1
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Choi SR, Narayanasamy P. In Vitro and In Vivo Antimicrobial Activity of an Oxidative Stress-Mediated Bicyclic Menaquinone Biosynthesis Inhibitor against MRSA. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2016-2024. [PMID: 37655755 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) is an essential component in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway of Gram-positive bacteria. Drugs targeting enzymes involved in MK biosynthesis can prevent electron transfer, which leads to ATP starvation and thereby death of microorganisms. Previously, we reported a series of MenA inhibitors and demonstrated their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and mycobacteria. These inhibitors were developed by mimicking demethylmenaquinone, a product of MenA enzymatic reaction in MK biosynthesis. In this study, compound NM4, MK biosynthesis inhibitor, inhibited the formation of MRSA biofilm and it was screened against 1952 transposon mutants to elucidate mechanisms of action; however, no resistant mutants were found. Also, compound NM4 induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by blocking electron transfer in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway as observed by MRSA growth recovery using various ROS scavengers. An oxygen consumption assay also showed that NM4 blocks the oxygen consumption by MRSA, but the addition of menaquinone (MK) restores growth of MRSA. The NM4-treated MRSA induced the expression of catalase by more than 25%, as quantified by the native gel. A pulmonary murine model exhibited that NM4 significantly reduced bacterial lung load in mice without toxicity. An NM4-resistant USA300 strain was developed to attempt to identify the targets participating in the mechanism of resistance. Our results support that respiration and oxidative phosphorylation are potential targets for developing antimicrobial agents against MRSA. Altogether, our findings suggest the potential use of MK biosynthesis inhibitors as an effective antimicrobial agent against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Prabagaran Narayanasamy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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2
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Wilkens D, Simon J. Biosynthesis and function of microbial methylmenaquinones. Adv Microb Physiol 2023; 83:1-58. [PMID: 37507157 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The membranous quinone/quinol pool is essential for the majority of life forms and its composition has been widely used as a biomarker in microbial taxonomy. The most abundant quinone is menaquinone (MK), which serves as an essential redox mediator in various electron transport chains of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Several methylated derivatives of MK, designated methylmenaquinones (MMKs), have been reported to be present in members of various microbial phyla possessing either the classical MK biosynthesis pathway (Men) or the futalosine pathway (Mqn). Due to their low redox midpoint potentials, MMKs have been proposed to be specifically involved in appropriate electron transport chains of anaerobic respiration. The class C radical SAM methyltransferases MqnK, MenK and MenK2 have recently been shown to catalyse specific MK methylation reactions at position C-8 (MqnK/MenK) or C-7 (MenK2) to synthesise 8-MMK, 7-MMK and 7,8-dimethylmenaquinone (DMMK). MqnK, MenK and MenK2 from organisms such as Wolinella succinogenes, Adlercreutzia equolifaciens, Collinsella tanakaei, Ferrimonas marina and Syntrophus aciditrophicus have been functionally produced in Escherichia coli, enabling extensive quinone/quinol pool engineering of the native MK and 2-demethylmenaquinone (DMK). Cluster and phylogenetic analyses of available MK and MMK methyltransferase sequences revealed signature motifs that allowed the discrimination of MenK/MqnK/MenK2 family enzymes from other radical SAM enzymes and the identification of C-7-specific menaquinone methyltransferases of the MenK2 subfamily. It is envisaged that this knowledge will help to predict the methylation status of the menaquinone/menaquinol pool of any microbial species (or even a microbial community) from its (meta)genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wilkens
- Microbial Energy Conversion and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 10, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jörg Simon
- Microbial Energy Conversion and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 10, Darmstadt, Germany; Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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3
