawa M, Wakamatsu K, Toyota S. Structures, Chiroptical Properties, and Unexpectedly Facile Helical Inversion of Highly Elongated Anthracene-Fused Expanded Helicenes. Chemistry 2025; 31:e202404348. [PMID: 39664000 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202404348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2024] [Revised: 12/11/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
Helical fused anthracenes were elongated by fusing additional aromatic units at both ends to yield novel expanded helicenes. Compounds [5]HA2N and [7]HA consisting of 19 and 21 benzene rings, respectively, were synthesized by fourfold cycloisomerization of the corresponding terminal alkyne precursors. The helical structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis, where the aromatic frameworks stacked effectively with the helical turn numbers exceeding two. The enantiomers of the two compounds were resolved by chiral HPLC. Whereas [5]HA2N readily underwent enantiomerization at room temperature at the barrier to enantiomerization of 91 kJ mol-1, the barrier was enhanced to 99 kJ mol-1 for the long analog [7]HA. The enantiomers of [7]HA exhibited strong responses in the circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectra, as scaled by dissymmetry factors |gabs|=0.034 and |glum|=0.012. Theoretical calculations by the r2SCAN-3c method suggested stepwise mechanisms for the enantiomerization via helical inversion with acceptable barrier heights. The unexpectedly flexible nature of the aromatic frameworks of [5]HA2N and [7]HA was discussed on the basis of the proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Moe Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashina
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masashi Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kan Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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7
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Fu R, Chen X, Qiu F, Liu X, Xia J, Zhang L. A C156 Molecular Nanocarbon: Planar/Rippled Nanosheets Hybridization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202420419. [PMID: 39568338 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202420419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Revised: 11/20/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
A novel hybrid nanocarbon consisting of one rippled and two planar nanosheets has been synthesized and characterized. Two meso pairs of [5]helicenes are formed along the long molecular axis of the hybrid to connect rippled and planar subunits, leading to a stable conformation. It is shown that the hybrid possesses the individual electronic properties of the rippled and planar subunits. Compared to the rippled subunit, such hybrid has a better geometric match to C60 and complexes with C60 in a 1 : 1 stoichiometry, with the association constant on the order of 105 M-1. The hybrid displays unusual anti-Kasha fluorescence emission. The transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that the singlet fission (SF) from higher level singlet excited states (Sn) is operative in the film of the hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Fei Qiu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
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8
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Zhang K, Chen ZC, Wu YF, Tian HR, Zhang L, Zhang ML, Deng SL, Zhang Q, Xie SY, Zheng LS. Corannulene-Based Quintuple [6]/[7]Helicenes: Well-Preserved Bowl Core, Inhibited Bowl Inversion and Supramolecular Assembly with Fullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202417269. [PMID: 39479973 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202417269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2024] [Revised: 10/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/31/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein, corannulene-based quintuple [6]helicenes (Q[6]H-1 and Q[6]H-2) and [7]helicene (Q[7]H) were synthesized via penta-fold Heck and Mallory reaction. Notably, Q[7]H represents the highest reported helicene based on corannulene. X-ray crystallography reveals that Q[6]H-2 adopts a propeller-shaped conformation with a well-preserved corannulene core, while Q[6]H-1 and Q[7]H exhibit quasi-propeller-shaped conformations. Upon heating, conformer Q[6]H-1 undergoes conversion to the thermodynamically more stable conformer Q[6]H-2, whereas conformer Q[7]H remains unchanged due to larger steric congestion. Racemization of the enantiomer of Q[6]H-1 and conformational conversion were observed simultaneously at elevated temperature, with DFT studies indicating a racemization barrier of 32.06 kcal ⋅ mol-1. In contrast, the racemization barrier for Q[6]H-2 was calculated to be 45.46 kcal ⋅ mol-1, indicating exceptional chiral stability. Surprisingly, the bowl inversions of Q[6]H-1 and Q[6]H-2 conformers are somewhat inhibited by the helical blades, whereas this was not observed for other possible conformers of Q[6]H. These results first demonstrated that subtle conformational variations can lead to significant changes in chiral stability and bowl inversions of multiple helicenes. Due to the well-preserved corannulene core, propeller-shaped conformation and electron complementarity, Q[6]H-2 can recognize fullerenes in both solution and solid state, which is a rare instance of co-crystallization assembly between multiple helicenes and fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zuo-Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yin-Fu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Han-Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Mei-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shun-Liu Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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9
