1
|
Rossi V, Nielson SE, Ortolano A, Lonardo I, Haroldsen E, Comer D, Price OM, Wallace N, Hevel JM. Oligomerization of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 and its effect on methyltransferase activity and substrate specificity. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5118. [PMID: 39022984 PMCID: PMC11255602 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Proper protein arginine methylation by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is critical for maintaining cellular health, while dysregulation is often associated with disease. How the activity of PRMT1 is regulated is therefore paramount, but is not clearly understood. Several studies have observed higher order oligomeric species of PRMT1, but it is unclear if these exist at physiological concentrations and there is confusion in the literature about how oligomerization affects activity. We therefore sought to determine which oligomeric species of PRMT1 are physiologically relevant, and quantitatively correlate activity with specific oligomer forms. Through quantitative western blotting, we determined that concentrations of PRMT1 available in a variety of human cell lines are in the sub-micromolar to low micromolar range. Isothermal spectral shift binding data were modeled to a monomer/dimer/tetramer equilibrium with an EC50 for tetramer dissociation of ~20 nM. A combination of sedimentation velocity and Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments directly confirmed that the major oligomeric species of PRMT1 at physiological concentrations would be dimers and tetramers. Surprisingly, the methyltransferase activity of a dimeric PRMT1 variant is similar to wild type, tetrameric PRMT1 with some purified substrates, but dimer and tetramer forms of PRMT1 show differences in catalytic efficiencies and substrate specificity for other substrates. Our results define an oligomerization paradigm for PRMT1, show that the biophysical characteristics of PRMT1 are poised to support a monomer/dimer/tetramer equilibrium in vivo, and suggest that the oligomeric state of PRMT1 could be used to regulate substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Rossi
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Sarah E. Nielson
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Ariana Ortolano
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Isabella Lonardo
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Emeline Haroldsen
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Drake Comer
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Owen M Price
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | | | - Joan M. Hevel
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Song Y, Mu W, Hou X, Ba T, Ji S. Dysregulation of arginine methylation in tumorigenesis. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1420365. [PMID: 38911125 PMCID: PMC11190088 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1420365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein methylation, similar to DNA methylation, primarily involves post-translational modification (PTM) targeting residues of nitrogen-containing side-chains and other residues. Protein arginine methylation, occurred on arginine residue, is mainly mediated by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), which are ubiquitously present in a multitude of organisms and are intricately involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes. Specifically, PRMTs are pivotal in the process of gene transcription regulation, and protein function modulation. Abnormal arginine methylation, particularly in histones, can induce dysregulation of gene expression, thereby leading to the development of cancer. The recent advancements in modification mediated by PRMTs and cancer research have had a profound impact on our understanding of the abnormal modification involved in carcinogenesis and progression. This review will provide a defined overview of these recent progression, with the aim of augmenting our knowledge on the role of PRMTs in progression and their potential application in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yaqiong Song
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weiwei Mu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Hou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Te Ba
- Department of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tong C, Chang X, Qu F, Bian J, Wang J, Li Z, Xu X. Overview of the development of protein arginine methyltransferase modulators: Achievements and future directions. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116212. [PMID: 38359536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Protein methylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that organisms undergo. This process is considered a part of epigenetics research. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in protein methylation, particularly histone methylation, as research has advanced. Methylation of histones is a dynamic process that is subject to fine control by histone methyltransferases and demethylases. In addition, many non-histone proteins also undergo methylation, and these modifications collectively regulate physiological phenomena, including RNA transcription, translation, signal transduction, DNA damage response, and cell cycle. Protein arginine methylation is a crucial aspect of protein methylation, which plays a significant role in regulating the cell cycle and repairing DNA. It is also linked to various diseases. Therefore, protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) that are involved in this process have gained considerable attention as a potential therapeutic target for treating diseases. Several PRMT inhibitors are in phase I/II clinical trials. This paper aims to introduce the structure, biochemical functions, and bioactivity assays of PRMTs. Additionally, we will review the structure-function of currently popular PRMT inhibitors. Through the analysis of various data on known PRMT inhibitors, we hope to provide valuable assistance for future drug design and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Xiujin Chang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Fangui Qu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Jubo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China.