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Stanborough T, Ho NAT, Bulloch EMM, Bashiri G, Dawes SS, Akazong EW, Titterington J, Allison TM, Jiao W, Johnston JM. Allosteric inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus MenD by 1,4-dihydroxy naphthoic acid: a feedback inhibition mechanism of the menaquinone biosynthesis pathway. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220035. [PMID: 36633276 PMCID: PMC9835592 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Menaquinones (MKs) are electron carriers in bacterial respiratory chains. In Staphylococcus aureus (Sau), MKs are essential for aerobic and anaerobic respiration. As MKs are redox-active, their biosynthesis likely requires tight regulation to prevent disruption of cellular redox balance. We recently found that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MenD, the first committed enzyme of the MK biosynthesis pathway, is allosterically inhibited by the downstream metabolite 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA). To understand if this is a conserved mechanism in phylogenetically distant genera that also use MK, we investigated whether the Sau-MenD is allosterically inhibited by DHNA. Our results show that DHNA binds to and inhibits the SEPHCHC synthase activity of Sau-MenD enzymes. We identified residues in the DHNA binding pocket that are important for catalysis (Arg98, Lys283, Lys309) and inhibition (Arg98, Lys283). Furthermore, we showed that exogenous DHNA inhibits the growth of Sau, an effect that can be rescued by supplementing the growth medium with MK-4. Our results demonstrate that, despite a lack of strict conservation of the DHNA binding pocket between Mtb-MenD and Sau-MenD, feedback inhibition by DHNA is a conserved mechanism in Sau-MenD and hence the Sau MK biosynthesis pathway. These findings may have implications for the development of anti-staphylococcal agents targeting MK biosynthesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Reactivity and mechanism in chemical and synthetic biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsyn Stanborough
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Ngoc Anh Thu Ho
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Esther M. M. Bulloch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ghader Bashiri
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie S. Dawes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Etheline W. Akazong
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - James Titterington
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Timothy M. Allison
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Wanting Jiao
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jodie M. Johnston
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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4
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Pigot C, Brunel D, Dumur F. Indane-1,3-Dione: From Synthetic Strategies to Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185976. [PMID: 36144711 PMCID: PMC9501146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Indane-1,3-dione is a versatile building block used in numerous applications ranging from biosensing, bioactivity, bioimaging to electronics or photopolymerization. In this review, an overview of the different chemical reactions enabling access to this scaffold but also to the most common derivatives of indane-1,3-dione are presented. Parallel to this, the different applications in which indane-1,3-dione-based structures have been used are also presented, evidencing the versatility of this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Pigot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Damien Brunel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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5
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Murad AM, Brognaro H, Falke S, Lindner J, Perbandt M, Mudogo C, Schubert R, Wrenger C, Betzel C. Structure and activity of the DHNA Coenzyme-A Thioesterase from Staphylococcus aureus providing insights for innovative drug development. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4313. [PMID: 35279696 PMCID: PMC8918352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanity is facing an increasing health threat caused by a variety of multidrug resistant bacteria. Within this scenario, Staphylococcus aureus, in particular methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is responsible for a number of hospital-acquired bacterial infections. The emergence of microbial antibiotic resistance urgently requires the identification of new and innovative strategies to treat antibiotic resistant microorganisms. In this context, structure and function analysis of potential drug targets in metabolic pathways vital for bacteria endurance, such as the vitamin K2 synthesis pathway, becomes interesting. We have solved and refined the crystal structure of the S. aureus DHNA thioesterase (SaDHNA), a key enzyme in the vitamin K2 pathway. The crystallographic structure in combination with small angle X-ray solution scattering data revealed a functional tetramer of SaDHNA. Complementary activity assays of SaDHNA indicated a preference for hydrolysing long acyl chains. Site-directed mutagenesis of SaDHNA confirmed the functional importance of Asp16 and Glu31 for thioesterase activity and substrate binding at the putative active site, respectively. Docking studies were performed and rational designed peptides were synthesized and tested for SaDHNA inhibition activity. The high-resolution structure of SaDHNA and complementary information about substrate binding will support future drug discovery and design investigations to inhibit the vitamin K2 synthesis pathway.