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Huo GF, Xu WT, Hu J, Han Y, Fan W, Wang W, Sun Z, Yang HB, Wu J. Perylene-Embedded Helical Nanographenes with Emission up to 1010 nm: Synthesis, Structures, and Chiroptical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202416707. [PMID: 39363697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202416707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) circularly polarized absorbing or emitting materials offer distinct advantages over their visible-light counterparts and have attracted considerable interest across various fields. Materials exhibiting NIR chiroptical properties with high fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF) are particularly rare. In this study, we report the synthesis of a series of helical nanographenes (1, 2, 3, and 4), where perylene is fused with one to four hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (sub) units by a strategy involving Diels-Alder cycloaddition followed by a Scholl reaction. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed their structures, revealing helicene moieties integrated into a highly contorted framework. Benefiting from a similar distribution pattern of frontier molecular orbitals to perylene and extended π-conjugation, compounds 1-4 demonstrate respectable ΦF values of 31.9 %, 15.0 %, 13.7 %, and 6.5 %, respectively, with emission maxima reaching up to 1010 nm. Their enantiopure forms, isolated by preparative chiral HPLC, exhibit distinct circular dichroism signals and circularly polarized luminescence across a broad spectral range, extending from the ultraviolet to the NIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei-Tao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformation Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformation Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
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10
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Li H, Lu D, Qian BY, Lin J, Zhang HJ. Direct Synthesis of K-Region Functionalized Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons via Twofold Intramolecular C-H/C-H Arylation. Org Lett 2024; 26:11140-11144. [PMID: 39661452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c04156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
Functionalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are essential building blocks for the bottom-up fabrication of structurally uniform nanocarbons. Herein we report a simple and efficient synthetic method toward K-region hydroxy-functionalized PAHs via TEMPO-mediated twofold intramolecular C-H/C-H arylations of 1-biphenyl-2-yl-2-aryl-ethanone derivatives. This method achieves high yields and selectivity, synthesizing a variety of PAH frameworks, including pyrenes, chrysenes, benzo[c]phenanthrenes, and benzo[k]tetraphenes. Our results also demonstrate the potential of these compounds as valuable candidates for the selective construction of larger PAH structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Yang Qian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
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11
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Izquierdo-García P, Fernández-García JM, Perles J, Martín N. Enantiomerically Pure Helical Bilayer Nanographenes: A Straightforward Chemical Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:34943-34949. [PMID: 39642941 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c14544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Abstract
The semiconductor properties of nanosized graphene fragments, known as molecular nanographenes, position them as exceptional candidates for next-generation optoelectronics. In addition to their remarkable optical and electronic features, chiral nanographenes exhibit high dissymmetry factors in circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence measurements. However, the synthesis of enantiomerically pure nanographenes remains a significant challenge. Typically, these materials are synthesized in their racemic form, followed by separation of the enantiomers using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). While effective, this method often requires expensive instrumentation, extensive optimization of separation conditions, and typically yields analytical quantities of the desired samples. An alternative approach is the enantioselective synthesis of chiral molecular nanographenes; however, to date, only two examples have been documented in the literature. In this work, we present a straightforward chemical method for the chiral resolution of helical bilayer nanographenes. This approach enables the effective and scalable preparation of enantiomerically pure nanographenes while avoiding the need for HPLC. The incorporation of a BINOL core into the polyarene precursor facilitates the separation of diastereomers through esterification with enantiomerically pure camphorsulfonyl chloride. Following the separation of the diastereomers by standard chromatographic column, the hydrolysis of the camphorsulfonyl group yields enantiomerically pure nanographene precursors. The subsequent graphitization, achieved through the Scholl reaction, occurs in an enantiospecific manner and with the concomitant formation of a furan ring and a heterohelicene moiety. The absolute configurations of the final enantiomers, P-oxa[9]HBNG and M-oxa[9]HBNG, have been determined using X-ray diffraction. Additionally, electrochemical, photophysical, and chiroptical properties have been thoroughly evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Izquierdo-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Laboratorio DRX Monocristal, SIdI, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Zhu Y, Chen G, Deng Y, Yang H, Wang C, Gao J, Zhang C, Xiao J. Synthesis and Characterization of Asymmetric Azatwistarenes with Chiroptical Property. Org Lett 2024; 26:9486-9491. [PMID: 39465904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2024]
Abstract
Three novel azatwistarenes 5a, 8, and 13 have been synthesized via the Povarov reaction and fully characterized. All of the enantiomers were separated using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography, and their optical properties were investigated through circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence spectra. In addition, such desired azatwistarenes have a positive response to acid in dichloromethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Deng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxiu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchong Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, People's Republic of China
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13
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Zhang F, Brancaccio V, Saal F, Deori U, Radacki K, Braunschweig H, Rajamalli P, Ravat P. Ultra-Narrowband Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Multiple 1,4-Azaborine-Embedded Helical Nanographenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:29782-29791. [PMID: 39435966 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c11404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2024]
Abstract
