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Koebke KJ, Pinter TBJ, Pitts WC, Pecoraro VL. Catalysis and Electron Transfer in De Novo Designed Metalloproteins. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12046-12109. [PMID: 35763791 PMCID: PMC10735231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmark advances in our understanding of metalloprotein function is showcased in our ability to design new, non-native, catalytically active protein scaffolds. This review highlights progress and milestone achievements in the field of de novo metalloprotein design focused on reports from the past decade with special emphasis on de novo designs couched within common subfields of bioinorganic study: heme binding proteins, monometal- and dimetal-containing catalytic sites, and metal-containing electron transfer sites. Within each subfield, we highlight several of what we have identified as significant and important contributions to either our understanding of that subfield or de novo metalloprotein design as a discipline. These reports are placed in context both historically and scientifically. General suggestions for future directions that we feel will be important to advance our understanding or accelerate discovery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Koebke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Winston C. Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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2
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Makhlynets OV, Caputo GA. Characteristics and therapeutic applications of antimicrobial peptides. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2021; 2:011301. [PMID: 38505398 PMCID: PMC10903410 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The demand for novel antimicrobial compounds is rapidly growing due to the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. In response, numerous alternative approaches are being taken including use of polymers, metals, combinatorial approaches, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are a naturally occurring part of the immune system of all higher organisms and display remarkable broad-spectrum activity and high selectivity for bacterial cells over host cells. However, despite good activity and safety profiles, AMPs have struggled to find success in the clinic. In this review, we outline the fundamental properties of AMPs that make them effective antimicrobials and extend this into three main approaches being used to help AMPs become viable clinical options. These three approaches are the incorporation of non-natural amino acids into the AMP sequence to impart better pharmacological properties, the incorporation of AMPs in hydrogels, and the chemical modification of surfaces with AMPs for device applications. These approaches are being developed to enhance the biocompatibility, stability, and/or bioavailability of AMPs as clinical options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Makhlynets
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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3
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Abstract
We describe the de novo design of an allosterically regulated protein, which comprises two tightly coupled domains. One domain is based on the DF (Due Ferri in Italian or two-iron in English) family of de novo proteins, which have a diiron cofactor that catalyzes a phenol oxidase reaction, while the second domain is based on PS1 (Porphyrin-binding Sequence), which binds a synthetic Zn-porphyrin (ZnP). The binding of ZnP to the original PS1 protein induces changes in structure and dynamics, which we expected to influence the catalytic rate of a fused DF domain when appropriately coupled. Both DF and PS1 are four-helix bundles, but they have distinct bundle architectures. To achieve tight coupling between the domains, they were connected by four helical linkers using a computational method to discover the most designable connections capable of spanning the two architectures. The resulting protein, DFP1 (Due Ferri Porphyrin), bound the two cofactors in the expected manner. The crystal structure of fully reconstituted DFP1 was also in excellent agreement with the design, and it showed the ZnP cofactor bound over 12 Å from the dimetal center. Next, a substrate-binding cleft leading to the diiron center was introduced into DFP1. The resulting protein acts as an allosterically modulated phenol oxidase. Its Michaelis-Menten parameters were strongly affected by the binding of ZnP, resulting in a fourfold tighter K m and a 7-fold decrease in k cat These studies establish the feasibility of designing allosterically regulated catalytic proteins, entirely from scratch.