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6
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Xu Q, Hu M, Li J, Ma X, Chu Z, Zhu Q, Zhang Y, Zhu P, Huang Y, He G. Discovery of novel brain-penetrant GluN2B NMDAR antagonists via pharmacophore-merging strategy as anti-stroke therapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113876. [PMID: 34710748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel structural series of brain-penetrant GluN2B NMDAR antagonists were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated as anti-stroke therapeutic agents via merging the structures of NBP and known GluN2B ligands. Approximately half of them exhibited superior neuroprotective activity to NBP against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in hippocampal neurons at 10 μM, and compound 45e and 45f exerted equipotent activity to ifenprodil, an approved GluN2B- selective NMDAR antagonist. In particular, 45e, with the most potent neuroprotective activity throughout this series, displayed dramatically enhanced activity (Ki = 3.26 nM) compared to ifenprodil (Ki = 14.80 nM) in Radioligand Competitive Binding Assay, and remarkable inhibition (IC50 = 79.32 nM) against GluN1/GluN2B receptor-mediated current in Patch Clamp Assay. Meanwhile, 45e and its enantiomers exhibited low inhibition rate against the current mediated by other investigated receptors at the concentration of 10 μM, indicating their favorable selectivity for GluN1/GluN2B. In the rat model of middle cerebral artery ischemia (MCAO), 45e exerted comparable therapeutic efficacy to ifenprodil at the same dosage. In addition to the attractive in vitro and in vivo potency, 45e displayed a favorable bioavailability (F = 63.37%) and an excellent brain exposure. In further repeated dose toxicity experiments, compound 45e demonstrated an acceptable safety profile. With the above merits, 45e is worthy of further functional investigation as a novel anti-stroke therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Hefei Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Mengqi Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Hefei Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Zhaoxing Chu
- Hefei Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., Hefei, 230088, China; China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qihua Zhu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Panhu Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Yuanzheng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Guangwei He
- Hefei Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., Hefei, 230088, China
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7
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Choi SR, Narayanasamy P. Synthesis, optimization, in vitro and in vivo study of bicyclic substituted amine as MenA inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128203. [PMID: 34139327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) plays essential role in the electron transport chain (ETC), suggesting MK biosynthesis enzymes as potential targets for drug development. Previously, we demonstrated that Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is susceptible to naphthol-based compounds which were developed by mimicking demethylmenaquinone, a product of MenA enzymatic reaction. Here, a series of new MenA inhibitors (4-19) were synthesized and evaluated as MenA inhibitors in this study. The inhibitors were designed to improve growth inhibitory activity against MRSA. Among the MenA inhibitors, bicyclic substituted amine 3 showed MIC of 3 µg/mL, and alkenyl substituted amine 11 showed MIC of 8 µg/mL against USA300. Regrowth of MRSA was observed on addition of MK when exposed to 8 µg/mL of inhibitor 11, supporting inhibition of MK biosynthesis. However, inhibitor 11 did not show efficacy in treating USA300 infected C. elegans up to 25 µg/mL concentration. However, all infected C. elegans survived when exposed to a bicyclic substituted amine 3. Hence, a bicyclic substituted amine was tested in mice for tolerability and biodistribution and observed 100% tolerable and high level of compound accumulation in lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Prabagaran Narayanasamy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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8
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Johnston JM, Bulloch EM. Advances in menaquinone biosynthesis: sublocalisation and allosteric regulation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 65:33-41. [PMID: 32634692 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinones (vitamin K2) are a family of redox-active small molecules with critical functions across all domains of life, including energy generation in bacteria and bone health in humans. The enzymes involved in menaquinone biosynthesis also have bioengineering applications and are potential antimicrobial drug targets. New insights into the essential roles of menaquinones, and their potential to cause redox-related toxicity, have highlighted the need for this pathway to be tightly controlled. Here, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the classical menaquinone biosynthesis pathway in bacteria. We also review recent discoveries on protein-level allostery and sublocalisation of membrane-bound enzymes that have provided insight into the regulation of flux through this biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie M Johnston
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre, and Maurice Wilkins Centre for MolecularBiodiscovery, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Esther Mm Bulloch