In this manuscript we present a strategy to achieve ultranarrowband circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) from multiple 1,4-azaborine-embedded helical nanographenes. The impact of number and position of boron and nitrogen atoms in the rigid core of the molecule on optical properties─including absorption and emission maxima, photoluminescence quantum yield, Stokes shift, excited singlet-triplet energy gap and full width at half-maximum (fwhm) for CPL and fluorescence─was investigated. The molecules reported here exhibits ultranarrowband fluorescence (fwhm 16-17.5 nm in toluene) and CPL (fwhm 18-19 nm in toluene). To the best of our knowledge, this is among the narrowest CPL for any organic molecule reported to date. Quantum chemical calculations, including computed CPL spectra involving vibronic contributions, provide valuable insights for future molecular design aimed at achieving narrowband CPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhang
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Brancaccio
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fridolin Saal
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Upasana Deori
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pachaiyappan Rajamalli
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Prince Ravat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Song P, Hashikawa Y. Twisted Nanographenes with Robust Conformational Stability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1737. [PMID: 39513817 PMCID: PMC11547671 DOI: 10.3390/nano14211737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 10/18/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Owing to a lack of methodology for rationally and selectively synthesizing twisted nanographenes, it is usually inevitable that we obtain nanographenes as a mixture with various geometries, such as unidirectionally twisted, alternatively twisted, randomly twisted, and even wavy structures, reflecting the high activation barriers among them. Otherwise, they are interconvertible if the barriers are low enough such that only averaged properties can be observed under a thermal equilibrium. Recently, we reported on a double-twisted nanographene containing four [6]helicene units within the skeleton. In this paper, we discuss the robust conformational stability of the nanographene, both experimentally and computationally. The results indicate that the nanographene could only be racemized at temperatures exceeding 200 °C, and the first flip of one of the four [6]helicene units is the rate-degerming step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Zhuang W, Hung FF, Che CM, Liu J. Nonalternant B,N-Embedded Helical Nanographenes Containing Azepines: Programmable Synthesis, Responsive Chiroptical Properties and Spontaneous Resolution into a Single-Handed Helix. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406497. [PMID: 39031496 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Heteroatom-embedded helical nanographenes (NGs) constitute an important and appealing class of intrinsically chiral materials. In this work, a series of B,N-embedded helical NGs (BN-HNGs) bearing azepines was synthesized via stepwise regioselective cyclodehydrogenation. First, the phenyl- or nitrogen-bridged dimers were efficiently clipped into highly congested model compounds 1 and 2. Later, the controllable Scholl reactions of the tetraphenyl-tethered precursor generated 1, 7 or 8 new C-C bonds, thereby establishing a robust method for the preparation of nonalternant BN-HNGs with up to 31 fused rings. The helical bilayer nature was unambiguously verified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The helical chirality was transferred to the stereogenic boron centers upon fluoride coordination, with a concave-concave structure to comply with the bilayer skeleton. Notably, the largest nonalternant BN-HNG (6) spontaneously resolved into a homochiral 41 helix structure as a molecular spiral staircase during crystallization via conglomerate formation at the single-crystal scale. The large twisted C2-symmetric π-surface and the dynamic chiral skeleton induced by curved azepines might have synergistic effects on self-recognition of enantiomers of 6 to achieve the intriguing spontaneous resolution behavior. The chiroptical properties of the enantiomer of 6 were further investigated, revealing that 6 had a strong chiroptical response in the visible range (400-700 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China
| | - Faan-Fung Hung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China
- Materials Innovation Institute for Life Sciences and Energy (MILES), HKU-SIRI, Shenzhen, 518005, P.R. China
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16
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Zhu KL, Li ZA, Liang J, Zou KL, Shen YJ, Gong HY. The Effects of Pore Defects in π-Extended Pentadecabenzo[9]helicene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409713. [PMID: 39031452 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of precise pore defects into nanocarbon structures results in the emergence of distinct physicochemical characteristics. However, there is a lack of research on non-planar chiral nanographene involving precise pore defects. Herein, we have developed two analogues to the π-extended pentadecabenzo[9]helicene (EP9H) containing embedded pore defects. Each molecules, namely extended dodecabenzo[7]helicene (ED7H; 1) or extended nonabenzo[5]helicene (EN5H; 2), exhibits dual-state emission. Significantly, the value of |glum| of 1 is exceptionally high at 1.41×10-2 in solution and BCPL as 254 M-1 cm-1. In PMMA film, |glum| of 1 is 8.56×10-3, and in powder film, it is 5.00×10-3. This study demonstrates that nanocarbon molecules with pore defects exhibit dual-state emission properties while maintaining quite good chiral luminescence properties. It was distinguished from the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect corresponding to the nanocarbon without embedded defect. Incorporating pore defects into chiral nanocarbon molecules also simplifies the synthesis process and enhances the solubility of the resulting product. These findings suggest that the introduction of pore defects can be a viable approach to improve nanocarbon molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Lin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhi-Ao Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Kang-Li Zou
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yun-Jia Shen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Han-Yuan Gong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinWai St, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100875, China