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China.
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng J, Li B, Wu Y, Wu X, Wang Y. Targeting Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT5 for Cancer Therapy: Updated Progress and Novel Strategies. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37366223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
As a predominant type II protein arginine methyltransferase, PRMT5 plays critical roles in various normal cellular processes by catalyzing the mono- and symmetrical dimethylation of a wide range of histone and nonhistone substrates. Clinical studies have revealed that high expression of PRMT5 is observed in different solid tumors and hematological malignancies and is closely associated with cancer initiation and progression. Accordingly, PRMT5 is becoming a promising anticancer target and has received great attention in both the pharmaceutical industry and the academic community. In this Perspective, we comprehensively summarize recent advances in the development of first-generation PRMT5 enzymatic inhibitors and highlight novel strategies targeting PRMT5 in the past 5 years. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities of PRMT5 inhibition, with the aim of shedding light on future PRMT5 drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Zheng
- Balance-Based Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bang Li
- Balance-Based Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingqi Wu
- Balance-Based Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wu
- Balance-Based Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanxiang Wang
- Balance-Based Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brobbey C, Liu L, Yin S, Gan W. The Role of Protein Arginine Methyltransferases in DNA Damage Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179780. [PMID: 36077176 PMCID: PMC9456308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, cells have developed a sophisticated signaling pathway, consisting of DNA damage sensors, transducers, and effectors, to ensure efficient and proper repair of damaged DNA. During this process, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are central events that modulate the recruitment, dissociation, and activation of DNA repair proteins at damage sites. Emerging evidence reveals that protein arginine methylation is one of the common PTMs and plays critical roles in DNA damage response. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) either directly methylate DNA repair proteins or deposit methylation marks on histones to regulate their transcription, RNA splicing, protein stability, interaction with partners, enzymatic activities, and localization. In this review, we summarize the substrates and roles of each PRMTs in DNA damage response and discuss the synergistic anticancer effects of PRMTs and DNA damage pathway inhibitors, providing insight into the significance of arginine methylation in the maintenance of genome integrity and cancer therapies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ren WS, Rahman A, Jiang KB, Deng H, Zhao YY, Zhang WJ, Liu K, Qian P, Guo H. Unraveling the Origins of Changing Product Specificity Properties of Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT7 by the E181D and E181D/Q329A Mutations through QM/MM MD and Free-Energy Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2631-2641. [PMID: 35316052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arginine methylations can regulate important biological processes and affect many cellular activities, and the enzymes that catalyze the methylations are protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). The biological consequences of arginine methylations depend on the methylation states of arginine that are determined by the PRMT's product specificity. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how different PRMTs may generate different methylation states for the target proteins. PRMT7 is the only known member of type III PRMT that produces monomethyl arginine (MMA) product. Interestingly, its E181D and E181D/Q329A mutants can catalyze, respectively, the formation of asymmetrically dimethylated arginine (ADMA) and symmetrically dimethylated arginine (SDMA). The reasons as to why the mutants have the abilities to add the second methyl group and E181D (E181D/Q329A) has the unique product specificity in generating ADMA (SDMA) have not been understood. Here, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics (MD) and potential of mean force (PMF) free-energy simulations are performed for the E181D and E181D/Q329A mutants to understand the origin for their ability to generate, respectively, ADMA and SDMA. The simulations show that the free-energy barrier for adding the second methyl group to MMA in E181D (E181D/Q329A) to produce ADMA (SDMA) is considerably lower than the corresponding barriers in wild type and E181D/Q329A (wild type and E181D), consistent with experimental observations. Some important factors that contribute to the change of the activity and product specificity due to the E181D and E181D/Q329A mutations are identified based on the data from the simulations and analysis. It is shown that the transferable methyl group (from SAM) and Nη2 (the nitrogen atom that is methylated in the substrate MMA) can only form good near-attack conformations in the E181D reaction state for the methyl transfer (not in wild type and E181D/Q329A), while the transferable methyl group and Nη1 (the nitrogen atom that is not methylated in the substrate MMA) can only form good near-attack conformations in E181D/Q329A (not in wild type and E181D). The results suggest that the steric repulsions in the reaction state between the methyl group on MMA and active-site residues (e.g., Q329) and the release of such repulsions (e.g., from the Q329A mutation) may play an important role in generating specific near-attack conformations for the methyl transfer and controlling the product specificity for the mutants. The general principle identified in this work for PRMT7 is expected to be useful for understanding the activity and product specificity of other PRMTs as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Sheng Ren