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for MolecularBiodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Johnson ME, Fung LWM. Structural approaches to pathway-specific antimicrobial agents. Transl Res 2020; 220:114-121. [PMID: 32105648 PMCID: PMC7293926 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This perspective provides an overview of the evolution of antibiotic discovery from a largely phenotypic-based effort, through an intensive structure-based design focus, to a more holistic approach today. The current focus on antibiotic development incorporates assay and discovery conditions that replicate the host environment as much as feasible. They also incorporate several strategies, including target identification and validation within the whole cell environment, a variety of target deconvolution methods, and continued refinement of structure-based design approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Leslie W-M Fung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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10
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Lux MC, Standke LC, Tan DS. Targeting adenylate-forming enzymes with designed sulfonyladenosine inhibitors. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:325-349. [PMID: 30982830 PMCID: PMC6594144 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenylate-forming enzymes are a mechanistic superfamily that are involved in diverse biochemical pathways. They catalyze ATP-dependent activation of carboxylic acid substrates as reactive acyl adenylate (acyl-AMP) intermediates and subsequent coupling to various nucleophiles to generate ester, thioester, and amide products. Inspired by natural products, acyl sulfonyladenosines (acyl-AMS) that mimic the tightly bound acyl-AMP reaction intermediates have been developed as potent inhibitors of adenylate-forming enzymes. This simple yet powerful inhibitor design platform has provided a wide range of biological probes as well as several therapeutic lead compounds. Herein, we provide an overview of the nine structural classes of adenylate-forming enzymes and examples of acyl-AMS inhibitors that have been developed for each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaelyn C Lux
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lisa C Standke
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Derek S Tan
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, and Tri-Institutional Research Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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11
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Evans CE, Si Y, Matarlo JS, Yin Y, French JB, Tonge PJ, Tan DS. Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Non-Acyl Sulfamate Inhibitors of the Adenylate-Forming Enzyme MenE. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1918-1930. [PMID: 30912442 PMCID: PMC6653581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
N-Acyl sulfamoyladenosines (acyl-AMS) have been used
extensively to inhibit adenylate-forming enzymes that are involved in a wide
range of biological processes. These acyl-AMS inhibitors are nonhydrolyzable
mimics of the cognate acyl adenylate intermediates that are bound tightly by
adenylate-forming enzymes. However, the anionic acyl sulfamate moiety presents a
pharmacological liability that may be detrimental to cell permeability and
pharmacokinetic profiles. We have previously developed the acyl sulfamate
OSB-AMS (1) as a potent inhibitor of the adenylate-forming enzyme
MenE, an o-succinylbenzoate-CoA (OSB-CoA) synthetase that is
required for bacterial menaquinone biosynthesis. Herein, we report the use of
computational docking to develop novel, non-acyl sulfamate inhibitors of MenE. A
m-phenyl ether-linked analogue (5) was found
to be the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 8 μM;
Kd = 244 nM), and its X-ray co-crystal structure
was determined to characterize its binding mode in comparison to the
computational prediction. This work provides a framework for the development of
potent non-acyl sulfamate inhibitors of other adenylate-forming enzymes in the
future.
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12
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Novel enzymology in futalosine-dependent menaquinone biosynthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 47:134-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Iqbal IK, Bajeli S, Akela AK, Kumar A. Bioenergetics of Mycobacterium: An Emerging Landscape for Drug Discovery. Pathogens 2018; 7:E24. [PMID: 29473841 PMCID: PMC5874750 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exhibits remarkable metabolic flexibility that enables it to survive a plethora of host environments during its life cycle. With the advent of bedaquiline for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, oxidative phosphorylation has been validated as an important target and a vulnerable component of mycobacterial metabolism. Exploiting the dependence of Mtb on oxidative phosphorylation for energy production, several components of this pathway have been targeted for the development of new antimycobacterial agents. This includes targeting NADH dehydrogenase by phenothiazine derivatives, menaquinone biosynthesis by DG70 and other compounds, terminal oxidase by imidazopyridine amides and ATP synthase by diarylquinolines. Importantly, oxidative phosphorylation also plays a critical role in the survival of persisters. Thus, inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation can synergize with frontline TB drugs to shorten the course of treatment. In this review, we discuss the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and development of its inhibitors in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Khan Iqbal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
| | - Sapna Bajeli
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
| | - Ajit Kumar Akela
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
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14