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17
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Jin K, Xiao Z, Xie H, Shen X, Wang J, Chen X, Wang Z, Zhao Z, Yan K, Ding Y, Ding L. Tether-entangled conjugated helices. Chem Sci 2024; 15:d4sc04796f. [PMID: 39355229 PMCID: PMC11440437 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04796f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A new design concept, tether-entangled conjugated helices (TECHs), is introduced for helical polyaromatic molecules. TECHs consist of a linear polyaromatic ladder backbone and periodically entangling tethers with the same planar chirality. By limiting the length of tether, all tethers synchronously bend and twist the backbone with the same manner, and change it into a helical ribbon with a determinate helical chirality. The 3D helical features are customizable via modular synthesis by using two types of synthons, the planar chiral tethering unit (C 2 symmetry) and the docking unit (C 2h symmetry), and no post chiral resolution is needed. Moreover, TECHs possess persistent chiral properties due to the covalent locking of helical configuration by tethers. Concave-type and convex-type oligomeric TECHs are prepared as a proof-of-concept. Unconventional double-helix π-dimers are observed in the single crystals of concave-type TECHs. Theoretical studies indicate the smaller binding energies in double-helix π-dimers than conventional planar π-dimers. A concentration-depend emission is found for concave-type TECHs, probably due to the formation of double-helix π-dimers in the excited state. All TECHs show strong circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with dissymmetric factors (|g lum|) generally over 10-3. Among them, the (P)-T4-tBu shows the highest |g lum| of 1.0 × 10-2 and a high CPL brightness of 316 M-1 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jin
- Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zuo Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Huidong Xie
- Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xingxing Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066004 China
| | - Jizheng Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101400 China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciencess Beijing 100083 China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Keyou Yan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yong Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Liming Ding
- Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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18
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Liu P, Wu MX, Yu ML, Kang H, Huang B, Yang HB, Zhao XL, Shi X. Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds by Electrocyclization-Dehydrogenation of Diradicaloids. Org Lett 2024; 26:7914-7919. [PMID: 39240235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel and efficient method for the synthesis of two new polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 1 and 2, through the electrocyclization-dehydrogenation of diradicaloids. The proposed oxidative electrocyclization via intermediate diradicaloids is monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Interestingly, 1 exhibits chirality because of its inherent helical skeleton, and 2 features long-wavelength absorption and near-infrared emission properties due to its extended π-conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Meng-Ling Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xueliang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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19
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Shen YJ, Peng LJ, Diao LN, Yao NT, Chen WK, Yang Y, Qiu M, Zhu WX, Li X, Wang XY, Gong HY. W-Shaped π-Extended Double Undecabenzo[7]helicene. Org Lett 2024; 26:7279-7284. [PMID: 39024649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
A chiral W-shaped fully π-extended double [7]helicene (ED7H) has been synthesized and fully characterized. It displays fluorescence emission (λem = 636 nm) with a quantum yield (Φf) of 0.10. In comparison to its X-shaped and monomict π-extended [7]helicene analogues, enantiopure W-shaped ED7H exhibited superior chiral optical characteristics, including distinct circular dichroism signals from 400 to 650 nm, a good dissymmetric emission factor |glum| of 4 × 10-3, and a circularly polarized luminescence brightness value BCPL of 42 M-1 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jia Shen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Peng
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Diao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Te Yao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qiu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xiu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Yuan Gong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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20
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Zhang Z, Zhu H, Gu J, Shi H, Hirose T, Jiang L, Zhu Y, Zhong D, Wang J. Nonplanar Nanographene with a Large Conjugated π-Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24681-24688. [PMID: 39166837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated π-surfaces are ubiquitous in molecules and materials. However, large π-surfaces up to a few nanometers in size are difficult to construct in an atomically precise manner. They tend to aggregate because of strong π-π interactions, resulting in notorious problems for both purification and spectroscopic investigations. Here, by contrast, we report the design, synthesis, and full characterizations of a nonplanar nanographene 1, which has a large, precise, and nonstacked π-surface. It is soluble in common organic solvents and allows for thorough investigations. The structure of 1, comprising 85 fused rings with an extended π-surface of 3 nm in size, is unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Unusual electronic structures, record-high near-infrared absorption, pronounced magnetic shielding, and ultrastrong heteromolecular van der Waals complexations are demonstrated, enabling us to establish a clear structure-property relationship, which has been elusive for decades. These results have broad implications for studying and understanding various phenomena and processes relevant to both discrete and interacting π-surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongchi Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Han Zhu
