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Wang L, Lai SM, Li CZ, Yu HP, Venkatesan P, Lai PS. D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Poly(ethylene Glycol 1000) Succinate-Coated Manganese-Zinc Ferrite Nanomaterials for a Dual-Mode Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent and Hyperthermia Treatments. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051000. [PMID: 35631586 PMCID: PMC9144495 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese-zinc ferrite (MZF) is known as high-performance magnetic material and has been used in many fields and development. In the biomedical applications, the biocompatible MZF formulation attracted much attention. In this study, water-soluble amphiphilic vitamin E (TPGS, d-alpha-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol 1000) succinate) formulated MZF nanoparticles were synthesized to serve as both a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent and a vehicle for creating magnetically induced hyperthermia against cancer. The MZF nanoparticles were synthesized from a metallic acetylacetonate in an organic phase and further modified with TPGS using an emulsion and solvent-evaporation method. The resulting TPGS-modified MZF nanoparticles exhibited a dual-contrast ability, with a longitudinal relaxivity (35.22 s−1 mM Fe−1) and transverse relaxivity (237.94 s−1 mM Fe−1) that were both higher than Resovist®. Furthermore, the TPGS-assisted MZF formulation can be used for hyperthermia treatment to successfully suppress cell viability and tumor growth after applying an alternating current (AC) electromagnetic field at lower amplitude. Thus, the TPGS-assisted MZF theranostics can not only be applied as a potential contrast agent for MRI but also has potential for use in hyperthermia treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (L.W.); (H.-P.Y.)
| | - Syu-Ming Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (C.-Z.L.); (P.V.)
| | - Cun-Zhao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (C.-Z.L.); (P.V.)
| | - Hsiu-Ping Yu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (L.W.); (H.-P.Y.)
| | - Parthiban Venkatesan
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (C.-Z.L.); (P.V.)
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (C.-Z.L.); (P.V.)
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Xu K, Zhang C, Li M, Gong S, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Wang S. A myrtenal-based colorimetric and fluorescent probe for reversibly monitoring alkaline pH and bioimaging in living cells and zebrafish. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Christou E, Pearson JR, Beltrán AM, Fernández-Afonso Y, Gutiérrez L, de la Fuente JM, Gámez F, García-Martín ML, Caro C. Iron–Gold Nanoflowers: A Promising Tool for Multimodal Imaging and Hyperthermia Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030636. [PMID: 35336012 PMCID: PMC8955043 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of nanoplatforms prepared to perform both multimodal imaging and combined therapies in a single entity is a fast-growing field. These systems are able to improve diagnostic accuracy and therapy success. Multicomponent Nanoparticles (MCNPs), composed of iron oxide and gold, offer new opportunities for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) diagnosis, as well as combined therapies based on Magnetic Hyperthermia (MH) and Photothermal Therapy (PT). In this work, we describe a new seed-assisted method for the synthesis of Au@Fe Nanoparticles (NPs) with a flower-like structure. For biomedical purposes, Au@Fe NPs were functionalized with a PEGylated ligand, leading to high colloidal stability. Moreover, the as-obtained Au@Fe-PEG NPs exhibited excellent features as both MRI and CT Contrast Agents (CAs), with high r2 relaxivity (60.5 mM−1⋅s−1) and X-ray attenuation properties (8.8 HU mM−1⋅HU). In addition, these nanoflowers presented considerable energy-to-heat conversion under both Alternating Magnetic Fields (AMFs) (∆T ≈ 2.5 °C) and Near-Infrared (NIR) light (∆T ≈ 17 °C). Finally, Au@Fe-PEG NPs exhibited very low cytotoxicity, confirming their potential for theranostics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Christou
- BIONAND—Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga), C/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (E.C.); (J.R.P.)
| | - John R. Pearson
- BIONAND—Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga), C/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (E.C.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Ana M. Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales y del Transporte, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de Á frica 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Yilian Fernández-Afonso
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (Y.F.-A.); (L.G.); (J.M.d.l.F.)
| | - Lucía Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (Y.F.-A.); (L.G.); (J.M.d.l.F.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M. de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (Y.F.-A.); (L.G.); (J.M.d.l.F.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Gámez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María L. García-Martín
- BIONAND—Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga), C/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (E.C.); (J.R.P.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.L.G.-M.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlos Caro
- BIONAND—Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga), C/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (E.C.); (J.R.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.G.-M.); (C.C.)