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Miller KR, Paretsky JD, Follmer AH, Heinisch T, Mittra K, Gul S, Kim IS, Fuller FD, Batyuk A, Sutherlin KD, Brewster AS, Bhowmick A, Sauter NK, Kern J, Yano J, Green MT, Ward TR, Borovik AS. Artificial Iron Proteins: Modeling the Active Sites in Non-Heme Dioxygenases. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6000-6009. [PMID: 32309932 PMCID: PMC7219546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An important class of non-heme dioxygenases contains a conserved Fe binding site that consists of a 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad. Results from structural biology show that, in the resting state, these proteins are six-coordinate with aqua ligands occupying the remaining three coordination sites. We have utilized biotin-streptavidin (Sav) technology to design new artificial Fe proteins (ArMs) that have many of the same structural features found within active sites of these non-heme dioxygenases. An Sav variant was isolated that contains the S112E mutation, which installed a carboxylate side chain in the appropriate position to bind to a synthetic FeII complex confined within Sav. Structural studies using X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods revealed a facial triad binding site that is composed of two N donors from the biotinylated ligand and the monodentate coordination of the carboxylate from S112E. Two aqua ligands complete the primary coordination sphere of the FeII center with both involved in hydrogen bond networks within Sav. The corresponding FeIII protein was also prepared and structurally characterized to show a six-coordinate complex with two exogenous acetato ligands. The FeIII protein was further shown to bind an exogenous azido ligand through replacement of one acetato ligand. Spectroscopic studies of the ArMs in solution support the results found by XRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Science II, University of California, Irvine, CA 9269
| | - Jonathan D. Paretsky
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Science II, University of California, Irvine, CA 9269
| | - Alec H. Follmer
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Science II, University of California, Irvine, CA 9269
| | - Tillmann Heinisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, PO Box 3350, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaustuv Mittra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - In-Sik Kim
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Franklin D. Fuller
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA
| | - Alexander Batyuk
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA
| | - Kyle D. Sutherlin
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Aaron S. Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Asmit Bhowmick
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas K. Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael T. Green
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Science II, University of California, Irvine, CA 9269
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, PO Box 3350, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A. S. Borovik
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Science II, University of California, Irvine, CA 9269
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5
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Abstract
Proteins are molecular machines whose function depends on their ability to achieve complex folds with precisely defined structural and dynamic properties. The rational design of proteins from first-principles, or de novo, was once considered to be impossible, but today proteins with a variety of folds and functions have been realized. We review the evolution of the field from its earliest days, placing particular emphasis on how this endeavor has illuminated our understanding of the principles underlying the folding and function of natural proteins, and is informing the design of macromolecules with unprecedented structures and properties. An initial set of milestones in de novo protein design focused on the construction of sequences that folded in water and membranes to adopt folded conformations. The first proteins were designed from first-principles using very simple physical models. As computers became more powerful, the use of the rotamer approximation allowed one to discover amino acid sequences that stabilize the desired fold. As the crystallographic database of protein structures expanded in subsequent years, it became possible to construct proteins by assembling short backbone fragments that frequently recur in Nature. The second set of milestones in de novo design involves the discovery of complex functions. Proteins have been designed to bind a variety of metals, porphyrins, and other cofactors. The design of proteins that catalyze hydrolysis and oxygen-dependent reactions has progressed significantly. However, de novo design of catalysts for energetically demanding reactions, or even proteins that bind with high affinity and specificity to highly functionalized complex polar molecules remains an importnant challenge that is now being achieved. Finally, the protein design contributed significantly to our understanding of membrane protein folding and transport of ions across membranes. The area of membrane protein design, or more generally of biomimetic polymers that function in mixed or non-aqueous environments, is now becoming increasingly possible.
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Grayson KJ, Anderson JLR. Designed for life: biocompatible de novo designed proteins and components. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0472. [PMID: 30158186 PMCID: PMC6127164 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A principal goal of synthetic biology is the de novo design or redesign of biomolecular components. In addition to revealing fundamentally important information regarding natural biomolecular engineering and biochemistry, functional building blocks will ultimately be provided for applications including the manufacture of valuable products and therapeutics. To fully realize this ambitious goal, the designed components must be biocompatible, working in concert with natural biochemical processes and pathways, while not adversely affecting cellular function. For example, de novo protein design has provided us with a wide repertoire of structures and functions, including those that can be assembled and function in vivo. Here we discuss such biocompatible designs, as well as others that have the potential to become biocompatible, including non-protein molecules, and routes to achieving full biological integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Grayson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - J L Ross Anderson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK .,BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Lombardi A, Pirro F, Maglio O, Chino M, DeGrado WF. De Novo Design of Four-Helix Bundle Metalloproteins: One Scaffold, Diverse Reactivities. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1148-1159. [PMID: 30973707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