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiajian Gu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Haonan Shi
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Long Jiang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dingyong Zhong
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiaobing Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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21
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Dong Y, Zhang Z, Hashikawa Y, Meng H, Bai F, Itami K, Chaolumen. A Double Twisted Nanographene with a Contorted Pyrene Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406927. [PMID: 39011764 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The mature synthetic methodologies enable us to rationally design and produce chiral nanographenes (NGs), most of which consist of multiple helical motifs. However, inherent chirality originating from twisted geometry has just emerged to be employed in chiral NGs. Herein, we report a red-emissive chiral NG constituted of orthogonally arranged two-fold twisted π-skeletons at a contorted pyrene core which contributes to optical transitions of S0→S1 and vice versa. The thus-obtained NG exhibited a robustness on its redox properties through 2e- uptake/release. The chemical oxidation generated stable radical cation whose absorption covers near-infrared I and II regions. Overall, the contorted pyrene core governs electronic nature of the chiral NG. The twist operation on NGs would be, therefore, a design strategy to alter conventional chirality induction on NGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - He Meng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Fenghua Bai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chaolumen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
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22
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Yu Y, Wang C, Hung FF, Chen C, Pan D, Che CM, Liu J. Benzo-Extended Heli(aminoborane)s: Inner Rim BN-Doped Helical Molecular Carbons with Remarkable Chiroptical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22600-22611. [PMID: 39101597 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise synthesis of three-dimensional boron-nitrogen (BN)-based helical structures constitutes an undeveloped field with challenges in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we synthesized and comprehensively characterized a new class of helical molecular carbons, named benzo-extended [n]heli(aminoborane)s ([n]HABs), in which the helical structures consisted of n = 8 and n = 10 ortho-condensed conjugated rings with alternating BN atoms at the inner rims. X-ray crystallographic analysis, photophysical studies, and density functional theory calculations revealed the unique characteristics of this novel [n]HAB system. Owing to the high enantiomerization energy barriers, the optical resolution of [8]HAB and [10]HAB was achieved with chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. The isolated enantiomers of [10]HAB exhibited record absorption and luminescence dissymmetry factors (|gabs|=0.061; |glum|=0.048), and boosted CPL brightness up to 292 M-1 cm-1, surpassing most helicene derivatives, demonstrating that the introduction of BN atoms into the inner positions of helicenes can increase both the |gabs| and |glum| values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Chang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Faan-Fung Hung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Ding Pan
- Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
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23
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Borstelmann J, Schneider L, Rominger F, Deschler F, Kivala M. Helically Chiral π-Expanded Azocines Through Regioselective Beckmann Rearrangement and Their Charged States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405570. [PMID: 38716767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
We report a synthetic approach to π-expanded [6]helicenes incorporating tropone and azocine units in combination with a 5-membered ring, which exhibit intriguing structural, electronic, and chiroptical properties. The regioselective Beckmann rearrangement allows the isolation of helical scaffolds containing 8-membered lactam, azocine, and amine units. As shown by X-ray crystallographic analysis, the incorporation of tropone or azocine units leads to highly distorted [6]helicene moieties, with distinct packing motifs in the solid state. The compounds exhibit promising optoelectronic properties with considerable photoluminescence quantum yields and tunable emission wavelengths depending on the relative position of the nitrogen center within the polycyclic framework. Separation of the enantiomers by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed characterization of their chiroptical properties by circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy. The azocine compounds feature manifold redox chemistry, allowing for the characterization of the corresponding radical anions and cations as well as the dications and dianions, with near-infrared (NIR) absorption bands extending beyond 3000 nm. Detailed theoretical studies provided insights into the aromaticity evolution upon reduction and oxidation, suggesting that the steric strain prevents the azocine unit from undergoing aromatization, while the indene moiety dominates the observed redox chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borstelmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Schneider
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Deschler