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Tian X, Liu H, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Gao Y, Wang Z, Wang S. A camphor-based Schiff base fluorescent probe for detection of alkaline pH and its applications in living cells. J Mol Struct 2022; 1251:132038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kaewruethai T, Laomeephol C, Pan Y, Luckanagul JA. Multifunctional Polymeric Nanogels for Biomedical Applications. Gels 2021; 7:228. [PMID: 34842728 PMCID: PMC8628665 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, research in nanoparticles as a drug delivery system has broadened to include their use as a delivery system for bioactive substances and a diagnostic or theranostic system. Nanogels, nanoparticles containing a high amount of water, have gained attention due to their advantages of colloidal stability, core-shell structure, and adjustable structural components. These advantages provide the potential to design and fabricate multifunctional nanosystems for various biomedical applications. Modified or functionalized polymers and some metals are components that markedly enhance the features of the nanogels, such as tunable amphiphilicity, biocompatibility, stimuli-responsiveness, or sensing moieties, leading to specificity, stability, and tracking abilities. Here, we review the diverse designs of core-shell structure nanogels along with studies on the fabrication and demonstration of the responsiveness of nanogels to different stimuli, temperature, pH, reductive environment, or radiation. Furthermore, additional biomedical applications are presented to illustrate the versatility of the nanogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tisana Kaewruethai
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.K.); (C.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chavee Laomeephol
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.K.); (C.L.)
- Biomaterial Engineering for Medical and Health Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yue Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China;
| | - Jittima Amie Luckanagul
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.K.); (C.L.)
- Biomaterial Engineering for Medical and Health Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers exhibit properties that make them ideal candidates for biosensing and molecular diagnostics. Through rational design of polymer composition combined with new polymer functionalization and synthetic strategies, polymers with myriad responsivities, e.g., responses to temperature, pH, biomolecules, CO2, light, and electricity can be achieved. When these polymers are specifically designed to respond to biomarkers, stimuli-responsive devices/probes, capable of recognizing and transducing analyte signals, can be used to diagnose and treat disease. In this review, we highlight recent state-of-the-art examples of stimuli-responsive polymer-based systems for biosensing and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Shu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiming Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Michael J Serpe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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Caro C, Gámez F, Quaresma P, Páez-Muñoz JM, Domínguez A, Pearson JR, Pernía Leal M, Beltrán AM, Fernandez-Afonso Y, De la Fuente JM, Franco R, Pereira E, García-Martín ML. Fe 3O 4-Au Core-Shell Nanoparticles as a Multimodal Platform for In Vivo Imaging and Focused Photothermal Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:416. [PMID: 33804636 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis of gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles capped with polyvinylpyrrolidone (Fe@Au NPs). The as-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited good stability in aqueous media and excellent features as contrast agents (CA) for both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-ray computed tomography (CT). Additionally, due to the presence of the local surface plasmon resonances of gold, the NPs showed exploitable "light-to-heat" conversion ability in the near-infrared (NIR) region, a key attribute for effective photothermal therapies (PTT). In vitro experiments revealed biocompatibility as well as excellent efficiency in killing glioblastoma cells via PTT. The in vivo nontoxicity of the NPs was demonstrated using zebrafish embryos as an intermediate step between cells and rodent models. To warrant that an effective therapeutic dose was achieved inside the tumor, both intratumoral and intravenous routes were screened in rodent models by MRI and CT. The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution confirmed the multimodal imaging CA capabilities of the Fe@AuNPs and revealed constraints of the intravenous route for tumor targeting, dictating intratumoral administration for therapeutic applications. Finally, Fe@Au NPs were successfully used for an in vivo proof of concept of imaging-guided focused PTT against glioblastoma multiforme in a mouse model.
