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Hitzman R, Malca-Garcia GR, Howell C, Park HY, Friesen JB, Dong H, Dunlap T, McAlpine JB, Vollmer G, Bosland MC, Nikolić D, Lankin DC, Chen SN, Bolton JL, Pauli GF, Dietz BM. DESIGNER fraction concept unmasks minor bioactive constituents in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 214:113789. [PMID: 37482264 PMCID: PMC10528883 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In botanical extracts, highly abundant constituents can mask or dilute the effects of other, and often, more relevant biologically active compounds. To facilitate the rational chemical and biological assessment of these natural products with wide usage in human health, we introduced the DESIGNER approach of Depleting and Enriching Selective Ingredients to Generate Normalized Extract Resources. The present study applied this concept to clinical Red Clover Extract (RCE) and combined phytochemical and biological methodology to help rationalize the utility of RCE supplements for symptom management in postmenopausal women. Previous work has demonstrated that RCE reduces estrogen detoxification pathways in breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and, thus, may serve to negatively affect estrogen metabolism-induced chemical carcinogenesis. Clinical RCE contains ca. 30% of biochanin A and formononetin, which potentially mask activities of less abundant compounds. These two isoflavonoids are aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists that activate P450 1A1, responsible for estrogen detoxification, and P450 1B1, producing genotoxic estrogen metabolites in female breast cells. Clinical RCE also contains the potent phytoestrogen, genistein, that downregulates P450 1A1, thereby reducing estrogen detoxification. To identify less abundant bioactive constituents, countercurrent separation (CCS) of a clinical RCE yielded selective lipophilic to hydrophilic metabolites in six enriched DESIGNER fractions (DFs 01-06). Unlike solid-phase chromatography, CCS prevented any potential loss of minor constituents or residual complexity (RC) and enabled the polarity-based enrichment of certain constituents. Systematic analysis of estrogen detoxification pathways (ERα-degradation, AhR activation, CYP1A1/CYP1B1 induction and activity) of the DFs uncovered masked bioactivity of minor/less abundant constituents including irilone. These data will allow the optimization of RCE with respect to estrogen detoxification properties. The DFs revealed distinct biological activities between less abundant bioactives. The present results can inspire future carefully designed extracts with phytochemical profiles that are optimized to increase in estrogen detoxification pathways and, thereby, promote resilience in women with high-risk for breast cancer. The DESIGNER approach helps to establish links between complex chemical makeup, botanical safety and possible efficacy parameters, yields candidate DFs for (pre)clinical studies, and reveals the contribution of minor phytoconstituents to the overall safety and bioactivity of botanicals, such as resilience promoting activities relevant to women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hitzman
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gonzalo R Malca-Garcia
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Caitlin Howell
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Hyun-Young Park
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - J Brent Friesen
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, 7900 Division Street, River Forest, IL, 60305, USA
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tareisha Dunlap
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - James B McAlpine
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Guenter Vollmer
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Biology, Chair for Molecular Cell Physiology & Endocrinology, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maarten C Bosland
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - David C Lankin
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Zanardi MV, Gastiazoro MP, Kretzschmar G, Wober J, Vollmer G, Varayoud J, Durando M, Zierau O. AHR agonistic effects of 6-PN contribute to potential beneficial effects of Hops extract. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 543:111540. [PMID: 34965452 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hops (Humulus lupulus) is used as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy due to the phytoestrogen, 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN). To examine the potential risks/benefits of hops extract and its compounds (8-PN and 6-prenylnaringenin, 6-PN), we aimed to evaluate the estrogen receptor α (ERα) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling pathways in human endometrial cancer cells. Hops extract, 8-PN and 6-PN showed estrogenic activity. Hops extract and 6-PN activated both ERα and AHR pathways. 6-PN increased the expression of the tumor suppressor gene (AHRR), and that of genes involved in the estrogen metabolism (CYP1A1, CYP1B1). Although 6-PN might activate the detoxification and genotoxic pathways of estrogen metabolism, hops extract as a whole only modulated the genotoxic pathway by an up-regulation of CYP1B1 mRNA expression. These data demonstrate the relevant role of 6-PN contained in the hops extract as potential modulator of estrogen metabolism due to its ERα and AHR agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Zanardi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - María Paula Gastiazoro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Georg Kretzschmar
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jannette Wober
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Günter Vollmer
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Milena Durando
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Bai HH, Xia TS, Jiang YP, Xu WM, Xu PC, Wang NN, Gou XJ, Xin HL. Absorption, metabolism, and pharmacokinetic profile of xanthohumol in rats as determined via UPLC-MS/MS. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 43:11-22. [PMID: 34914109 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol, a natural isoflavone from Humulus lupulus L., possesses biological activities. However, the biological fate of xanthohumol in vivo remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the absorption and metabolism of xanthohumol in rats through UPLC-MS/MS. The plasma, urine and fecal samples were collected after oral administration of xanthohumol (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) in SD rats. The contents of xanthohumol and its metabolites were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 6 metabolites of xanthohumol were identified in rats, including methylated, glucuronidated, acid-catalyzed cyclization and oxidation, indicating xanthohumol underwent phase I and II metabolism. Besides, isoxanthohumol was the major metabolites of xanthohumol. Xanthohumol was rapidly absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated in rats. The pharmacokinetics results showed the Tmax of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol were 3 and 2.33 h, respectively. The AUC0-t of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol were 138.83 ± 6.03 and 38.77 ± 4.46 ng/ml·h, respectively. Furthermore, xanthohumol was mainly excreted in the form of prototype through feces and a small amount of xanthohumol was excreted through urine. These results illustrated the absorption, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics process of xanthohumol in rats, and provided a reference for the further rational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China.,Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu-Mu Xu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Cui Xu
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na-Ni Wang
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Gou
- Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Liang Xin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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