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Manoharan D, Wang LC, Chen YC, Li WP, Yeh CS. Catalytic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications: Exploiting Advanced Nanozymes for Therapeutics and Diagnostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400746. [PMID: 38683107 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic nanoparticles (CNPs) as heterogeneous catalyst reveals superior activity due to their physio-chemical features, such as high surface-to-volume ratio and unique optical, electric, and magnetic properties. The CNPs, based on their physio-chemical nature, can either increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level for tumor and antibacterial therapy or eliminate the ROS for cytoprotection, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging. In addition, the catalytic activity of nanozymes can specifically trigger a specific reaction accompanied by the optical feature change, presenting the feasibility of biosensor and bioimaging applications. Undoubtedly, CNPs play a pivotal role in pushing the evolution of technologies in medical and clinical fields, and advanced strategies and nanomaterials rely on the input of chemical experts to develop. Herein, a systematic and comprehensive review of the challenges and recent development of CNPs for biomedical applications is presented from the viewpoint of advanced nanomaterial with unique catalytic activity and additional functions. Furthermore, the biosafety issue of applying biodegradable and non-biodegradable nanozymes and future perspectives are critically discussed to guide a promising direction in developing span-new nanozymes and more intelligent strategies for overcoming the current clinical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divinah Manoharan
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Material and Medicinal Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Liu-Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Peng Li
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Material and Medicinal Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
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Luo P, Xie Y, He X, He Y, Wang X, Tan L. Application of Fenton chemistry in electrochemical determination of pyrophosphatase activity and fluoride. Talanta 2024; 274:125943. [PMID: 38564823 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Fenton chemistry has aroused widespread concern due to its application in the green oxidation and mineralization of organic wastes. Inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate ions (PPi) and provides a thermodynamic driving force for many biosynthetic reactions. Fluoride (F-) is widely applied to fight against tooth decay and reduce cavities. The electrochemical determination of PPase activity and F- was realized based on Fenton chemistry in this work. Glassy carbon electrode modified with poly (azure A) and acetylene black (GCE/PAA-AB) was fabricated. Hydroxyl radicals (∙OH) that were generated from a Cu2+-catalyzed Fenton-type reaction could oxidize PAA in the near-neutral medium, leading to a great increase of the cathodic peak current (Ipc). A coordination reaction between PPi and Cu2+ exerted a negative effect on Fenton reaction and hindered the Ipc enhancement. Cu2+-PPi complex was decomposed due to the hydrolysis of PPi induced by PPase, which caused the reappearance of the notably increased current response. F- could effectively inhibit PPase activity. As a result, the stable Cu2+-PPi complex remained and the high Ipc suffered from the decline again. The Ipc difference was used for the highly sensitive determination of PPase activity in the content range of 0.001-20 mU mL-1 with a detection of limit (LOD) at 0.6 μU mL-1 and that of F- in the concentration range of 0.01-100 μM with a LOD at 7 nM. The proposed PPase and F- sensor displayed a good selectivity, stability and reproducibility, and a high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Yiyan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Xianhuan He
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Yiyu He
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Liang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China.