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Bonnet CS, Tóth É. Metal-based environment-sensitive MRI contrast agents. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 61:154-169. [PMID: 33706246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of paramagnetic metal complexes with their biological environment can modulate their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast-enhancing properties in different ways, and this has been widely exploited to create responsive probes that can provide biochemical information. We survey progress in two rapidly growing areas: the MRI detection of biologically important metal ions, such as calcium, zinc, and copper, and the use of transition metal complexes as smart MRI agents. In both fields, new imaging technologies, which take advantage of other nuclei (19F) and/or paramagnetic contact shift effects, emerge beyond classical, relaxation-based applications. Most importantly, in vivo imaging is gaining ground, and the promise of molecular MRI is becoming reality, at least for preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia S Bonnet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, Orléans, 45071, France
| | - Éva Tóth
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, Orléans, 45071, France.
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9
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Fu S, Cai Z, Ai H. Stimulus-Responsive Nanoparticle Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents: Design Considerations and Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001091. [PMID: 32875751 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used for disease diagnosis because it can noninvasively obtain anatomical details of various diseases through accurate contrast between soft tissues. Over one-third of MRI examinations are performed with the assistance of contrast agents. Traditional contrast agents typically display an unchanging signal, thus exhibiting relatively low sensitivity and poor specificity. Currently, advances in stimulus-responsive contrast agents which can alter the relaxation signal in response to a specific change in their surrounding environment provide new opportunities to overcome such limitation. The signal changes based on stimulus also reflects the physiological and pathological conditions of the site of interests. In this review, how to design stimulus-responsive nanoparticle MRI contrast agents from the perspective of theory and surface design is comprehensively discussed. Key structural features including size, clusters, shell features, and surface properties are used for tuning the T1 and T2 relaxation properties. The reversible or non-reversible signal changes highlight the contrast agents have undergone structural changes based on certain stimulus, as an indication for disease diagnosis or therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxiang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Zhongyuan Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Hua Ai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
- Department of Radiology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
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10
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Xie J, Haeckel A, Hauptmann R, Ray IP, Limberg C, Kulak N, Hamm B, Schellenberger E. Iron(III)-tCDTA derivatives as MRI contrast agents: Increased T 1 relaxivities at higher magnetic field strength and pH sensing. Magn Reson Med 2021; 85:3370-3382. [PMID: 33538352 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low molecular weight iron(III) complex-based contrast agents (IBCA) including iron(III) trans-cyclohexane diamine tetraacetic acid [Fe(tCDTA)]- could serve as alternatives to gadolinium-based contrast agents in MRI. In search for IBCA with enhanced properties, we synthesized derivatives of [Fe(tCDTA)]- and compared their contrast effects. METHODS Trans-cyclohexane diamine tetraacetic acid (tCDTA) was chemically modified in 2 steps: first the monoanhydride of Trans-cyclohexane diamine tetraacetic acid was generated, and then it was coupled to amines in the second step. After purification, the chelators were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectrometry. The chelators were complexed with iron(III), and the relaxivities of the complexes were measured at 0.94, 1.5, 3, and 7 Tesla. Kinetic stabilities of the complexes were analyzed spectrophotometrically and the redox properties by cyclic voltammetry. RESULTS Using ethylenediamine (en) and trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane, we generated monomers and dimers of tCDTA: en-tCDTA, en-tCDTA-dimer, trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane-tCDTA, and trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane-tCDTA-dimer. The iron(III) complexes of these derivatives had similarly high stabilities as [Fe(tCDTA)]- . The iron(III) complexes of the trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane derivatives had higher T1 relaxivities than [Fe(tCDTA)]- that increased with increasing magnetic field strengths and were highest at 6.8 L·mmol-1 ·s-1 per molecule for the dimer. Remarkably, the relaxivity of [Fe(en-tCDTA)]+ had a threefold increase from neutral pH toward pH6. CONCLUSION Four iron(III) complexes with similar stability in comparison to [Fe(tCDTA)]- were synthesized. The relaxivities of trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane-tCDTA and trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane-tCDTA-dimer complexes were in the same range as gadolinium-based contrast agents at 3 Tesla. The [Fe(en-tCDTA)]+ complex is a pH sensor at weakly acidic pH levels, which are typical for various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Akvile Haeckel