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Adua Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Kai-Bin Jiang
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Hao Deng
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhao
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Jie Zhang
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Kedian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ping Qian
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dong R, Li X, Lai KO. Activity and Function of the PRMT8 Protein Arginine Methyltransferase in Neurons. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111132. [PMID: 34833008 PMCID: PMC8621972 DOI: 10.3390/life11111132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the nine mammalian protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), PRMT8 is unusual because it has restricted expression in the nervous system and is the only membrane-bound PRMT. Emerging studies have demonstrated that this enzyme plays multifaceted roles in diverse processes in neurons. Here we will summarize the unique structural features of PRMT8 and describe how it participates in various neuronal functions such as dendritic growth, synapse maturation, and synaptic plasticity. Recent evidence suggesting the potential role of PRMT8 function in neurological diseases will also be discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Price OM, Hevel JM. Toward Understanding Molecular Recognition between PRMTs and their Substrates. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:713-724. [PMID: 31976831 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200124143145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is a widespread eukaryotic posttranslational modification that occurs with as much frequency as ubiquitinylation. Yet, how the nine different human protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) recognize their respective protein targets is not well understood. This review summarizes the progress that has been made over the last decade or more to resolve this significant biochemical question. A multipronged approach involving structural biology, substrate profiling, bioorthogonal chemistry and proteomics is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Joan M Hevel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren WS, Jiang KB, Deng H, Lu N, Yu T, Guo H, Qian P. Catalytic Mechanism and Product Specificity of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT7: A Study from QM/MM Molecular Dynamics and Free Energy Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5301-5312. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Sheng Ren
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Bin Jiang
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Hao Deng
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Nan Lu
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9024, United States
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Ping Qian
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang YC, Chang CP, Tsai YJ, Lee YJ, Li C. Alternative 3' splice site selection of intron 5 within the prmt8 gene results in a novel variant widely distributed in vertebrates and specifically abundant in Aves. Gene 2020; 747:144684. [PMID: 32311412 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PRMT8 is a neuron-specific protein arginine methyltransferase in vertebrates. From data mining, we found a novel prmt8e6+43 splicing variant with a 43-nucleotide (nt) extension at the 5' of exon 6 in chicken. RT-PCR analyses confirmed the existence of two splicing variants but also detected a third upper signal. The triplet pattern detected in chicken suggests that one strand from the prmt8e6+43 transcript and one strand from the regular splicing products form a heteroduplex with a bulb conformation and the two transcripts are of similar abundance. One short plus one faint upper heteroduplex signal detected in mouse and human indicate that the level of the variant is much less than the normal one in mammals. The relative expression of the normal and prmt8e6+43 variants in different species can be inferred from the reads of intron 5 that contains the 43-nt extension or not in the RNA-seq data of NCBI Gene database. The results of the analyses showed that the prmt8e6+43 variant is relatively abundant in birds but much less or even not detected in mammalian species. As conserved intron 5 sequences and evidences of alternative splicing (AS) are detected in elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish with the slowest-evolving genome, we propose that the prmt8e6+43 variant is present in the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates. The prmt8e6+43 variant includes a premature termination codon and thus should encode a truncated PRMT8 with deletion from the dimerization arm. Western blot analyses showed very weak low-molecular-weight signals in chicken, which might be the C-terminal truncated PRMT8. Why avian species maintain high RNA but not protein levels of the prmt8e6+43 variant and whether the evolutionary conserved sequence and AS might regulate PRMT8 expression require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Jung Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Al-Hamashi AA, Diaz K, Huang R. Non-Histone Arginine Methylation by Protein Arginine Methyltransferases. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:699-712. [PMID: 32379587 PMCID: PMC7529871 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200507091952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) enzymes play a crucial role in RNA splicing, DNA damage repair, cell signaling, and differentiation. Arginine methylation is a prominent posttransitional modification of histones and various non-histone proteins that can either activate or repress gene expression. The aberrant expression of PRMTs has been linked to multiple abnormalities, notably cancer. Herein, we review a number of non-histone protein substrates for all nine members of human PRMTs and how PRMT-mediated non-histone arginine methylation modulates various diseases. Additionally, we highlight the most recent clinical studies for several PRMT inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayad A. Al-Hamashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Bab-almoadham, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Krystal Diaz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tewary SK, Zheng YG, Ho MC. Protein arginine methyltransferases: insights into the enzyme structure and mechanism at the atomic level. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2917-2932. [PMID: 31123777 PMCID: PMC6741777 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze the methyl transfer to the arginine residues of protein substrates and are classified into three major types based on the final form of the methylated arginine. Recent studies have shown a strong correlation between PRMT expression level and the prognosis of cancer patients. Currently, crystal structures of eight PRMT members have been determined. Kinetic and structural studies have shown that all PRMTs share similar, but unique catalytic and substrate recognition mechanism. In this review, we discuss the structural similarities and differences of different PRMT members, focusing on their overall structure, S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding pocket, substrate arginine recognition and catalytic mechanisms. Since PRMTs are valuable targets for drug discovery, we also rationally classify the known PRMT inhibitors into five classes and discuss their mechanisms of action at the atomic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Y George Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Meng-Chiao Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Trypanosoma brucei PRMT1 Is a Nucleic Acid Binding Protein with a Role in Energy Metabolism and the Starvation Stress Response. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.02430-18. [PMID: 30563898 PMCID: PMC6299225 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02430-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Trypanosoma brucei and related kinetoplastid parasites, transcription of protein coding genes is largely unregulated. Rather, mRNA binding proteins, which impact processes such as transcript stability and translation efficiency, are the predominant regulators of gene expression. Arginine methylation is a posttranslational modification that preferentially targets RNA binding proteins and is, therefore, likely to have a substantial impact on T. brucei biology. The data presented here demonstrate that cells depleted of T. brucei PRMT1 (TbPRMT1), a major type I protein arginine methyltransferase, exhibit decreased virulence in an animal model. To understand the basis of this phenotype, quantitative global proteomics was employed to measure protein steady-state levels in cells lacking TbPRMT1. The approach revealed striking changes in proteins involved in energy metabolism. Most prominent were a decrease in glycolytic enzyme abundance and an increase in proline degradation pathway components, changes that resemble the metabolic remodeling that occurs during T. brucei life cycle progression. The work describes several RNA binding proteins whose association with mRNA was altered in TbPRMT1-depleted cells, and a large number of TbPRMT1-interacting proteins, thereby highlighting potential TbPRMT1 substrates. Many proteins involved in the T. brucei starvation stress response were found to interact with TbPRMT1, prompting analysis of the response of TbPRMT1-depleted cells to nutrient deprivation. Indeed, depletion of TbPRMT1 strongly hinders the ability of T. brucei to form cytoplasmic mRNA granules under starvation conditions. Finally, this work shows that TbPRMT1 itself binds nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo, a feature completely novel to protein arginine methyltransferases.IMPORTANCE Trypanosoma brucei infection causes human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, a disease with a nearly 100% fatality rate when untreated. Current drugs are expensive, toxic, and highly impractical to administer, prompting the community to explore various unique aspects of T. brucei biology in search of better treatments. In this study, we identified the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT), TbPRMT1, as a factor that modulates numerous aspects of T. brucei biology. These include glycolysis and life cycle progression signaling, both of which are being intensely researched toward identification of potential drug targets. Our data will aid research in those fields. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time a direct association of a PRMT with nucleic acids, a finding we believe could translate to other organisms, including humans, thereby impacting research in fields as distant as human cancer biology and immune response modulation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fulton MD, Brown T, Zheng YG. Mechanisms and Inhibitors of Histone Arginine Methylation. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1792-1807. [PMID: 30230223 PMCID: PMC6348102 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone methylation plays an important regulatory role in chromatin restructuring and RNA transcription. Arginine methylation that is enzymatically catalyzed by the family of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) can either activate or repress gene expression depending on cellular contexts. Given the strong correlation of PRMTs with pathophysiology, great interest is seen in understanding molecular mechanisms of PRMTs in diseases and in developing potent PRMT inhibitors. Herein, we reviewed key research advances in the study of biochemical mechanisms of PRMT catalysis and their relevance to cell biology. We highlighted how a random binary, ordered ternary kinetic model for PRMT1 catalysis reconciles the literature reports and endorses a distributive mechanism that the enzyme active site utilizes for multiple turnovers of arginine methylation. We discussed the impacts of histone arginine methylation and its biochemical interplays with other key epigenetic marks. Challenges in developing small-molecule PRMT inhibitors were also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melody D Fulton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Tyler Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brown JI, Koopmans T, van Strien J, Martin NI, Frankel A. Kinetic Analysis of PRMT1 Reveals Multifactorial Processivity and a Sequential Ordered Mechanism. Chembiochem 2017; 19:85-99. [PMID: 29112789 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a prevalent post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells. Two significant debates exist within the field: do these enzymes dimethylate their substrates in a processive or distributive manner, and do these enzymes operate using a random or sequential method of bisubstrate binding? We revealed that human protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) enzyme kinetics are dependent on substrate sequence. Further, peptides containing an Nη-hydroxyarginine generally demonstrated substrate inhibition and had improved KM values, which evoked a possible role in inhibitor design. We also revealed that the perceived degree of enzyme processivity is a function of both cofactor and enzyme concentration, suggesting that previous conclusions about PRMT sequential methyl transfer mechanisms require reassessment. Finally, we demonstrated a sequential ordered Bi-Bi kinetic mechanism for PRMT1, based on steady-state kinetic analysis. Together, our data indicate a PRMT1 mechanism of action and processivity that might also extend to other functionally and structurally conserved PRMTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I Brown
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timo Koopmans
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolinde van Strien
- Leiden Institute for Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Frankel
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Blanc RS, Richard S. Arginine Methylation: The Coming of Age. Mol Cell 2017; 65:8-24. [PMID: 28061334 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification functioning as an epigenetic regulator of transcription and playing key roles in pre-mRNA splicing, DNA damage signaling, mRNA translation, cell signaling, and cell fate decision. Recently, a wealth of studies using transgenic mouse models and selective PRMT inhibitors helped define physiological roles for protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) linking them to diseases such as cancer and metabolic, neurodegenerative, and muscular disorders. This review describes the recent molecular advances that have been uncovered in normal and diseased mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roméo S Blanc
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group and the Bloomfield Center for Research on Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H2W 1S6, Canada
| | - Stéphane Richard
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group and the Bloomfield Center for Research on Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H2W 1S6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kafková L, Debler EW, Fisk JC, Jain K, Clarke SG, Read LK. The Major Protein Arginine Methyltransferase in Trypanosoma brucei Functions as an Enzyme-Prozyme Complex. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2089-2100. [PMID: 27998975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prozymes are catalytically inactive enzyme paralogs that dramatically stimulate the function of weakly active enzymes through complex formation. The two prozymes described to date reside in the polyamine biosynthesis pathway of the human parasite Trypanosoma brucei, an early branching eukaryote that lacks transcriptional regulation and regulates its proteome through posttranscriptional and posttranslational means. Arginine methylation is a common posttranslational modification in eukaryotes catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) that are typically thought to function as homodimers. We demonstrate that a major T. brucei PRMT, TbPRMT1, functions as a heterotetrameric enzyme-prozyme pair. The inactive PRMT paralog, TbPRMT1PRO, is essential for catalytic activity of the TbPRMT1ENZ subunit. Mutational analysis definitively demonstrates that TbPRMT1ENZ is the cofactor-binding subunit and carries all catalytic activity of the complex. Our results are the first demonstration of an obligate heteromeric PRMT, and they suggest that enzyme-prozyme organization is expanded in trypanosomes as a posttranslational means of enzyme regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kafková
