1
|
Zhang Y, Xu Y, Ma Y, Luo H, Hou J, Hou C, Huo D. Ultra-sensitive electrochemical sensors through self-assembled MOF composites for the simultaneous detection of multiple heavy metal ions in food samples. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1289:342155. [PMID: 38245196 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Using an assemble-able MOF material, we successfully constructed an ultra-sensitive electrochemical sensor based on Bi2CuO4@Al-MOF@UiO-67 nanocomposite material, in order to investigate the adsorption properties of the Bi2CuO4@Al-MOF@UiO-67 functional material on the heavy metal ion. The Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+ can be detected at the same time. Selective recognition and enrichment of various metal ions on different substrates can be achieved through the assembly of a large number of Al-MOF and UiO-67-MOF nanomaterial composites with small particle sizes on the Bi2CuO4 surface. Based on this, a new type of sensor is researched and prepared, which has been shown to have good stability and reproducibility. Due to its unique assembly structure, large active surface area, excellent adsorption capacity, and high electrical conductivity, Bi2CuO4@Al-MOF@UiO-67 presents outstanding performance. In addition, the sensor also exhibits excellent electrocatalytic redox capacity and high selectivity. The adsorption capacity of Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+ is also significantly improved under the action of the sensor electrode, however, this is not the case. The limits of detection for Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+ were found to be 0.02 pM, 0.032 pM, 0.018 pM and 0.041 pM, respectively. In order to investigate the detection mechanism of Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+ was adsorption properties as well as electrochemical accumulation of Bi2CuO4@Al-MOF@UiO-67 on the metal atoms were investigated. This method has been successfully applied to samples of rice, sorghum, maize, milk, honey, and tea, and has enabled the simultaneous detection of Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+, which is of significant practical value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Yi Ma
- Liquor Making Biology Technology and Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 188 University Town, Yi bin, 644000, PR China
| | - Huibo Luo
- Liquor Making Biology Technology and Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 188 University Town, Yi bin, 644000, PR China
| | - Jingzhou Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Postdoctoral Research Station, Chongqing University, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Changjun Hou
- Liquor Making Biology Technology and Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 188 University Town, Yi bin, 644000, PR China.
| | - Danqun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang CC, Song ZY, Xiao XY, Cai X, Yang YF, Chen SH, Li PH, Yang M, Huang XJ. In Situ Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Chromium Speciation Analysis Based on the Interactions of Oxygen-Containing Groups with Functionalized Co 3O 4-rGO: Evidence from Advanced Optical Techniques and Density Functional Theoretical Calculations under Electric Field. Anal Chem 2024; 96:179-187. [PMID: 38100653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Achieving accurate detection of different speciations of heavy metal ions (HMIs) in an aqueous solution is an urgent problem due to the different bioavailabilities and physiological toxicity. Herein, we nominated a novel strategy to detect HCrO4- and Cr(OH)2+ at a trace level via the electrochemical sensitive surface constructed by Co3O4-rGO modified with amino and carboxyl groups, which revealed that the interactions between distinct functional groups and different oxygen-containing groups of target ions are conducive to the susceptible and anti-interference detection. The detection sensitivities of 19.46 counts μg-1 L for HCrO4- and 13.44 counts μg-1 L for Cr(OH)2+ were obtained under optimal conditions, while the limits of detection were 0.10 and 0.12 μg L-1, respectively. Satisfactory anti-interference and actual water sample analysis results were obtained. A series of advanced optical techniques like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure technology, and density functional theory calculations under an electric field demonstrated that chemical interactions between groups contribute more to the fixation of target ions than electrical attraction alone. The presence of oxygen-containing groups distinct from simple ionic forms was a critical factor in the selectivity and anti-interference detection. Furthermore, the valence cycle of Co(II)/(III) synergistically boosted the detection performance. This research provides a promising tactic from the microscopic perspective of groups' interactions to accomplish the precise speciation analysis of HMIs in the water environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zong-Yin Song
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuan-Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shi-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Pei-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xing-Jiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jing H, Zhao P, Liu C, Wu Z, Yu J, Liu B, Su C, Lei W, Hao Q. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Boosting Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on Amorphous-Surfaced Tin Oxide Supported by MXene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59524-59533. [PMID: 38108147 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous materials disrupt the intrinsic linear scalar dependence seen in their crystalline counterparts, typically exhibiting enhanced catalytic characteristics. Nevertheless, substantial obstacles remain in terms of boosting their stability, enhancing their conductivity, and elucidating distinct catalytic mechanisms. Herein, a core-shell catalyst, comprising a crystalline SnO2 core and an amorphous SnOx shell supported on MXene (denoted as SnO2@SnOx/MXene), was prepared utilizing hydrothermal and solution reduction methods. The SnO2@SnOx/MXene catalyst excels in the electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to formate, yielding a Faradaic efficiency (FE) as high as 93% for formate production at -1.17 V vs RHE and demonstrating exceptional durability. Both density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental results indicate that the SnOx shell bolsters formate formation by fine-tuning the adsorption energy of the *OCHO intermediate. In SnO2@SnOx/MXene, MXene plays a vital role in enhancing the conductivity and stability of the amorphous shell and especially amplifying Raman signals of catalyst components. The ex/in situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) application further confirms the formation of amorphous SnOx and further enables the direct detection of the formation of the intermediate species. This work provides the basis for the application of amorphous materials in practical electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jing