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Shen J, Chen J, Qian Y, Wang X, Wang D, Pan H, Wang Y. Atomic Engineering of Single-Atom Nanozymes for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313406. [PMID: 38319004 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) showcase not only uniformly dispersed active sites but also meticulously engineered coordination structures. These intricate architectures bestow upon them an exceptional catalytic prowess, thereby captivating numerous minds and heralding a new era of possibilities in the biomedical landscape. Tuning the microstructure of SAzymes on the atomic scale is a key factor in designing targeted SAzymes with desirable functions. This review first discusses and summarizes three strategies for designing SAzymes and their impact on reactivity in biocatalysis. The effects of choices of carrier, different synthesis methods, coordination modulation of first/second shell, and the type and number of metal active centers on the enzyme-like catalytic activity are unraveled. Next, a first attempt is made to summarize the biological applications of SAzymes in tumor therapy, biosensing, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other biological applications from different mechanisms. Finally, how SAzymes are designed and regulated for further realization of diverse biological applications is reviewed and prospected. It is envisaged that the comprehensive review presented within this exegesis will furnish novel perspectives and profound revelations regarding the biomedical applications of SAzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yuping Qian
- Center of Digital Dentistry/Department of Prosthodontics, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongge Pan
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Center of Digital Dentistry/Department of Prosthodontics, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
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Wu C, Deng H, Ding Q, Yuan R, Yuan Y. Au nano-flower/organic polymer heterojunction-based cathode photochemical biosensor with reduction-accelerated quenching effect of porphyrin manganese. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130510. [PMID: 36493645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel reduction-accelerated quenching of manganese porphyrin (MnPP) based signal-off cathode photochemical (PEC) biosensor by using Au nano-flower/organic polymer (PTB7-Th) heterojunction as platform was proposed for ultrasensitive detection of Hg2+. Firstly, the photoactive PTB7-Th with Au nano-flower on electrode could form a typical Mott-Schottky heterojunction for acquiring an extremely high cathode signal. Meanwhile, the presence of target Hg2+ could bring in the formation of T-Hg2+-T based scissor-like DNA walker, which thus activated efficient Mg2+-specific DNAzyme based cleavage recycling to shear hairpin H2 on electrode to exposure abundant trigger sites of hybridization chain reaction (HCR) for in-situ decoration of quencher MnPP. Here, besides the steric hinderance and light competition effect of MnPP decorated DNA nanowires attributing to signal decrease, we for the first time testified the MnPP reduction-accelerated quenching that constantly consumed the photo-generated electron by using cyclic voltammetry (CV). As a result, the proposed biosensor had excellent sensitivity and selectivity to Hg2+ in the range of 1 fM-10 nM with a detection limit of 0.48 fM. The actual sample analysis showed that the biosensor could reliably and quantitatively identify Hg2+, indicating an excellent application prospect in routine detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou Wu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hanmei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qiao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yali Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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A nanozyme-based competitive electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of E-selectin. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:406. [PMID: 36198886 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
A nanozyme-based competitive electrochemical immunosensor has been developed for the quantitative determination of E-selectin, a common adhesion molecule expressed by activated endothelial cells. A glassy carbon electrode modified with poly(azure A) and E-selectin antibody (GCE/PAA/Ab) was prepared. Au-CuO nanocomposite-labeled E-selectin, CD62E-Au-CuO, was synthetized, and it could be captured on GCE/PAA/Ab owing to the immunoreaction. The immobilized nanocomposites on GCE/PAA/Ab/CD62E-Au-CuO acted as nanozymes and were involved in the electrocatalytic process that caused the high cathodic peak current. The assembly of GCE/PAA/Ab/CD62E-Au-CuO was inhibited by E-selectin due to the competitive immunoreaction, which resulted in a decrease of the current signal. The cathodic peak current difference at - 0.35 V vs SCE was proportional to the concentration of E-selectin in the range 0.500-500 ng mL-1, and the limit of detection was estimated to be 226 pg mL-1. The cell morphology observation, the cell viability test, and the electrochemical measurement indicate that the injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was aggravated, and the release of E-selectin from the injured cells was gradually accelerated when the NaCl content in the growth medium increased.