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Tebikachew BE, Börjesson K, Kann N, Moth-Poulsen K. Release of Terminal Alkynes via Tandem Photodeprotection and Decarboxylation of o-Nitrobenzyl Arylpropiolates in a Flow Microchannel Reactor. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1178-1185. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behabitu Ergette Tebikachew
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nina Kann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Abstract
Prenylquinones are isoprenoid compounds with a characteristic quinone structure and isoprenyl tail that are ubiquitous in almost all living organisms. There are four major prenylquinone classes: ubiquinone (UQ), menaquinone (MK), plastoquinone (PQ), and rhodoquinone (RQ). The quinone structure and isoprenyl tail length differ among organisms. UQ, PQ, and RQ contain benzoquinone, while MK contains naphthoquinone. UQ, MK, and RQ are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, while PQ functions in photosynthetic electron transfer. Some organisms possess two types of prenylquinones; Escherichia coli has UQ8 and MK8, and Caenorhabditis elegans has UQ9 and RQ9. Crystal structures of most of the enzymes involved in MK synthesis have been solved. Studies on the biosynthesis and functions of quinones have advanced recently, including for phylloquinone (PhQ), which has a phytyl moiety instead of an isoprenyl tail. Herein, the synthesis and applications of prenylquinones are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kawamukai
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
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16
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Boersch M, Rudrawar S, Grant G, Zunk M. Menaquinone biosynthesis inhibition: a review of advancements toward a new antibiotic mechanism. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5099-5105. [PMID: 35542397 PMCID: PMC9078190 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12950e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Menaquinone is essential in electron transport and ATP generation in all Gram-positive, and anaerobically respiring Gram-negative bacteria. Inhibition of menaquinone production at different steps of the biosynthesis pathway has shown promising novel antibacterial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Boersch
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- Griffith University
- Gold Coast
- Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network
| | - S. Rudrawar
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- Griffith University
- Gold Coast
- Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network
| | - G. Grant
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- Griffith University
- Gold Coast
- Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network
| | - M. Zunk
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- Griffith University
- Gold Coast
- Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network
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17
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A Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Demethylmenaquinone Methyltransferase MenG Is Bactericidal to Both Growing and Nutritionally Deprived Persister Cells. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.02022-16. [PMID: 28196957 PMCID: PMC5312080 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02022-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Active tuberculosis (TB) and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection both require lengthy treatments to achieve durable cures. This problem has partly been attributable to the existence of nonreplicating M. tuberculosis “persisters” that are difficult to kill using conventional anti-TB treatments. Compounds that target the respiratory pathway have the potential to kill both replicating and persistent M. tuberculosis and shorten TB treatment, as this pathway is essential in both metabolic states. We developed a novel respiratory pathway-specific whole-cell screen to identify new respiration inhibitors. This screen identified the biphenyl amide GSK1733953A (DG70) as a likely respiration inhibitor. DG70 inhibited both clinical drug-susceptible and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Whole-genome sequencing of DG70-resistant colonies identified mutations in menG (rv0558), which is responsible for the final step in menaquinone biosynthesis and required for respiration. Overexpression of menG from wild-type and DG70-resistant isolates increased the DG70 MIC by 4× and 8× to 30×, respectively. Radiolabeling and high-resolution mass spectrometry studies confirmed that DG70 inhibited the final step in menaquinone biosynthesis. DG70 also inhibited oxygen utilization and ATP biosynthesis, which was reversed by external menaquinone supplementation. DG70 was bactericidal in actively replicating cultures and in a nutritionally deprived persistence model. DG70 was synergistic with the first-line TB drugs isoniazid, rifampin, and the respiratory inhibitor bedaquiline. The combination of DG70 and isoniazid completely sterilized cultures in the persistence model by day 10. These results suggest that MenG is a good therapeutic target and that compounds targeting MenG along with standard TB therapy have the potential to shorten TB treatment duration. This study shows that MenG, which is responsible for the last enzymatic step in menaquinone biosynthesis, may be a good drug target for improving TB treatments. We describe the first small-molecule inhibitor (DG70) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MenG and show that DG70 has characteristics that are highly desirable for a new antitubercular agent, including bactericidality against both actively growing and nonreplicating mycobacteria and synergy with several first-line drugs that are currently used to treat TB.