De novo protein design represents an attractive approach for testing and extending our understanding of metalloprotein structure and function. Here, we describe our work on the design of DF (Due Ferri or two-iron in Italian), a minimalist model for the active sites of much larger and more complex natural diiron and dimanganese proteins. In nature, diiron and dimanganese proteins protypically bind their ions in 4-Glu, 2-His environments, and they catalyze diverse reactions, ranging from hydrolysis, to O2-dependent chemistry, to decarbonylation of aldehydes. In the design of DF, the position of each atom-including the backbone, the first-shell ligands, the second-shell hydrogen-bonded groups, and the well-packed hydrophobic core-was bespoke using precise mathematical equations and chemical principles. The first member of the DF family was designed to be of minimal size and complexity and yet to display the quintessential elements required for binding the dimetal cofactor. After thoroughly characterizing its structural, dynamic, spectroscopic, and functional properties, we added additional complexity in a rational stepwise manner to achieve increasingly sophisticated catalytic functions, ultimately demonstrating substrate-gated four-electron reduction of O2 to water. We also briefly describe the extension of these studies to the design of proteins that bind nonbiological metal cofactors (a synthetic porphyrin and a tetranuclear cluster), and a Zn2+/proton antiporting membrane protein. Together these studies demonstrate a successful and generally applicable strategy for de novo metalloprotein design, which might indeed mimic the process by which primordial metalloproteins evolved. We began the design process with a highly symmetrical backbone and binding site, by using point-group symmetry to assemble the secondary structures that position the amino acid side chains required for binding. The resulting models provided a rough starting point and initial parameters for the subsequent precise design of the final protein using modern methods of computational protein design. Unless the desired site is itself symmetrical, this process requires reduction of the symmetry or lifting it altogether. Nevertheless, the initial symmetrical structure can be helpful to restrain the search space during assembly of the backbone. Finally, the methods described here should be generally applicable to the design of highly stable and robust catalysts and sensors. There is considerable potential in combining the efficiency and knowledge base associated with homogeneous metal catalysis with the programmability, biocompatibility, and versatility of proteins. While the work reported here focuses on testing and learning the principles of natural metalloproteins by designing and studying proteins one at a time, there is also considerable potential for using designed proteins that incorporate both biological and nonbiological metal ion cofactors for the evolution of novel catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabio Pirro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001, United States
| | - Ornella Maglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- IBB, National Research Council, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001, United States
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8
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Grayson KJ, Anderson JR. The ascent of man(made oxidoreductases). Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:149-155. [PMID: 29754103 PMCID: PMC6227378 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Though established 40 years ago, the field of de novo protein design has recently come of age, with new designs exhibiting an unprecedented level of sophistication in structure and function. With respect to catalysis, de novo enzymes promise to revolutionise the industrial production of useful chemicals and materials, while providing new biomolecules as plug-and-play components in the metabolic pathways of living cells. To this end, there are now de novo metalloenzymes that are assembled in vivo, including the recently reported C45 maquette, which can catalyse a variety of substrate oxidations with efficiencies rivalling those of closely related natural enzymes. Here we explore the successful design of this de novo enzyme, which was designed to minimise the undesirable complexity of natural proteins using a minimalistic bottom-up approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Grayson
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jl Ross Anderson
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
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9
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Alvarez‐Carreño C, Alva V, Becerra A, Lazcano A. Structure, function and evolution of the hemerythrin-like domain superfamily. Protein Sci 2018; 27:848-860. [PMID: 29330894 PMCID: PMC5866928 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hemerythrin-like proteins have generally been studied for their ability to reversibly bind oxygen through their binuclear nonheme iron centers. However, in recent years, it has become increasingly evident that some members of the hemerythrin-like superfamily also participate in many other biological processes. For instance, the binuclear nonheme iron site of YtfE, a hemerythrin-like protein involved in the repair of iron centers in Escherichia coli, catalyzes the reduction of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide, and the human F-box/LRR-repeat protein 5, which contains a hemerythrin-like domain, is involved in intracellular iron homeostasis. Furthermore, structural data on hemerythrin-like domains from two proteins of unknown function, PF0695 from Pyrococcus furiosus and NMB1532 from Neisseria meningitidis, show that the cation-binding sites, typical of hemerythrin, can be absent or be occupied by metal ions other than iron. To systematically investigate this functional and structural diversity of the hemerythrin-like superfamily, we have collected hemerythrin-like sequences from a database comprising fully sequenced proteomes and generated a cluster map based on their all-against-all pairwise sequence similarity. Our results show that the hemerythrin-like superfamily comprises a large number of protein families which can be classified into three broad groups on the basis of their cation-coordinating residues: (a) signal-transduction and oxygen-carrier hemerythrins (H-HxxxE-HxxxH-HxxxxD); (b) hemerythrin-like (H-HxxxE-H-HxxxE); and, (c) metazoan F-box proteins (H-HExxE-H-HxxxE). Interestingly, all but two hemerythrin-like families exhibit internal sequence and structural symmetry, suggesting that a duplication event may have led to the origin of the hemerythrin domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alvarez‐Carreño
