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Fleisher AJ, Yi H, Srivastava A, Polyansky OL, Zobov NF, Hodges JT. Absolute 13C/ 12C Isotope Amount Ratio for Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite from Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. NATURE PHYSICS 2021; 17:10.1038/s41567-021-01226-y. [PMID: 36873572 PMCID: PMC9982939 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-021-01226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of isotope ratios are predominantly made with reference to standard specimens that have been characterized in the past. In the 1950s, the carbon isotope ratio was referenced to a belemnite sample collected by Heinz Lowenstam and Harold Urey1 in South Carolina's Pee Dee region. Due to the exhaustion of the sample since then, reference materials that are traceable to the original artefact are used to define the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) scale for stable carbon isotope analysis2. However, these reference materials have also become exhausted or proven to exhibit unstable composition over time3, mirroring issues with the international prototype of the kilogram that led to a revised International System of Units4. A campaign to elucidate the stable carbon isotope ratio of VPDB is underway5, but independent measurement techniques are required to support it. Here we report an accurate value for the stable carbon isotope ratio inferred from infrared absorption spectroscopy, fulfilling the promise of this fundamentally accurate approach6. Our results agree with a value recently derived from mass spectrometry5, and therefore advance the prospects of SI-traceable isotope analysis. Further, our calibration-free method could improve mass balance calculations and enhance isotopic tracer studies in CO2 source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Fleisher
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Adam J. Fleisher, Hongming Yi
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: , phone: 301-975-4864, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mailstop 8320, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Hongming Yi
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Adam J. Fleisher, Hongming Yi
- Present affiliation: The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Abneesh Srivastava
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Oleg L. Polyansky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nikolai F. Zobov
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Joseph T. Hodges
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Srivastava A, Michael Verkouteren R. Metrology for stable isotope reference materials: 13C/ 12C and 18O/ 16O isotope ratio value assignment of pure carbon dioxide gas samples on the Vienna PeeDee Belemnite-CO 2 scale using dual-inlet mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4153-4163. [PMID: 29797038 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Isotope ratio measurements have been conducted on a series of isotopically distinct pure CO2 gas samples using the technique of dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry (DI-IRMS). The influence of instrumental parameters, data normalization schemes on the metrological traceability and uncertainty of the sample isotope composition have been characterized. Traceability to the Vienna PeeDee Belemnite(VPDB)-CO2 scale was realized using the pure CO2 isotope reference materials(IRMs) 8562, 8563, and 8564. The uncertainty analyses include contributions associated with the values of iRMs and the repeatability and reproducibility of our measurements. Our DI-IRMS measurement system is demonstrated to have high long-term stability, approaching a precision of 0.001 parts-per-thousand for the 45/44 and 46/44 ion signal ratios. The single- and two-point normalization bias for the iRMs were found to be within their published standard uncertainty values. The values of 13C/12C and 18O/16O isotope ratios are expressed relative to VPDB-CO2 using the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] notation, respectively, in parts-per-thousand (‰ or per mil). For the samples, value assignments between (-25 to +2) ‰ and (-33 to -1) ‰ with nominal combined standard uncertainties of (0.05, 0.3) ‰ for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively were obtained. These samples are used as laboratory reference to provide anchor points for value assignment of isotope ratios (with VPDB traceability) to pure CO2 samples. Additionally, they serve as potential parent isotopic source material required for the development of gravimetric based iRMs of CO2 in CO2-free dry air in high pressure gas cylinder packages at desired abundance levels and isotopic composition values. Graphical abstract CO2 gas isotope ratio metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abneesh Srivastava
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - R Michael Verkouteren
- Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials Measurement Science Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Rhoderick GC, Kelley ME, Miller WR, Norris JE, Carney J, Gameson L, Cecelski CE, Harris KJ, Goodman CA, Srivastava A, Hodges JT. NIST Standards for Measurement, Instrument Calibration, and Quantification of Gaseous Atmospheric Compounds. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4711-4718. [PMID: 29498261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are many gas phase compounds present in the atmosphere that affect and influence the earth's climate. These compounds absorb and emit radiation, a process which is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The major greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Some halocarbons are also strong greenhouse gases and are linked to stratospheric ozone depletion. Hydrocarbons and monoterpenes are precursors and contributors to atmospheric photochemical processes, which lead to the formation of particulates and secondary photo-oxidants such as ozone, leading to photochemical smog. Reactive gases such as nitric oxide and sulfur dioxide are also compounds found in the atmosphere and generally lead to the formation of other oxides. These compounds can be oxidized in the air to acidic and corrosive gases and contribute to photochemical smog. Measurements of these compounds in the atmosphere have been ongoing for decades to track growth rates and assist in curbing emissions of these compounds into the atmosphere. To accurately establish mole fraction trends and assess the role of these gas phase compounds in atmospheric chemistry, it is essential to have good calibration standards. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has been developing standards of many of these compounds for over 40 years. This paper discusses the development of these standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Rhoderick
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Michael E Kelley
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Walter R Miller
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - James E Norris
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Jennifer Carney
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Lyn Gameson
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Christina E Cecelski
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Kimberly J Harris
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Cassie A Goodman
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Abneesh Srivastava
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
| | - Joseph T Hodges
- Gas Sensing Metrology Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8393 , United States
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Brewer PJ, Brown RJC, Resner KV, Hill-Pearce RE, Worton DR, Allen NDC, Blakley KC, Benucci D, Ellison MR. Influence of Pressure on the Composition of Gaseous Reference Materials. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3490-3495. [PMID: 29381338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that the amount fraction of carbon dioxide in a nitrogen or synthetic air matrix stored in cylinders increases as the pressure of the gas mixture reduces, while the amount fraction of methane remains unchanged. Our measurements show the initial amount fraction of carbon dioxide to be lower than the gravimetric value after preparation, which we attribute to the adsorption of a proportion of the molecules to active sites on the internal surface of the cylinder and the valve. As the mixture is consumed, the pressure in the cylinder reduces and the amount fraction of the component is observed to increase. The effect is less pronounced in the presence of water vapor. More dramatic effects have been observed for hydrogen chloride. These findings have significant implications for the preparation of high accuracy gaseous reference materials with unprecedented uncertainties which underpin a broad range of requirements, in particular atmospheric monitoring of high impact greenhouse gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Brewer
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Richard J C Brown
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Kate V Resner
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Hill-Pearce
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - David R Worton
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D C Allen
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C Blakley
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Benucci
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R Ellison
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
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