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Niu W, Fu Y, Deng Q, Qiu ZL, Liu F, Popov AA, Komber H, Ma J, Feng X. Enhancing Chiroptical Responses in Helical Nanographenes via Geometric Engineering of Double [7]Helicenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319874. [PMID: 38372180 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Helical nanographenes with high quantum yields and strong chiroptical responses are pivotal for developing circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials. Here, we present the successful synthesis of novel π-extended double [7]helicenes (ED7Hs) where two helicene units are fused at the meta- or para-position of the middle benzene ring, respectively, as the structural isomers of the reported ortho-fused ED7H. The structural geometry of these ED7Hs is clearly characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Notably, this class of ED7Hs exhibits bright luminescence with high quantum yields exceeding 40 %. Through geometric regulation of two embedded [7]helicene units from ortho-, meta- to para-position, these ED7Hs display exceptional amplification in chiroptical responses. This enhancement is evident in a remarkable approximate fivefold increase in the absorbance and luminescence dissymmetry factors (gabs and glum), respectively, along with a boosted CPL brightness up to 176 M-1 cm-1, surpassing the performance of most helicene-based chiral NGs. Furthermore, DFT calculations elucidate that the geometric adjustment of two [7]helicene units allows the precise alignment of electric and magnetic transition dipole moments, leading to the observed enhancement of their chiroptical responses. This study offers an effective strategy for magnifying the CPL performance in chiral NGs, promoting their expanded application as CPL emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Niu
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yubin Fu
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Qingsong Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Lin Qiu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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25
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Venugopal G, Kumar V, Badrinarayan Jadhav A, Dongre SD, Khan A, Gonnade R, Kumar J, Santhosh Babu S. Boron- and Oxygen-Doped π-Extended Helical Nanographene with Circularly Polarised Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304169. [PMID: 38270385 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Helical nanographenes have garnered substantial attention owing to their finely adjustable optical and semiconducting properties. The strategic integration of both helicity and heteroatoms into the nanographene structure, facilitated by a boron-oxygen-based multiple resonance (MR) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), elevates its photophysical and chiroptical features. This signifies the introduction of an elegant category of helical nanographene that combines optical (TADF) and chiroptical (CPL) features. In this direction, we report the synthesis, optical, and chiroptical properties of boron, oxygen-doped Π-extended helical nanographene. The π-extension induces distortion in the DOBNA-incorporated nanographene, endowing a pair of helicenes, (P)-B2NG, and (M)-B2NG exhibiting circularly polarized luminescence with glum of -2.3×10-3 and +2.5×10-3, respectively. B2NG exhibited MR-TADF with a lifetime below 5 μs, and a reasonably high fluorescence quantum yield (50 %). Our molecular design enriches the optical and chiroptical properties of nanographenes and opens up new opportunities in multidisciplinary fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethu Venugopal
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Viksit Kumar
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Ashok Badrinarayan Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati, 517507, India
| | - Sangram D Dongre
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Abujunaid Khan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- NCIM-Resource Center, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Rajesh Gonnade
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Jatish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati, 517507, India
| | - Sukumaran Santhosh Babu
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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26
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Ma XH, Gao X, Chen JY, Cao M, Dai Q, Jia ZK, Zhou YB, Zhao XJ, Chu C, Liu G, Tan YZ. Soluble Nanographene C 222: Synthesis and Applications for Synergistic Photodynamic/Photothermal Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2411-2418. [PMID: 38234111 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Nanographene C222, which consists of a planar graphenic plane containing 222 carbon atoms, holds the record as the largest planar nanographene synthesized to date. However, its complete insolubility makes the processing of C222 difficult. Here we addressed this issue by introducing peripheral substituents perpendicular to the graphene plane, effectively disrupting the interlayer stacking and endowing C222 with good solubility. We also found that the electron-withdrawing substituents played a crucial role in the cyclodehydrogenation process, converting the dendritic polyphenylene precursor to C222. After disrupting the interlayer stacking, the introduction of only a few peripheral carboxylic groups allowed C222 to dissolve in phosphate buffer saline, reaching a concentration of up to 0.5 mg/mL. Taking advantage of the good photosensitizing and photothermal properties of the inner C222 core, the resulting water-soluble C222 emerged as a single-component agent for both photothermal and photodynamic tumor therapy, exhibiting an impressive tumor inhibition rate of 96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jia-Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Maofeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qixuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhe-Kun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuan-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xin-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chengchao Chu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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27
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Sun Z, Xu W, Qiu S, Ma Z, Li C, Zhang S, Wang H. Thia[ n]helicenes with long persistent phosphorescence. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1077-1087. [PMID: 38239689 PMCID: PMC10793212 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05480b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicenes with persistent luminescence have received relatively little attention, despite their demonstrated highly efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) from the excited singlet to the triplet state. Herein, we designed a series of ortho-fused aromatics by combining dithieno[2,3-b:3',2'-d]thiophene (DTT) with annulated benzene fragments, denoted as TB[n]H (n = 3-8), to achieve persistent luminescence. Wherein, thia[n]helicenes (n = 5-8) exhibited intense phosphorescence with millisecond-range lifetimes (τp) at 77 K. Particularly interesting was the observation that the odd-numbered ring helicenes displayed longer τp values than their neighboring even-numbered counterparts. Notably, TB[7]H showcased the longest τp of 628 ms. This phenomenon can be attributed to the more favorable ISC channels and stronger spin-orbital coupling (SOC) of old-numbered helicenes than even-numbered ones. Furthermore, both conformers of TB[7]H exhibited significant circularly polarized phosphorescent (CPP) responses, with luminescence dissymmetry factors (glum) of 0.015 and -0.014. These discoveries suggest that thiahelicenes may be a specific class of organic phosphorescent and CPP materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sun
- Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 Henan China
| | - Wan Xu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 Henan China
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 Henan China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 Henan China
| | - Chunli Li
- Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 Henan China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 Henan China
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 Henan China
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28
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Ji B, Qi Z, Ye T, Li S, Shi Y, Cui S, Xiao J. Straightforward Synthesis of Pentagon-Embedded Expanded [11]Helicenes for Radiative Cooling Property. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302893. [PMID: 37867144 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Two new pentagon-embedded carbo[11]helicenes have been designed and synthesized in a three-step process, which are the first example of carbo[11]helicenes through the post-functionalization of twistacene. TD-DFT analyses indicate that both of them possess high enantiomerization barriers of 42.29 kcal/mol and 40.76 kcal/mol, respectively. They emit strong red fluorescence and can be chemically oxidized into stable cationic radicals upon addition of AgSbF6 evidenced by the bathochromic-shifted absorption spectra and the appearance of electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals. In addition, such helical derivatives can be chosen as radiative cooling materials in a glass model house, and the maxima of 5.4 °C for the former and 6.5 °C for the latter are found in the comparative tests, which might be caused by the NIR reflective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Ji
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Zewei Qi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Ye
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shuangxuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Division of Analysis, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Co. Ltd., Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jinchong Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
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29
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Wang FF, Wang YX, Wu Q, Chai L, Chen XW, Tan YZ. Nanographene with a Nitrogen-Doped Cavity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315302. [PMID: 38009464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped cavities are pervasive in graphenic materials, and represent key sites for catalytic and electrochemical activity. However, their structures are generally heterogeneous. In this study, we present the synthesis of a well-defined molecular cutout of graphene featuring N-doped cavity. The graphitization of a macrocyclic pyridinic precursor was achieved through photochemical cyclodehydrochlorination. In comparison to its counterpart with pyridinic nitrogen at the edges, the pyridinic nitrogen atoms in this nanographene cavity exhibit significantly reduced basicity and selective binding to Ag+ ion. Analysis of the protonation and coordination equilibria revealed that the tri-N-doped cavity binds three protons, but only one Ag+ ion. These distinct protonation and coordination behaviors clearly illustrate the space confinement effect imparted by the cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ling Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xuan-Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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30
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Niu W, Fu Y, Qiu ZL, Schürmann CJ, Obermann S, Liu F, Popov AA, Komber H, Ma J, Feng X. π-Extended Helical Multilayer Nanographenes with Layer-Dependent Chiroptical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38048528 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Helical nanographenes (NGs) have attracted increasing attention recently because of their intrinsic chirality and exotic chiroptical properties. However, the efficient synthesis of extended helical NGs featuring a multilayer topology is still underdeveloped, and their layer-dependent chiroptical properties remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate a modular synthetic strategy to construct a series of novel helical NGs (1-3) with a multilayer topology through a consecutive Diels-Alder reaction and regioselective cyclodehydrogenation from the readily accessible phenanthrene-based precursors bearing ethynyl groups. The resultant NGs exhibit bilayer, trilayer, and tetralayer structures with elongated π extension and rigid helical backbones, as unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray or electron diffraction analysis. We find that the photophysical properties of these helical NGs are notably influenced by the degree of π extension, which varies with the number of layers, leading to obvious redshifted absorption, a fast rising molar extinction coefficient (ε), and markedly boosted fluorescence quantum yield (Φf). Moreover, the embedded [7]helicene subunits in these NGs result in stable chirality, enabling both chiral resolution and exploration of their layer-dependent chiroptical properties. Profiting from the good alignment of electric and magnetic dipole moments determined by the multilayer structure, the resultant NGs exhibit excellent circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence response with unprecedented high CPL brightness up to 168 M-1 cm-1, rendering them promising candidates for CPL emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Niu
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle 06120, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yubin Fu
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle 06120, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhen-Lin Qiu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Obermann