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Cai Liu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Zongdeng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Boyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Can Su
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Wu Lei
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Qingli Hao
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu T, Zhang C, Huo S, Zhou Y, Yi Y, Zhu G. Target-Controlled Redox Reaction and Ru(II) Release of a Smart Metal-Organic Framework Nanomaterial for Highly Sensitive Ratiometric Homogeneous Electroanalysis of Cadmium(II). Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17425-17432. [PMID: 37812810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a highly sensitive ratiometric homogeneous electroanalysis (HEA) strategy of cadmium(II) (Cd2+) was proposed via a Cd2+-controlled redox reaction and Ru(bpy)32+ (Ru(II)) release from a smart metal-organic framework (MOF) nanomaterial. For achieving this purpose, Ru(II) was entrapped ingeniously into the pores of an MOF material (UiO-66-NH2) and subsequently gated by the double-strand hybrids of a Cd2+-aptamer (Apt) and its complementary sequences (CP) to form a novel smart nanomaterial (denoted as Ru@UiO-66-NH2); meanwhile, Fe(III) was selected as an additional probe present in electrolyte to facilitate the Ru(II) redox reaction: Fe(III) + Ru(II) → Fe(II) + Ru(III). Owing to the strong binding effect of the Cd2+ target to the specific Apt, the Apt-CP hybridization at Ru@UiO-66-NH2 would be destroyed in the presence of Cd2+, and the related Apt was further induced away from the smart nanomaterial, leading to the opening of the gate and release of Ru(II). Meanwhile, the released Ru(II) was quickly oxidized chemically by Fe(III) to Ru(III). On the basis of the generated Ru(III) and consumed Fe(III), the ratio of the reduction currents between Ru(III) and Fe(III) exhibits an enhancement and it is dependent on the level of Cd2+; thus, a novel HEA strategy of Cd2+ was then designed. Under the optimal conditions, the HEA sensor shows a wide linearity ranging from 10.0 pM to 500.0 nM, and the achieved detection limit of Cd2+ is 3.3 pM. The as-designed ratiometric HEA strategy not only offers a unique idea to realize a simple and sensitive assay for Cd2+ but also possesses significant potential as an effective tool to be introduced for other target analysis just via altering the specific Apt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Engineering for High Performance Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Conglin Zhang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yinhui Yi
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Engineering for High Performance Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring for Heavy Metal Pollutants, Changsha 410019, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Gangbing Zhu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang B, Xiao XY, Song ZY, Li YY, Cai X, Xia RZ, Chen SH, Yang M, Li PH, Lin CH, Huang XJ. Revealing the solid-solution interface interference behaviors between Cu 2+ and As(III) via partial peak area analysis of simulations and experiments. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1277:341676. [PMID: 37604614 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The mutual interference in the sensing detection of heavy metal ions (HMIs) is considerably serious and complex. Besides, the co-existed ions may change the stripping peak intensity, shape and position of the target ion, which partly makes peak current analysis inaccurate. Herein, a promising approach of partial peak area analysis was proposed firstly to research the mutual interference. The interference between two species on their electrodeposition processes was investigated by simulating different kinetics parameters, including surface coverage, electro-adsorption, -desorption rate constant, etc. It was proved that the partial peak area is sensitive and regular to these interference kinetics parameters, which is favorable for distinctly identifying different interferences. Moreover, the applicability of the partial peak area analysis was verified on the experiments of Cu2+, As(III) interference at four sensing interfaces: glassy carbon electrode, gold electrode, Co3O4, and Fe2O3 nanoparticles modified electrodes. The interference behaviors between Cu2+ and As(III) relying on solid-solution interfaces were revealed and confirmed by physicochemical characterizations and kinetics simulations. This work proposes a new descriptor (partial peak area) to recognize the interference mechanism and provides a meaningful guidance for accurate detection of HMIs in actual water environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Zong-Yin Song
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Yong-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Xin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Rui-Ze Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Shi-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Pei-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China.
| | - Chu-Hong Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
| | - Xing-Jiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang R, Xu Y, Du J, Guan Q, Cai X, Li F, Wang J, Chen W. A fluorescent sensor based on the cascade signal amplification strategy for ultra-sensitive detection of Cu 2. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1806-1812. [PMID: 36602100 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06539h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential element in the human body, participating in various physiological activities in the bodies of organisms. However, an excessive load of Cu2+ is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases and prion diseases, also identified as a symptom of Wilson's disease (WD). A straightforward, rapid, sensitive, and specific copper sensor is highly required but remains a challenge. In this study, guided by the simulation, we developed a chemical sensor using a cascade signal amplification strategy based on the Cu-catalyzed click reaction, combined with a fluorescence-enhanced substrate with gold nanorods coupled with silver nanoislands. The sensor can selectively detect Cu2+ as low as 3.87 nM within 10 min. We have demonstrated that this method can be directly employed for WD diagnosis in urine samples. In addition, using antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) as an example, we verify whether this assay can be adapted to other targets where Cu is designed as an indirect indicator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Huang
- Medical Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, the 6th Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518052, P. R. China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Jihui Du
- Medical Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, the 6th Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518052, P. R. China.
| | - Qiong Guan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Jidong Wang
- Medical Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, the 6th Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518052, P. R. China.
| | - Wenwen Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|