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Contributions of vibrational spectroscopy to virology: A review. CLINICAL SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 4:100022. [PMCID: PMC9093054 DOI: 10.1016/j.clispe.2022.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, both infrared absorption and Raman scattering, are high precision, label free analytical techniques which have found applications in fields as diverse as analytical chemistry, pharmacology, forensics and archeometrics and, in recent times, have attracted increasing attention for biomedical applications. As analytical techniques, they have been applied to the characterisation of viruses as early as the 1970 s, and, in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, have been explored in response to the World Health Organisation as novel methodologies to aid in the global efforts to implement and improve rapid screening of viral infection. This review considers the history of the application of vibrational spectroscopic techniques to the characterisation of the morphology and chemical compositions of viruses, their attachment to, uptake by and replication in cells, and their potential for the detection of viruses in population screening, and in infection response monitoring applications. Particular consideration is devoted to recent efforts in the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and monitoring COVID-19.
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Schorer V, Haas J, Stach R, Kokoric V, Groß R, Muench J, Hummel T, Sobek H, Mennig J, Mizaikoff B. Towards the direct detection of viral materials at the surface of protective face masks via infrared spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2309. [PMID: 35145194 PMCID: PMC8831636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic represents a considerable risk for the general public and especially for health care workers. To avoid an overloading of the health care system and to control transmission chains, the development of rapid and cost-effective techniques allowing for the reliable diagnosis of individuals with acute respiratory infections are crucial. Uniquely, the present study focuses on the development of a direct face mask sampling approach, as worn (i.e., used) disposable face masks contain exogenous environmental constituents, as well as endogenously exhaled breath aerosols. Optical techniques—and specifically infrared (IR) molecular spectroscopic techniques—are promising tools for direct virus detection at the surface of such masks. In the present study, a rapid and non-destructive approach for monitoring exposure scenarios via medical face masks using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy is presented. Complementarily, IR external reflection spectroscopy was evaluated in comparison for rapid mask analysis. The utility of a face mask-based sampling approach was demonstrated by differentiating water, proteins, and virus-like particles sampled onto the mask. Data analysis using multivariate statistical algorithms enabled unambiguously classifying spectral signatures of individual components and biospecies. This approach has the potential to be extended towards the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2—as shown herein for the example of virus-like particles which are morphologically equivalent to authentic virus—without any additional sample preparation or elaborate testing equipment at laboratory facilities. Therefore, this strategy may be implemented as a routine large-scale monitoring routine, e.g., at health care institutions, nursing homes, etc. ensuring the health and safety of medical personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schorer
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Haas
- Hahn-Schickard, Sedanstraße 14, 89077, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Stach
- Hahn-Schickard, Sedanstraße 14, 89077, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr. 1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Muench
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr. 1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Hummel
- Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen GmbH, Beim Braunland 1, 88416, Ochsenhausen, Germany.,Boehringer Ingelheim Therapeutics GmbH, Beim Braunland 1, 88416, Ochsenhausen, Germany
| | - Harald Sobek
- Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen GmbH, Beim Braunland 1, 88416, Ochsenhausen, Germany
| | - Jan Mennig
- Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen GmbH, Beim Braunland 1, 88416, Ochsenhausen, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany. .,Hahn-Schickard, Sedanstraße 14, 89077, Ulm, Germany.
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