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle 06120, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle 06120, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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31
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Oró A, Romeo-Gella F, Perles J, Fernández-García JM, Corral I, Martín N. Tetrahedraphene: A Csp 3 -centered 3D Molecular Nanographene Showing Aggregation-Induced Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312314. [PMID: 37846849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up synthesis of 3D tetrakis(hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenyl)methane, "tetrahedraphene", is reported. This molecular nanographene constituted by four hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) units attached to a central sp3 carbon atom, shows a highly symmetric arrangement of the HBC units disposed in the apex of a tetrahedron. The X-ray crystal structure reveals a tetrahedral symmetry of the molecule and the packing in the crystal is achieved mostly by CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions since the interstitial solvent molecules prevent the π⋅⋅⋅π interactions. In solution, tetrahedraphene shows the same electrochemical and photophysical properties as the hexa-t Bu-substituted HBC (t Bu-HBC) molecule. However, upon water addition, it undergoes a fluorescence change in solution and in the precipitated solid, showing an aggregation induced emission (AIE) process, probably derived from the restriction in the rotation and/or vibration of the HBCs. Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations reveal that upon aggregation, the high energy region of the emission band decreases in intensity, whereas the intensity of the red edge emission signal increases and presents a smoother decay, compared to the non-aggregated molecule. All in all, the excellent correlation between our simulations and the experimental findings allows explaining the colour change observed in the different solutions upon increasing the water fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Oró
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Romeo-Gella
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Laboratorio de Difracción de Rayos X de Monocristal, SIdI, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Wu MX, Li Y, Liu P, Shi X, Kang H, Zhao XL, Xu L, Li X, Fang J, Fang Z, Cheng Y, Yu H, Shi X, Yang HB. Functionalization of Pentacene: A Facile and Versatile Approach to Contorted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309619. [PMID: 37610742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a facile and versatile strategy for the synthesis of contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) starting from the functionalized pentacene was established. A series of novel PAHs 1-4 and their derivatives were synthesized through a simple two-step synthesis procedure involving an intramolecular reductive Friedel-Crafts cyclization of four newly synthesized pentacene aldehydes 5-8 as a key step. All the molecules were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and their photophysical and electrochemical properties were studied in detail. Interestingly, the most striking feature of 1-4 is their highly contorted carbon structures and the accompanying helical chirality. In particular, the optical resolution of 2 was successfully achieved by chiral-phase HPLC, and the enantiomers were characterized by circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence spectroscopy. Despite the highly nonplanar conformations, these contorted PAHs exhibited emissive properties with moderate-to-good fluorescence quantum yields, implying the potential utility of this series PAHs as high-quality organic laser dyes. By using a self-assembly method with the help of epoxy resin, a bottle microlaser based on 3 a was successfully illustrated with a lasing wavelength of 567.8 nm at a threshold of 0.3 mJ/cm2 . We believe that this work will shed light on the chemical versatility of pentacene and its derivatives in the construction of novel functionalized PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xiang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Yantong Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xusheng Shi
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hao Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Fang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Ya Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Huakang Yu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xueliang Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
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Sun Z, Fan W, Han Y, Yuan W, Ni Y, Wang J, Wei H, Zhao Y, Sun Z, Wu J. Helical fused 1,2:8,9-dibenzozethrene oligomers with up to 201° end-to-end twist: "one-pot" synthesis and chiral resolution. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7922-7927. [PMID: 37502331 PMCID: PMC10370577 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02285d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Twisted polyarenes with persistent chirality are desirable but their synthesis has remained a challenge. In this study, we present a "one-pot" synthesis of 1,2:8,9-dibenzozethrene (DBZ) and its vertically fused dimers and trimers using nickel-catalyzed cyclo-oligomerization reactions. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed highly twisted helical structures that consist of equal parts left- and right-handed enantiomers. Notably, the end-to-end twist between the terminal anthracene units measured 66°, 130°, and 201° for the DBZ monomer, dimer, and trimer, respectively, setting a new record among twisted polyarenes. Furthermore, the chiral resolution by HPLC yielded two enantiomers for the fused DBZ dimer and trimer, both of which maintained stable configurations and showed absorption dissymmetry factors of around 0.008-0.009. Additionally, their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated, which exhibited a chain-length dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Sun
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350507 China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Wei Yuan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 637371 Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Jinyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 637371 Singapore
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350507 China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
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