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Hauptmann
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian Limberg
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Kulak
- Institute of Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eyk Schellenberger
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Martínez G, Merinero M, Pérez-Aranda M, Pérez-Soriano EM, Ortiz T, Begines B, Alcudia A. Environmental Impact of Nanoparticles' Application as an Emerging Technology: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2020; 14:E166. [PMID: 33396469 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The unique properties that nanoparticles exhibit, due to their small size, are the principal reason for their numerous applications, but at the same time, this might be a massive menace to the environment. The number of studies that assess the possible ecotoxicity of nanomaterials has been increasing over the last decade to determine if, despite the positive aspects, they should be considered a potential health risk. To evaluate their potential toxicity, models are used in all types of organisms, from unicellular bacteria to complex animal species. In order to better understand the environmental consequences of nanotechnology, this literature review aims to describe and classify nanoparticles, evaluating their life cycle, their environmental releasing capacity and the type of impact, particularly on living beings, highlighting the need to develop more severe and detailed legislation. Due to their diversity, nanoparticles will be discussed in generic terms focusing on the impact of a great variety of them, highlighting the most interesting ones for the industry.
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12
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Ponsiglione AM, Russo M, Torino E. Glycosaminoglycans and Contrast Agents: The Role of Hyaluronic Acid as MRI Contrast Enhancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121612. [PMID: 33260661 PMCID: PMC7759866 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the behaviour of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) combined with imaging or therapeutic agents can be a key factor for the rational design of drug delivery and diagnostic systems. In this work, physical and thermodynamic phenomena arising from the complex interplay between GAGs and contrast agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have been explored. Being an excellent candidate for drug delivery and diagnostic systems, Hyaluronic acid (HA) (0.1 to 0.7%w/v) has been chosen as a GAG model, and Gd-DTPA (0.01 to 0.2 mM) as a relevant MRI contrast agent. HA samples crosslinked with divinyl sulfone (DVS) have also been investigated. Water Diffusion and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry studies demonstrated that the interaction between HA and Gd-DTPA can form hydrogen bonds and coordinate water molecules, which plays a leading role in determining both the polymer conformation and the relaxometric properties of the contrast agent. This interaction can be modulated by changing the GAG/contrast agent molar ratio and by acting on the organization of the polymer network. The fine control over the combination of GAGs and imaging agents could represent an enormous advantage in formulating novel multifunctional diagnostic probes paving the way for precision nanomedicine tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Maria Ponsiglione
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Russo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Enza Torino
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-955-8158
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13
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Gallo E, Rosa E, Diaferia C, Rossi F, Tesauro D, Accardo A. Systematic overview of soft materials as a novel frontier for MRI contrast agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27064-27080. [PMID: 35515779 PMCID: PMC9055484 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03194a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-known diagnostic technique used to obtain high quality images in a non-invasive manner. In order to increase the contrast between normal and pathological regions in the human body, positive (T1) or negative (T2) contrast agents (CAs) are commonly intravenously administered. The most efficient class of T1-CAs are based on kinetically stable and thermodynamically inert gadolinium complexes. In the last two decades many novel macro- and supramolecular CAs have been proposed. These approaches have been optimized to increase the performance of the CAs in terms of the relaxivity values and to reduce the administered dose, decreasing the toxicity and giving better safety and pharmacokinetic profiles. The improved performances may also allow further information to be gained on the pathological and physiological state of the human body. The goal of this review is to report a systematic overview of the nanostructurated CAs obtained and developed by manipulating soft materials at the nanometer scale. Specifically, our attention is centered on recent examples of fibers, hydrogels and nanogel formulations, that seem particularly promising for overcoming the problematic issues that have recently pushed the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to withdraw linear CAs from the market. Gd(iii)-nanostructurated Constrast Agents (CAs) for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be designed and developed by manipulating soft material, including fibers, hydrogels and nanogels, in the nanometer scale.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS SDN Via E. Gianturco 113 80143 Napoli Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Filomena Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Diego Tesauro
