1
|
Shimamura Y, Wada Y, Tashiro M, Honda H, Masuda S. A comparison of the exposure system of glycidol-related chemicals on the formation of glycidol-hemoglobin adducts. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:471-480. [PMID: 38268888 PMCID: PMC10804089 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycidol fatty acid esters that are present in foods are degraded in vivo to the animal carcinogen glycidol, which binds to the N-terminal valine of hemoglobin (Hb) to form N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine (diHOPrVal) adducts. The existence of other chemicals that are converted to glycidol is unknown. To determine the effect of different exposure conditions on the formation of diHOPrVal adducts, several glycidol-related chemicals (3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol; 3-MCPD, epichlorohydrin, glyceraldehyde, acrylic acid, and 1,2-propanediol) were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo (single/repeated dose) methods. In vitro, the reaction of 3-MCPD or epichlorohydrin with human Hb produced 17% and 0.7% of diHOPrVal, as compared to equimolar glycidol, respectively. Following a single administration of glycidol-related compounds to ICR mice, diHOPrVal formation was observed only in the epichlorohydrin-treated group after day 5 of exposure. After 14 days of repeated dosing, the amounts of diHOPrVal produced by epichlorohydrin and 3-MCPD in vivo were <1% of diHOPrVal produced by an equal molar concentration of glycidol. Furthermore, glyceraldehyde group produced 0.2% of diHOPrVal at the same molar concentration of glycidol equivalents, in which diHOPrVal formation could not be confirmed by the in vitro assay. The results indicate the usefulness of diHOPrVal as an exposure marker for glycidol; however, the contribution of its formation in vivo by exposure to various chemicals will be necessary to validate and interpret the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Yuri Wada
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Moeka Tashiro
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao CorporationTochigiJapan
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lockridge O. Overview of Adductomics in Toxicology. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e672. [PMID: 36799690 PMCID: PMC9942099 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Adductomics is epidemiology at the molecular level. Untargeted adductomics compares levels of chemical adducts on albumin, hemoglobin, and DNA between healthy and exposed individuals. The goal is to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between chemical exposure and illness. Chemical exposures are not necessarily due to synthetic chemicals but are often due to oxidation products of naturally occurring lipids, for example, 4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein produced by lipid peroxidation of arachidonic and linoleic acids. The preferred method used in adductomics is ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to with nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The mass of the adduct indicates its structure and identifies the chemical. The advantages of molecular epidemiology include information about the many toxicants to which a person is exposed over a period of weeks or months and the relative exposure levels. The disadvantage is the absence of information about the mechanism of toxicity. Untargeted adductomics examines albumin and hemoglobin adducts, which serve as biomarkers of exposure but do not identify the proteins and genes responsible for the toxicity. Targeted adductomics is used when the origin of the toxicity is known. This can be either an adducted protein, such as the butyrylcholinesterase protein modified by nerve agents, or a toxicant, such as acetaminophen. Untargeted adductomics methods have identified potential protein adduct biomarkers of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, childhood leukemia, and lung cancer. Adductomics is a new research area that offers structural insights into chemical exposures and a platform for the discovery of disease biomarkers. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Collapse
|
3
|
Vryonidis E, Karlsson I, Aasa J, Carlsson H, Motwani HV, Pedersen M, Eriksson J, Törnqvist MÅ. Pathways to Identify Electrophiles In Vivo Using Hemoglobin Adducts: Hydroxypropanoic Acid Valine Adduct and Its Possible Precursors. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2227-2240. [PMID: 36395356 PMCID: PMC9768813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods and tools for the characterization of the human exposome by untargeted mass spectrometry approaches are advancing rapidly. Adductomics methods have been developed for untargeted screening of short-lived electrophiles, in the form of adducts to proteins or DNA, in vivo. The identification of an adduct and its precursor electrophile in the blood is more complex than that of stable chemicals. The present work aims to illustrate procedures for the identification of an adduct to N-terminal valine in hemoglobin detected with adductomics, and pathways for the tracing of its precursor and possible exposure sources. Identification of the adduct proceeded via preparation and characterization of standards of adduct analytes. Possible precursor(s) and exposure sources were investigated by measurements in blood of adduct formation by precursors in