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18
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Choi SR, Frandsen J, Narayanasamy P. Novel long-chain compounds with both immunomodulatory and MenA inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus and its biofilm. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40077. [PMID: 28071679 PMCID: PMC5223195 DOI: 10.1038/srep40077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) biosynthesis pathway is a potential target for evaluating antimicrobials in gram-positive bacteria. Here, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate prenyltransferase (MenA) was targeted to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) growth. MenA inhibiting, long chain-based compounds were designed, synthesized and evaluated against MRSA and menaquinone utilizing bacteria in aerobic conditions. The results showed that these bacteria were susceptible to most of the compounds. Menaquinone (MK-4) supplementation rescued MRSA growth, suggesting these compounds inhibit MK biosynthesis. 3a and 7c exhibited promising inhibitory activities with MICs ranging 1-8 μg/mL against MRSA strains. The compounds did not facilitate small colony variant formation. These compounds also inhibited the biofilm growth by MRSA at high concentration. Compounds 3a, 6b and 7c displayed a promising extracellular bactericidal activity against MRSA at concentrations equal to and four-fold less than their respective MICs. We also observed cytokines released from THP-1 macrophages treated with compounds 3a, 6b and 7c and found decreases in TNF-α and IL-6 release and increase in IL-1β. These data provide evidence that MenA inhibitors act as TNF-α and IL-6 inhibitors, raising the potential for development and application of these compounds as potential immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Joel Frandsen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Prabagaran Narayanasamy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
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19
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Evans CE, Matarlo JS, Tonge PJ, Tan DS. Stereoselective Synthesis, Docking, and Biological Evaluation of Difluoroindanediol-Based MenE Inhibitors as Antibiotics. Org Lett 2016; 18:6384-6387. [PMID: 27978658 PMCID: PMC5171203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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A stereoselective
synthesis has been developed to provide all four
side-chain stereoisomers of difluoroindanediol 2, the
mixture of which was previously identified as an inhibitor of the o-succinylbenzoate-CoA synthetase MenE in bacterial menaquinone
biosynthesis, having promising in vitro activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Only the (1R,3S)-diastereomer
inhibited the biochemical activity of MenE, consistent with computational
docking studies, and this diastereomer also exhibited in vitro antibacterial
activity comparable to that of the mixture. However, mechanism-of-action
studies suggest that this inhibitor and its diastereomers may act
via other mechanisms beyond inhibition of menaquinone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Evans
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Joe S Matarlo
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Derek S Tan
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and Tri-Institutional Research Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
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20
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Chen Y, Jiang Y, Guo Z. Mechanistic Insights from the Crystal Structure of Bacillus subtilis o-Succinylbenzoyl-CoA Synthetase Complexed with the Adenylate Intermediate. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6685-6695. [PMID: 27933791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
o-Succinylbenzoyl-CoA (OSB-CoA) synthetase, or MenE, catalyzes an essential step in vitamin K biosynthesis and is a valuable drug target. Like many other adenylating enzymes, it changes its structure to accommodate substrate binding, catalysis, and product release along the path of a domain alternation catalytic mechanism. We have determined the crystal structure of its complex with the adenylation product, o-succinylbenzoyl-adenosine monophosphate (OSB-AMP), and captured a new postadenylation state. This structure presents unique features such as a strained conformation for the bound adenylate intermediate to indicate that it represents the enzyme state after completion of the adenylation reaction but before release of the C domain in its transition to the thioesterification conformation. By comparison to the ATP-bound preadenylation conformation, structural changes are identified in both the reactants and the active site to allow inference about how these changes accommodate and facilitate the adenylation reaction and to directly support an in-line backside attack nucleophilic substitution mechanism for the first half-reaction. Mutational analysis suggests that the conserved His196 plays an important role in desolvation of the active site rather than stabilizing the transition state of the adenylation reaction. In addition, comparison of the new structure with a previously determined OSB-AMP-bound structure of the same enzyme allows us to propose a release mechanism of the C domain in its alteration to form the thioesterification conformation. These findings allow us to better understand the domain alternation catalytic mechanism of MenE as well as many other adenylating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiping Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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21
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Ji C, Sharma I, Pratihar D, Hudson LL, Maura D, Guney T, Rahme LG, Pesci EC, Coleman JP, Tan DS. Designed Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the Anthranilyl-CoA Synthetase PqsA Block Quinolone Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3061-3067. [PMID: 27658001 PMCID: PMC5117135 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
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The Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses three interconnected intercellular
signaling systems regulated
by the transcription factors LasR, RhlR, and MvfR (PqsR), which mediate
bacterial cell–cell communication via small-molecule natural
products and control the production of a variety of virulence factors.