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
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14
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Nica V, Caro C, Páez-Muñoz JM, Leal MP, Garcia-Martin ML. Bi-Magnetic Core-Shell CoFe 2O 4@MnFe 2O 4 Nanoparticles for In Vivo Theranostics. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10050907. [PMID: 32397243 PMCID: PMC7279505 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of three magnetic nanosystems, CoFe2O4, CoFe2O4@ZnFe2O4, and CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4, which were developed as potential theranostic agents for magnetic hyperthermia and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These nanosystems have been thoroughly characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Miscroscopy (TEM), Dark Field-TEM (DF-TEM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), and inductive heating, in order to elucidate their structure, morphology, and magnetic properties. The bi-magnetic CoFe2O4@ZnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited a core-shell structure with a mean average particle size of 11.2 ± 1.4 nm and 14.4 ± 2.4 nm, respectively. The CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 NPs showed the highest specific absorption rate (SAR) values (210-320 W/g) upon exposure to an external magnetic field, along with the highest saturation magnetization (Ms). Therefore, they were selected for functionalization with the PEGylated ligand to make them stable in aqueous media. After the functionalization process, the NPs showed high magnetic relaxivity values and very low cytotoxicity, demonstrating that CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 is a good candidate for in vivo applications. Finally, in vivo MRI experiments showed that PEGylated CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 NPs produce high T2 contrast and exhibit very good stealth properties, leading to the efficient evasion of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Thus, these bi-magnetic core-shell NPs show great potential as theranostic agents for in vivo applications, combining magnetic hyperthermia capabilities with high MRI contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Nica
- BIONAND—Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (V.N.); (C.C.); (J.M.P.-M.)
- Department of Physics, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carlos Caro
- BIONAND—Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (V.N.); (C.C.); (J.M.P.-M.)
| | - Jose Maria Páez-Muñoz
- BIONAND—Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (V.N.); (C.C.); (J.M.P.-M.)
| | - Manuel Pernia Leal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.P.L.); (M.L.G.-M.)
| | - Maria Luisa Garcia-Martin
- BIONAND—Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (V.N.); (C.C.); (J.M.P.-M.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.P.L.); (M.L.G.-M.)
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15
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Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They have been extensively investigated as CAs due to their high biocompatibility and excellent magnetic properties. Furthermore, the ease of functionalization of their surfaces with different types of ligands (antibodies, peptides, sugars, etc.) opens up the possibility of carrying out molecular MRI. Thus, IONPs functionalized with epithelial growth factor receptor antibodies, short peptides, like RGD, or aptamers, among others, have been proposed for the diagnosis of various types of cancer, including breast, stomach, colon, kidney, liver or brain cancer. In addition to cancer diagnosis, different types of IONPs have been developed for other applications, such as the detection of brain inflammation or the early diagnosis of thrombosis. This review addresses key aspects in the development of IONPs for MRI applications, namely, synthesis of the inorganic core, functionalization processes to make IONPs biocompatible and also to target them to specific tissues or cells, and finally in vivo studies in animal models, with special emphasis on tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Avasthi
- BIONAND - Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología, Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga, C/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlos Caro
- BIONAND - Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología, Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga, C/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther Pozo-Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Pernia Leal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| | - María Luisa García-Martín
- BIONAND - Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología, Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga, C/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590, Málaga, Spain. .,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Málaga, Spain.