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, and Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Erik W Debler
- the Laboratory of Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - John C Fisk
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, and Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Kanishk Jain
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Steven G Clarke
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Laurie K Read
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, and Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cura V, Marechal N, Troffer-Charlier N, Strub JM, van Haren MJ, Martin NI, Cianférani S, Bonnefond L, Cavarelli J. Structural studies of protein arginine methyltransferase 2 reveal its interactions with potential substrates and inhibitors. FEBS J 2016; 284:77-96. [PMID: 27879050 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PRMT2 is the less-characterized member of the protein arginine methyltransferase family in terms of structure, activity, and cellular functions. PRMT2 is a modular protein containing a catalytic Ado-Met-binding domain and unique Src homology 3 domain that binds proteins with proline-rich motifs. PRMT2 is involved in a variety of cellular processes and has diverse roles in transcriptional regulation through different mechanisms depending on its binding partners. PRMT2 has been demonstrated to have weak methyltransferase activity on a histone H4 substrate, but its optimal substrates have not yet been identified. To obtain insights into the function and activity of PRMT2, we solve several crystal structures of PRMT2 from two homologs (zebrafish and mouse) in complex with either the methylation product S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine or other compounds including the first synthetic PRMT2 inhibitor (Cp1) studied so far. We reveal that the N-terminal-containing SH3 module is disordered in the full-length crystal structures, and highlights idiosyncratic features of the PRMT2 active site. We identify a new nonhistone protein substrate belonging to the serine-/arginine-rich protein family which interacts with PRMT2 and we characterize six methylation sites by mass spectrometry. To better understand structural basis for Cp1 binding, we also solve the structure of the complex PRMT4:Cp1. We compare the inhibitor-protein interactions occurring in the PRMT2 and PRMT4 complex crystal structures and show that this compound inhibits efficiently PRMT2. These results are a first step toward a better understanding of PRMT2 substrate recognition and may accelerate the development of structure-based drug design of PRMT2 inhibitors. DATABASE All coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank: zPRMT21-408 -SFG = 5g02; zPRMT273-408 -SAH = 5fub; mPRMT21-445 -SAH = 5ful; mPRMT21-445 -Cp1 = 5fwa, mCARM1130-487 -Cp1 = 5k8v.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cura
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U596, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Nils Marechal
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U596, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Nathalie Troffer-Charlier
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U596, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Marc Strub
- BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthijs J van Haren
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Luc Bonnefond
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U596, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean Cavarelli
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U596, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hu H, Luo C, Zheng YG. Transient Kinetics Define a Complete Kinetic Model for Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26722-26738. [PMID: 27834681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are the enzymes responsible for posttranslational methylation of protein arginine residues in eukaryotic cells, particularly within the histone tails. A detailed mechanistic model of PRMT-catalyzed methylation is currently lacking, but it is essential for understanding the functions of PRMTs in various cellular pathways and for efficient design of PRMT inhibitors as potential treatments for a range of human diseases. In this work, we used stopped-flow fluorescence in combination with global kinetic simulation to dissect the transient kinetics of PRMT1, the predominant type I arginine methyltransferase. Several important mechanistic insights were revealed. The cofactor and the peptide substrate bound to PRMT1 in a random manner and then followed a kinetically preferred pathway to generate the catalytic enzyme-cofactor-substrate ternary complex. Product release proceeded in an ordered fashion, with peptide dissociation followed by release of the byproduct