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Chethikkattuveli Salih AR, Asif A, Samantasinghar A, Umer Farooqi HM, Kim S, Choi KH. Renal Hypoxic Reperfusion Injury-on-Chip Model for Studying Combinational Vitamin Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3733-3740. [PMID: 35878885 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemic-reperfusion injury decreases the chances of long-term kidney graft survival and may lead to the loss of a transplanted kidney. During organ excision, the cycle of warm ischemia from the donor and cold ischemia is due to storage in a cold medium after revascularization following organ transplantation. The reperfusion of the kidney graft activates several pathways that generate reactive oxygen species, forming a hypoxic-reperfusion injury. Animal models are generally used to model and investigate renal hypoxic-reperfusion injury. However, these models face ethical concerns and present a lack of robustness and intraspecies genetic variations, among other limitations. We introduce a microfluidics-based renal hypoxic-reperfusion (RHR) injury-on-chip model to overcome current limitations. Primary human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and primary human endothelial cells were cultured on the apical and basal sides of a porous membrane. Hypoxic and normoxic cell culture media were used to create the RHR injury-on-chip model. The disease model was validated by estimating various specific hypoxic biomarkers of RHR. Furthermore, retinol, ascorbic acid, and combinational doses were tested to devise a therapeutic solution for RHR. We found that combinational vitamin therapy can decrease the chances of RHR injury. The proposed RHR injury-on-chip model can serve as an alternative to animal testing for injury investigation and the identification of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arun Asif
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do 63243, Republic of Korea.,BioSpero Inc., Jeju Science Park, Jeju-si, Jeju-do 63243 Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Anupama Samantasinghar
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Umer Farooqi
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Choi
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do 63243, Republic of Korea
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Xia N, Liu G, Zhang S, Shang Z, Yang Y, Li Y, Liu L. Oxidase-mimicking peptide-copper complexes and their applications in sandwich affinity biosensors. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1214:339965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hussein MA, Khan A, Alamry KA. A highly efficient electrochemical sensor containing polyaniline/cerium oxide nanocomposites for hydrogen peroxide detection. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31506-31517. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05041b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient electrochemical sensor containing (PANI/CeO2) for the detection of hydrogen peroxide has been fabricated using the in situ oxidative polymerization. The fabricated electrode sensor was successfully used to detect H2O2 in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajahar Khan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Bionanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Khalid A. Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Ding Q, Zhu M, Deng H, Yuan R, Yuan Y. A novel self-enhanced carbon nitride platform coupled with highly effective dual-recycle strand displacement amplifying strategy for sensitive photoelectrochemical assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 184:113227. [PMID: 33862566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel self-enhanced photoelectric active material, Na+, K+-codoped carbon nitride (NaKCN), was synthesized for constructing sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor to detect target miRNA-182-5p. Ingeniously, the NaKCN displayed glucose oxidase (GOx)-mimicking photocatalytic property, which catalyzed glucose to in situ generate high levels of H2O2 as its own electron donor for enhancing photocurrent. Moreover, the Na+, K+ co-doping could reduce energy gap of carbon nitride material, effectively improving the optical absorptivity and photocatalytic efficiency. Additionally, a novel highly effective dual-recycle TSD amplifying strategy was constructed to convert a small amount of target into plentiful two types of output DNAs labeling with sensitizer MB to enhance photocurrent of NaKCN. As a result, this PEC biosensor achieved a high sensitivity with low detection limit of 3.3 fM, which provided a new avenue for improving sensitivity of bioanalysis and diagnosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Hanmei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Yali Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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Fan S, Jiang X, Yang M, Wang X. Sensitive colorimetric assay for the determination of alkaline phosphatase activity utilizing nanozyme based on copper nanoparticle-modified Prussian blue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3955-3963. [PMID: 33885935 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanozyme based on Prussian blue nanocubes (PB NCs) loaded with copper nanoparticles (Cu@PB NCs) was synthesized. The peroxidase (POD)-like activity of Cu@PB NCs was studied and utilized for detecting the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The Cu@PB NCs possess higher POD-like activity compared with PB NCs and natural horseradish peroxidase (HRP) due to the loading of copper nanoparticles. 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) can be oxidized to oxTMB in the presence of Cu@PB NCs and H2O2, generating blue-colored compound, while introduction of pyrophosphate (PPi) leads to the POD-like activity of Cu@PB NCs decreased obviously. In the presence of ALP, PPi was hydrolyzed and then the POD-like activity of Cu@PB NCs was restored. So, according to the change of the POD-like activity of Cu@PB NCs, a sensitive colorimetric assay for ALP activity was reported. The limit of detection of the assay is 0.08 mU/mL, with linear range from 0.1 to 50 mU/mL. In addition, the assay was also applied for screening the inhibitors of ALP. Nanozyme based on Prussian blue nanocube (PB NCs) loaded with copper nanoparticles was synthesized and utilized for detecting the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Fan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Xingxing Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
| | - Xianggui Wang
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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