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16
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Pandey A, Dhas N, Deshmukh P, Caro C, Patil P, Luisa García-martín M, Padya B, Nikam A, Mehta T, Mutalik S. Heterogeneous surface architectured metal-organic frameworks for cancer therapy, imaging, and biosensing: A state-of-the-art review. Coord Chem Rev 2020; 409:213212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Shin HW, Sohn H, Jeong YH, Lee SM. Construction of Paramagnetic Manganese-Chelated Polymeric Nanoparticles Using Pyrene-End-Modified Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymers for Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Relaxivity: A Comparative Study with Cisplatin Pharmacophore. Langmuir 2019; 35:6421-6428. [PMID: 30998363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cationic metal-mediated self-assembly of double-hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) has been of great interest for the preparation of hybrid nanoparticles for versatile applications. Among many functional transition-metal ions, manganese (MnII) is a highly attractive element due to its paramagnetic property with a high coordination number. However, MnII does not lead to the efficient self-assembly of DHBCs because of the relatively high aqueous solubility of coordinated MnII. This article reports a facile method for direct conjugation of MnII ions inside sterically stabilized polymer assemblies, composed of pyrene-end-modified DHBCs. Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization was used to prepare the poly(ethylene glycol)- b-poly(acrylate) DHBC precursor, followed by the end-modification with pyrene maleimide via the radical-exchange reaction. Employing the self-associated DHBC as the nanoscale template, the simple addition of MnII enables a large number of polyvalent MnII ions to be immobilized at the chelating blocks of DHBCs, which can be readily monitored by the excimeric fluorescence emission change of the terminal pyrene fluorophore. The resulting MnII-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (MnII-PNPs) possess nanogel-like scaffolds, which allow for efficient water permeation at the MnII-incorporated interior for enhanced magnetic resonance contrasting effect. Additionally, by comparing the coordination properties of MnII and cisplatin, we endeavor to understand the internal structures and the relevant physicochemical features of metal-chelated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Woo Shin
- Department of Chemistry , The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Gyeonggi-do 14662 , Korea
| | - Hyerin Sohn
- Department of Chemistry , The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Gyeonggi-do 14662 , Korea
| | - Yun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Chemistry , The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Gyeonggi-do 14662 , Korea
| | - Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry , The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Gyeonggi-do 14662 , Korea
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18
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Caro C, Egea-Benavente D, Polvillo R, Royo JL, Pernia Leal M, García-Martín ML. Comprehensive Toxicity Assessment of PEGylated Magnetic Nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:253-9. [PMID: 30763790 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent one of the greatest promises for the development of a new generation of diagnostic agents for magnetic resonance imaging, with improved specificity and safety. Indeed, during the last decade the number of studies published in this field has grown exponentially. However, the clinical translation achieved so far has been very limited. This situation is likely related to the fact that most studies are focused on the in vitro characterization of these new nanomaterials, and very few provide an exhaustive in vivo characterization, where key aspects, such as pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and, most importantly, toxicity, are properly evaluated. In this work, we propose a protocol for the comprehensive assessment of the toxicity of MNPs, based on the use of zebrafish embryos as an intermediate screening step between cell culture assays and studies in rodents. MNPs with different cores, ferrite and manganese ferrite oxide, and sizes between 3 and 20 nm, were evaluated. Cell viability at a concentration of 50 μg/mL of PEGylated MNPs was above 90 % in all cases. However, the exposure of zebrafish embryos to manganese based MNPs at concentrations above 100 μg/mL showed a low survival rate (<50 %). In contrast, no mortality (survival rate ∼100 %) and normal hatching rate were obtained for the iron oxide MNPs. Based on these results, together with the physicochemical and magnetic properties (r2 = 153.6 mM-1·s-1), the PEGylated 20 nm cubic shape iron oxide MNPs were selected and tested in mice, showing very good MRI contrast and, as expected, absence of toxicity.