S-adenosylhomocysteine. Importantly, the dissociation rate of the monomethylated intermediate from the ternary complex was much faster than the methyl transfer. Such a result provided direct evidence for distributive arginine dimethylation, which means the monomethylated substrate has to be released to solution and rebind with PRMT1 before it undergoes further methylation. In addition, cofactor binding involved a conformational transition, likely an open-to-closed conversion of the active site pocket. Further, the histone H4 peptide bound to the two active sites of the PRMT1 homodimer with differential affinities, suggesting a negative cooperativity mechanism of substrate binding. These findings provide a new mechanistic understanding of how PRMTs interact with their substrates and transfer methyl groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Cheng Luo
- the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Y George Zheng
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gathiaka S, Boykin B, Cáceres T, Hevel JM, Acevedo O. Understanding protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) product specificity from molecular dynamics. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4949-4960. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
21
|
Solari C, Echegaray CV, Luzzani C, Cosentino MS, Waisman A, Petrone MV, Francia M, Sassone A, Canizo J, Sevlever G, Barañao L, Miriuka S, Guberman A. Protein arginine Methyltransferase 8 gene is expressed in pluripotent stem cells and its expression is modulated by the transcription factor Sox2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:194-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
22
|
Novel helical assembly in arginine methyltransferase 8. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1197-1208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
23
|
Hu H, Qian K, Ho MC, Zheng YG. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Methyltransferases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:335-58. [PMID: 26789238 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1144747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arginine methylation is an abundant posttranslational modification occurring in mammalian cells and catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Misregulation and aberrant expression of PRMTs are associated with various disease states, notably cancer. PRMTs are prominent therapeutic targets in drug discovery. AREAS COVERED The authors provide an updated review of the research on the development of chemical modulators for PRMTs. Great efforts are seen in screening and designing potent and selective PRMT inhibitors, and a number of micromolar and submicromolar inhibitors have been obtained for key PRMT enzymes such as PRMT1, CARM1, and PRMT5. The authors provide a focus on their chemical structures, mechanism of action, and pharmacological activities. Pros and cons of each type of inhibitors are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Several key challenging issues exist in PRMT inhibitor discovery. Structural mechanisms of many PRMT inhibitors remain unclear. There lacks consistency in potency data due to divergence of assay methods and conditions. Physiologically relevant cellular assays are warranted. Substantial engagements are needed to investigate pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the new PRMT inhibitors in pertinent disease models. Discovery and evaluation of potent, isoform-selective, cell-permeable and in vivo-active PRMT modulators will continue to be an active arena of research in years ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Kun Qian
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Meng-Chiao Ho
- b Institute of Biological Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Nankang , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Y George Zheng
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morales Y, Cáceres T, May K, Hevel JM. Biochemistry and regulation of the protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 590:138-152. [PMID: 26612103 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many key cellular processes can be regulated by the seemingly simple addition of one, or two, methyl groups to arginine residues by the nine known mammalian protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). The impact that arginine methylation has on cellular well-being is highlighted by the ever growing evidence linking PRMT dysregulation to disease states, which has marked the PRMTs as prominent pharmacological targets. This review is meant to orient the reader with respect to the structural features of the PRMTs that account for catalytic activity, as well as provide a framework for understanding how these enzymes are regulated. An overview of what we understand about substrate recognition and binding is provided. Control of product specificity and enzyme processivity are introduced as necessary but flexible features of the PRMTs. Precise control of PRMT activity is a critical component to eukaryotic cell health, especially given that an arginine demethylase has not been identified. We therefore conclude the review with a comprehensive discussion of how protein arginine methylation is regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalemi Morales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Tamar Cáceres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Kyle May
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Joan M Hevel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States.
| |
Collapse
|