The MvfR system is activated by and controls the biosynthesis of the
quinolone quorum sensing factors HHQ and PQS. A key step in the biosynthesis
of these quinolones is catalyzed by the anthranilyl-CoA synthetase
PqsA. To develop inhibitors of PqsA as novel potential antivirulence
antibiotics, we report herein the design and synthesis of sulfonyladeonsine-based
mimics of the anthranilyl-AMP reaction intermediate that is bound
tightly by PqsA. Biochemical, microbiological, and pharmacological
studies identified two potent PqsA inhibitors, anthranilyl-AMS (1) and anthranilyl-AMSN (2), that decreased HHQ
and PQS production in P. aeruginosa strain
PA14. However, these compounds did not inhibit
production of the virulence factor pyocyanin. Moreover, they exhibited
limited bacterial penetration in compound accumulation studies. This
work provides the most potent PqsA inhibitors reported to date and
sets the stage for future efforts to develop analogues with improved
cellular activity to investigate further the complex relationships
between quinolone biosynthesis and virulence factor production in P. aeruginosa and the therapeutic potential of targeting
PqsA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L. Lynn Hudson
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
| | - Damien Maura
- Department
of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusettts General Hospital, 50
Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | | | - Laurence G. Rahme
- Department
of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusettts General Hospital, 50
Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for
Children Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Everett C. Pesci
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
| | - James P. Coleman
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
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22
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of α-hydroxyacyl-AMS inhibitors of amino acid adenylation enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5340-5345. [PMID: 27692545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of bacterial natural-product virulence factors is emerging as a promising antibiotic target. Many such natural products are produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) from amino acid precursors. To develop selective inhibitors of these pathways, we have previously described aminoacyl-AMS (sulfamoyladenosine) macrocycles that inhibit NRPS amino acid adenylation domains but not mechanistically-related aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. To improve the cell permeability of these inhibitors, we explore herein replacement of the α-amino group with an α-hydroxy group. In both macrocycles and corresponding linear congeners, this leads to decreased biochemical inhibition of the cysteine adenylation domain of the Yersina pestis siderophore synthetase HMWP2, which we attribute to loss of an electrostatic interaction with a conserved active-site aspartate. However, inhibitory activity can be regained by installing a cognate β-thiol moiety in the linear series. This provides a path forward to develop selective, cell-penetrant inhibitors of the biosynthesis of virulence factors to probe their biological functions and potential as therapeutic targets.
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23
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Matarlo JS, Lu Y, Daryaee F, Daryaee T, Ruzsicska B, Walker SG, Tonge PJ. A Methyl 4-Oxo-4-phenylbut-2-enoate with in Vivo Activity against MRSA that Inhibits MenB in the Bacterial Menaquinone Biosynthesis Pathway. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:329-340. [PMID: 27294200 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
4-Oxo-4-phenyl-but-2-enoates inhibit MenB, the 1,4-dihydroxyl-2-naphthoyl-CoA synthase in the bacterial menaquinone (MK) biosynthesis pathway, through the formation of an adduct with coenzyme A (CoA). Here, we show that the corresponding methyl butenoates have MIC values as low as 0.35-0.75 µg/mL against drug sensitive and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Mode of action studies on the most potent compound, methyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (1), reveal that 1 is converted into the corresponding CoA adduct in S. aureus cells, and that this adduct binds to the S. aureus MenB (saMenB) with a Kd value of 2 µM. The antibacterial spectrum of 1 is limited to bacteria that utilize MK for respiration, and the activity of 1 can be complemented with exogenous MK or menadione. Finally, treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with 1 results in the small colony variant phenotype and thus 1 phenocopies knockout of the menB gene. Taken together the data indicate that the antibacterial activity of 1 results from a specific effect on MK biosynthesis. We also evaluated the in vivo efficacy of 1 using two mouse models of MRSA infection. Notably, compound 1 increased survival in a systemic infection model and resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in bacterial load in a thigh infection model, validating MenB as a target for the development of new anti-MRSA candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S. Matarlo
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Taraneh Daryaee
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Bela Ruzsicska
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Stephen G. Walker
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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24
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Paudel A, Hamamoto H, Panthee S, Sekimizu K. Menaquinone as a potential target of antibacterial agents. Drug Discov Ther 2016; 10:123-8. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2016.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd
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