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García-Hevia L, Bañobre-López M, Gallo J. Recent Progress on Manganese-Based Nanostructures as Responsive MRI Contrast Agents. Chemistry 2018; 25:431-441. [PMID: 29999200 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Manganese-based nanostructured contrast agents (CAs) entered the field of medical diagnosis through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) some years ago. Although some of these Mn-based CAs behave as classic T1 contrast enhancers in the same way as clinical Gd-based molecules do, a new type of Mn nanomaterials have been developed to improve MRI sensitivity and potentially gather new functional information from tissues by using traditional T1 contrast enhanced MRI. These nanomaterials have been designed to respond to biological environments, mainly to pH and redox potential variations. In many cases, the differences in signal generation in these responsive Mn-based nanostructures come from intrinsic changes in the magnetic properties of Mn cations depending on their oxidation state. In other cases, no changes in the nature of Mn take place, but rather the nanomaterial as a whole responds to the change in the environment through different mechanisms, including changes in integrity and hydration state. This review focusses on the chemistry and MR performance of these responsive Mn-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena García-Hevia
- Advanced (Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Advanced (Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Juan Gallo
- Advanced (Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
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20
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Addisu KD, Hailemeskel BZ, Mekuria SL, Andrgie AT, Lin YC, Tsai HC. Bioinspired, Manganese-Chelated Alginate-Polydopamine Nanomaterials for Efficient in Vivo T 1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:5147-5160. [PMID: 29277987 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese-based nanomaterials are an emerging new class of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) that provide impressive contrast abilities. MRI CAs that can respond to pathophysiological parameters such as pH or redox potential are also highly in demand for MRI-guided tumor diagnosis. Until now, synthesizing nanomaterials with good biocompatibility, physiochemical stability, and good contrast effects remains a challenge. This study investigated two new systems of calcium/manganese cations complexed with either alginate-polydopamine or alginate-dopamine nanogels [AlgPDA(Ca/Mn) NG or AlgDA(Ca/Mn) NG]. Under such systems, Ca cations form ionic interactions via carboxylic acids of the Alg backbone to enhance the stability of the synthetic nanogels (NGs). Likewise, complexation of Mn cations also increased the colloidal stability of the synthetic NGs. The magnetic property of the prepared CAs was confirmed with superconducting quantum interference device measurements, proving the potential paramagnetic property. Hence, the T1 relaxivity measurement showed that PDA-complexed synthetic NGs reveal a strong positive contrast enhancement with r1 = 12.54 mM-1·s-1 in 7.0 T MRI images, whereas DA-complexed synthetic NGs showed a relatively lower T1 relaxivity effect with r1 = 10.13 mM-1·s-1. In addition, both the synthetic NGs exhibit negligible cytotoxicity with >92% cell viability up to 0.25 mM concentration, when incubated with the mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) and HeLa cells, and high biocompatibility under in vivo analysis. The in vivo MRI test indicates that the synthetic NG exhibits a high signal-to-noise ratio for longer hours, which provides a longer image acquisition time for tumor and anatomical imaging. Furthermore, T1-weighted MRI results revealed that PEGylated AlgPDA(Ca/Mn) NGs significantly enhanced the signals from liver and tumor tissues. Therefore, owing to the enhanced permeability and retention effect, significantly enhanced in vitro and in vivo imagings, low cost, and one-pot synthesis method, the Mn-based biomimetic approach used in this study provides a promising and competitive alternative for noninvasive tumor detection and comprehensive anatomical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefyalew Dagnew Addisu
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Balkew Zewge Hailemeskel
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shewaye Lakew Mekuria
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Abegaz Tizazu Andrgie
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital , Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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21
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Liu Z, Xianyu Y, Zheng W, Zhang J, Luo Y, Chen Y, Dong M, Wu J, Jiang X. T 1-Mediated Nanosensor for Immunoassay Based on an Activatable MnO 2 Nanoassembly. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2765-2771. [PMID: 29336145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Current magnetic relaxation switching (MRS) sensors for detection of trace targets in complex samples still suffer from limitations in terms of relatively low sensitivity and poor stability. To meet this challenge, we develop a longitudinal relaxation time (T1)-based nanosensor by using Mn2+ released from the reduction of a MnO2 nanoassembly that can induce the change of T1, and thus can greatly improve the sensitivity and overcome the "hook effect" of conventional MRS. Through the specific interaction between antigen and the antibody-functionalized MnO2 nanoassembly, the T1 signal of Mn2+ released from the nanoassembly is quantitatively determined by the antigen, which allows for highly sensitive and straightforward detection of targets. This approach broadens the applicability of magnetic biosensors and has great potential for applications in early diagnosis of disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Liu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology , No. 100, PingLeYuan, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlei Xianyu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshu Zheng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangjiang Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjing Luo
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology , No. 100, PingLeYuan, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingling Dong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 A YuQuan Road, ShiJingShan District, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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