vitro and adduct levels in vivo. The adduct was identified as hydroxypropanoic acid valine (HPA-Val) by verification with a synthesized reference. The HPA-Val was measured together with other adducts (from acrylamide, glycidamide, glycidol, and acrylic acid) in human blood (n = 51, schoolchildren). The HPA-Val levels ranged between 6 and 76 pmol/g hemoglobin. The analysis of reference samples from humans and rodents showed that the HPA-Val adduct was observed in all studied samples. No correlation of the HPA-Val level with the other studied adducts was observed in humans, nor was an increase in tobacco smokers observed. A small increase was observed in rodents exposed to glycidol. The formation of the HPA-Val adduct upon incubation of blood with glycidic acid (an epoxide) was shown. The relatively high adduct levels observed in vivo in relation to the measured reactivity of the epoxide, and the fact that the epoxide is not described as naturally occurring, suggest that glycidic acid is not the only precursor of the HPA-Val adduct identified in vivo. Another endogenous electrophile is suspected to contribute to the in vivo HPA-Val adduct level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Vryonidis
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Aasa
- Department
of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish
Food Agency, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Carlsson
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751
85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hitesh V. Motwani
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Pedersen
- Department
of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margareta Å. Törnqvist
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yamagishi Y, Nagasawa S, Iwase H, Ogra Y. Evaluation of Post-Mortem Interaction between Hemoglobin and Oxime-Type Carbamate Pesticides. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1110-1116. [PMID: 35559618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxime-type carbamate pesticides having an oxime moiety such as aldicarb, butocarboxim, methomyl, oxamyl, and thiofanox are widely used and have been detected in many fatal cases of accidental exposure or suicide. In forensic toxicology, the accurate determination of blood pesticide concentration is obligatory to prove death by oxime-type carbamate pesticide poisoning. However, the fatal pesticide concentration in blood at autopsy differs from that at the time of death. In this study, we found that oxime-type carbamate pesticides were decomposed by Hb in a temperature-dependent fashion. The mechanism underlying methomyl, aldicarb, oxamyl, and thiofanox decomposition involves the formation of adducts with the amino acids in Hb. With regard to butocarboxim, its decomposition involves the oxidation of the free form and the formation of adducts with the amino acids in Hb. The mass spectra obtained by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed that carbamylated amino acid adducts such as Wcar-adduct and Vcar-adduct were formed in Hb solution incubated with methomyl, aldicarb, oxamyl, and thiofanox, whereas alkylated amino acid adducts such as Walkyl-adduct were formed in Hb solution incubated with butocarboxim. These results indicate that aldicarb, butocarboxim, methomyl, oxamyl, and thiofanox are post-mortem changed by Hb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yamagishi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagasawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Chemicals are measured regularly in air, food, the environment, and the workplace. Biomonitoring of chemicals in biological fluids is a tool to determine the individual exposure. Blood protein adducts of xenobiotics are a marker of both exposure and the biologically effective dose. Urinary metabolites and blood metabolites are short term exposure markers. Stable hemoglobin adducts are exposure markers of up to 120 days. Blood protein adducts are formed with many xenobiotics at different sites of the blood proteins. Newer methods apply the techniques developed in the field of proteomics. Larger adducted peptides with 20 amino acids are used for quantitation. Unfortunately, at present the methods do not reach the limits of detection obtained with the methods looking at single amino acid adducts or at chemically cleaved adducts. Therefore, to progress in the field new approaches are needed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rajczewski AT, Ndreu L, Pujari SS, Griffin TJ, Törnqvist MÅ, Karlsson I, Tretyakova NY. Novel 4-Hydroxybenzyl Adducts in Human Hemoglobin: Structures and Mechanisms of Formation. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1769-1781. [PMID: 34110810 PMCID: PMC10159211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to large numbers of electrophiles from their diet, the environment, and endogenous physiological processes. Adducts formed at the N-terminal valine of hemoglobin are often used as biomarkers of human exposure to electrophilic compounds. We previously reported the formation of hemoglobin N-terminal valine adducts (added mass, 106.042 Da) in the blood of human smokers and nonsmokers and identified their structure as 4-hydroxybenzyl-Val. In the present work, mass spectrometry-based proteomics was utilized to identify additional sites for 4-hydroxybenzyl adduct formation at internal nucleophilic amino acid side chains within hemoglobin. Hemoglobin isolated from human blood was treated with para-quinone methide (para-QM) followed by global nanoLC-MS/MS and targeted nanoLC-MS/MS to identify amino acid residues containing the 4-hydroxybenzyl modification. Our experiments revealed the formation of 4-hydroxybenzyl adducts at the αHis20, αTyr24, αTyr42, αHis45, βSer72, βThr84, βThr87, βSer89, βHis92, βCys93, βCys112, βThr123, and βHis143 residues (in addition to N-terminal valine) through characteristic MS/MS spectra. These amino acid side chains had variable reactivity toward para-QM with αHis45, αTyr42, βCys93, βHis92, and βSer72 forming the largest numbers of adducts upon exposure to para-QM. Two additional mechanisms for formation of 4-hydroxybenzyl adducts in humans were investigated: exposure to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBA) followed by reduction and UV-mediated reactions of hemoglobin with tyrosine. Exposure of hemoglobin to a 5-fold molar excess of 4-HBA followed by reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride produced 4-hydroxybenzyl adducts at several amino acid side chains of which αHis20, αTyr24, αTyr42, αHis45, βSer44, βThr84, and βHis92 were verified in targeted mass spectrometry experiments. Similarly, exposure of human blood to ultraviolet radiation produced 4-hydroxybenzyl adducts at αHis20, αTyr24, αTyr42, αHis45, βSer44, βThr84, and βSer89. Overall, our results reveal that 4-hydroxybenzyl adducts form at multiple nucleophilic sites of hemoglobin and that para-QM is the most likely source of these adducts in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Rajczewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lorena Ndreu
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Suresh S Pujari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy J Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Margareta Å Törnqvist
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamagishi Y, Iwase H, Ogra Y. Post-Mortem Changes of Methomyl in Blood with Hemoglobin. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:161-168. [PMID: 33405899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methomyl, (E,Z)-methyl N-{[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy}ethanimidothioate, is a widely used pesticide that has been detected in many fatal cases of accidental exposure or suicide. Forensic toxicologists have been baffled that the blood methomyl concentration in persons who have died of methomyl poisoning is much lower than the expected concentration in blood. In this study, we speculated two mechanisms underlying the insufficient recovery of methomyl in blood. First, methomyl is decomposed by serum albumin as esterase. Second, methomyl is bound to a specific blood protein, resulting in insufficient recovery in the free form. However, human serum albumin does not show esterase activity for the decomposition of methomyl. On the contrary, specific methomyl hemoglobin adducts have been detected by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS). The mass spectra indicated that methomyl was specifically bound to tryptophan (W), tyrosine (Y), and valine (V) residues in hemoglobin. The amounts of W- and V-adducts dose-dependently increased in vitro when the methomyl concentration was lower than the lethal concentration. In addition, the W-adduct was detected in blood sampled from an autopsied subject who died of intentional methomyl ingestion, suggesting that the W-adduct could be used as a biomarker of methomyl poisoning. We were able to estimate the amount of methomyl ingested on the basis of the amount of the W-adduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shimamura Y, Inagaki R, Honda H, Masuda S. Does External Exposure of Glycidol-Related Chemicals Influence the Forming of the Hemoglobin Adduct, N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine, as a Biomarker of Internal Exposure to Glycidol? TOXICS 2020; 8:E119. [PMID: 33322119 PMCID: PMC7768507 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GE) are constituents of edible oils and fats, and are converted into glycidol, a genotoxic substance, in vivo. N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine (diHOPrVal), a hemoglobin adduct of glycidol, is used as a biomarker of glycidol and GE exposure. However, high background levels of diHOPrVal are not explained by daily dietary exposure to glycidol and GE. In the present study, several glycidol-related chemicals (glycidol, (±)-3-chloro-1,2-propanediol, glycidyl oleate, epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide, 1-bromopropane, allyl alcohol, fructose, and glyceraldehyde) that might be precursors of diHOPrVal, were administered to mice, and diHOPrVal formation from each substance was examined with LC-MS/MS. DiHOPrVal was detected in animals treated with glycidol and glycidyl oleate but not in mice treated with other chemicals (3-MCPD, epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide, 1-bromopropane, allyl alcohol, fructose, and glyceraldehyde). The amount of diHOPrVal per administered dose produced from other chemicals was negligible compared to the amounts associated with dietary glycidol and GE. The present study provides important knowledge for exploring other sources for internal exposure to glycidol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (R.I.)
| | - Ryo Inagaki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (R.I.)