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70‐407, Cd. UniversitariaMexico City04510Mexico
| | - Vikram Alva
- Department of Protein EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingen72076Germany
| | - Arturo Becerra
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70‐407, Cd. UniversitariaMexico City04510Mexico
| | - Antonio Lazcano
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70‐407, Cd. UniversitariaMexico City04510Mexico
- Miembro de El Colegio NacionalMexico
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10
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Chino M, Leone L, Maglio O, D'Alonzo D, Pirro F, Pavone V, Nastri F, Lombardi A. A De Novo Heterodimeric Due Ferri Protein Minimizes the Release of Reactive Intermediates in Dioxygen-Dependent Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Linda Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Ornella Maglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
- IBB-National Research Council; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli Italy
| | - Daniele D'Alonzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Fabio Pirro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pavone
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Flavia Nastri
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
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Chino M, Leone L, Maglio O, D'Alonzo D, Pirro F, Pavone V, Nastri F, Lombardi A. A De Novo Heterodimeric Due Ferri Protein Minimizes the Release of Reactive Intermediates in Dioxygen-Dependent Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15580-15583. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Linda Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Ornella Maglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
- IBB-National Research Council; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli Italy
| | - Daniele D'Alonzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Fabio Pirro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pavone
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Flavia Nastri
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli “Federico II”; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
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12
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Nastri F, Chino M, Maglio O, Bhagi-Damodaran A, Lu Y, Lombardi A. Design and engineering of artificial oxygen-activating metalloenzymes. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5020-54. [PMID: 27341693 PMCID: PMC5021598 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00923e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many efforts are being made in the design and engineering of metalloenzymes with catalytic properties fulfilling the needs of practical applications. Progress in this field has recently been accelerated by advances in computational, molecular and structural biology. This review article focuses on the recent examples of oxygen-activating metalloenzymes, developed through the strategies of de novo design, miniaturization processes and protein redesign. Considerable progress in these diverse design approaches has produced many metal-containing biocatalysts able to adopt the functions of native enzymes or even novel functions beyond those found in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Nastri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Maglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
- IBB, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Ambika Bhagi-Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, A322 CLSL, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, A322 CLSL, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
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13
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Recent advances in designed coiled coils and helical bundles with inorganic prosthetic groups — from structural to functional applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 31:160-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Snyder RA, Butch SE, Reig AJ, DeGrado WF, Solomon EI. Molecular-Level Insight into the Differential Oxidase and Oxygenase Reactivities of de Novo Due Ferri Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9302-14. [PMID: 26090726 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using the single-chain due ferri (DFsc) peptide scaffold, the differential oxidase and oxygenase reactivities of two 4A→4G variants, one with two histidines at the diiron center (G4DFsc) and the other with three histidines (3His-G4DFsc(Mut3)), are explored. By controlling the reaction conditions, the active form responsible for 4-aminophenol (4-AP) oxidase activity in both G4DFsc and 3His-G4DFsc(Mut3) is determined to be the substrate-bound biferrous site. Using circular dichroism (CD), magnetic CD (MCD), and variable-temperature, variable-field (VTVH) MCD spectroscopies, 4-AP is found to bind directly to the biferrous sites of the DF proteins. In G4DFsc, 4-AP increases the coordination of the biferrous site, while in 3His-G4DFsc(Mut3), the coordination number remains the same and the substrate likely replaces the additional bound histidine. This substrate binding enables a two-electron process where 4-AP is oxidized to benzoquinone imine and O2 is reduced to H2O2. In contrast, only the biferrous 3His variant is found to be active in the oxygenation of p-anisidine to 4-nitroso-methoxybenzene. From CD, MCD, and VTVH MCD, p-anisidine addition is found to minimally perturb the biferrous centers of both G4DFsc and 3His-G4DFsc(Mut3), indicating that this substrate binds near the biferrous site. In 3His-G4DFsc(Mut3), the coordinative saturation of one iron leads to the two-electron reduction of O2 at the second iron to generate an end-on hydroperoxo-Fe(III) active oxygenating species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Ana Snyder
- †Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Susan E Butch
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Amanda J Reig
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - William F DeGrado
- ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Edward I Solomon
- †Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,§Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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