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- KAO Corporation, R&D Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan;
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (R.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Preston GW, Phillips DH. Protein Adductomics: Analytical Developments and Applications in Human Biomonitoring. TOXICS 2019; 7:E29. [PMID: 31130613 PMCID: PMC6631498 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins contain many sites that are subject to modification by electrophiles. Detection and characterisation of these modifications can give insights into environmental agents and endogenous processes that may be contributing factors to chronic human diseases. An untargeted approach, utilising mass spectrometry to detect modified amino acids or peptides, has been applied to blood proteins haemoglobin and albumin, focusing in particular on the N-terminal valine residue of haemoglobin and the cysteine-34 residue in albumin. Technical developments to firstly detect simultaneously multiple adducts at these sites and then subsequently to identify them are reviewed here. Recent studies in which the methods have been applied to biomonitoring human exposure to environmental toxicants are described. With advances in sensitivity, high-throughput handling of samples and robust quality control, these methods have considerable potential for identifying causes of human chronic disease and of identifying individuals at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George W Preston
- Environmental Research Group, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Science, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - David H Phillips
- Environmental Research Group, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Science, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carlsson H, Rappaport SM, Törnqvist M. Protein Adductomics: Methodologies for Untargeted Screening of Adducts to Serum Albumin and Hemoglobin in Human Blood Samples. High Throughput 2019; 8:E6. [PMID: 30857166 PMCID: PMC6473736 DOI: 10.3390/ht8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction products of electrophiles in vivo can be measured as adducts to the abundant proteins, hemoglobin (Hb), and human serum albumin (HSA), in human blood samples. During the last decade, methods for untargeted screening of such adducts, called "adductomics", have used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect large numbers of previously unknown Hb and HSA adducts. This review presents methodologies that were developed and used in our laboratories for Hb and HSA adductomics, respectively. We discuss critical aspects regarding choice of target protein, sample preparation, mass spectrometry, data evaluation, and strategies for identification of detected unknown adducts. With this review we give an overview of these two methodologies used for protein adductomics and the precursor electrophiles that have been elucidated from the adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Carlsson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Stephen M Rappaport
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Margareta Törnqvist
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aasa J, Vryonidis E, Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Törnqvist M. Internal Doses of Glycidol in Children and Estimation of Associated Cancer Risk. TOXICS 2019; 7:E7. [PMID: 30717263 PMCID: PMC6468878 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The general population is exposed to the genotoxic carcinogen glycidol via food containing refined edible oils where glycidol is present in the form of fatty acid esters. In this study, internal (in vivo) doses of glycidol were determined in a cohort of 50 children and in a reference group of 12 adults (non-smokers and smokers). The lifetime in vivo doses and intakes of glycidol were calculated from the levels of the hemoglobin (Hb) adduct N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine in blood samples from the subjects, demonstrating a fivefold variation between the children. The estimated mean intake (1.4 μg/kg/day) was about two times higher, compared to the estimated intake for children by the European Food Safety Authority. The data from adults indicate that the non-smoking and smoking subjects are exposed to about the same or higher levels compared to the children, respectively. The estimated lifetime cancer risk (200/10⁵) was calculated by a multiplicative risk model from the lifetime in vivo doses of glycidol in the children, and exceeds what is considered to be an acceptable cancer risk. The results emphasize the importance to further clarify exposure to glycidol and other possible precursors that could give a contribution to the observed adduct levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Aasa
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Efstathios Vryonidis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Margareta Törnqvist
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ai Y, Obianom ON, Kuser M, Li Y, Shu Y, Xue F. Enhanced Tumor Selectivity of 5-Fluorouracil Using a Reactive Oxygen Species-Activated Prodrug Approach. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:127-131. [PMID: 30655959 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel 5-fluorouracil (5FU) prodrugs 1a,1b that are efficiently activated by the high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells. Prodrugs 1a,1b selectively kill cancer cells over normal cells and are well-tolerated in mice. The strategy described herein can extend application of chemotherapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Obinna N. Obianom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Meredith Kuser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| |
Collapse
|