1
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Hong F, Su X, Fang Y, He X, Shan B. Manipulating Photoconduction in Supramolecular Networks for Solar-Driven Nitrate Conversion to Ammonia and Oxygen. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25200-25210. [PMID: 39222384 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
For photoelectrodes to be used in practical catalytic applications, challenges exist in achieving the efficient production and transport of photogenerated charge-separated states. Analogous concepts in traditional inorganic photoelectrodes can be applied to their organic-polymer counterparts with improved charge-separation efficiencies. In this work, we develop photoconductive organic networks to form a high-performance photoelectrode for NO3- reduction to NH3. In the integrated network, interfaces between the organic electron-donating photoconductor and electron-accepting catalyst can generate charge carriers efficiently upon illumination, leading to enhanced charge separation for photoelectrocatalysis. The photoelectrode network is capable of converting NO3- to NH3 at an external quantum efficiency of 13%. By coupling with a BiVO4 photoanode in tandem, the system reduces NO3- to NH3 and oxidizes H2O to O2 simultaneously at Faradaic efficiencies of 95-98% with sustained photocurrents and production yields. Investigation of the photoconductive network by steady-state/time-resolved spectroscopies reveals the efficient generation and transport of free charge carriers in the photoelectrode, providing a basis for high photoelectrocatalytic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinhao Su
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanjie Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinjia He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
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2
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Wei S, Xia X, Bi S, Hu S, Wu X, Hsu HY, Zou X, Huang K, Zhang DW, Sun Q, Bard AJ, Yu ET, Ji L. Metal-insulator-semiconductor photoelectrodes for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6860-6916. [PMID: 38833171 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00820g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting provides a scalable and integrated platform to harness renewable solar energy for green hydrogen production. The practical implementation of PEC systems hinges on addressing three critical challenges: enhancing energy conversion efficiency, ensuring long-term stability, and achieving economic viability. Metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) heterojunction photoelectrodes have gained significant attention over the last decade for their ability to efficiently segregate photogenerated carriers and mitigate corrosion-induced semiconductor degradation. This review discusses the structural composition and interfacial intricacies of MIS photoelectrodes tailored for PEC water splitting. The application of MIS heterostructures across various semiconductor light-absorbing layers, including traditional photovoltaic-grade semiconductors, metal oxides, and emerging materials, is presented first. Subsequently, this review elucidates the reaction mechanisms and respective merits of vacuum and non-vacuum deposition techniques in the fabrication of the insulator layers. In the context of the metal layers, this review extends beyond the conventional scope, not only by introducing metal-based cocatalysts, but also by exploring the latest advancements in molecular and single-atom catalysts integrated within MIS photoelectrodes. Furthermore, a systematic summary of carrier transfer mechanisms and interface design principles of MIS photoelectrodes is presented, which are pivotal for optimizing energy band alignment and enhancing solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency within the PEC system. Finally, this review explores innovative derivative configurations of MIS photoelectrodes, including back-illuminated MIS photoelectrodes, inverted MIS photoelectrodes, tandem MIS photoelectrodes, and monolithically integrated wireless MIS photoelectrodes. These novel architectures address the limitations of traditional MIS structures by effectively coupling different functional modules, minimizing optical and ohmic losses, and mitigating recombination losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shice Wei
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xuewen Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Shuai Bi
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shen Hu
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xingli Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - David W Zhang
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qinqqing Sun
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Allen J Bard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78713, USA
| | - Edward T Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78758, USA.
| | - Li Ji
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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3
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Burwell T, Thangamuthu M, Aliev GN, Ghaderzadeh S, Kohlrausch EC, Chen Y, Theis W, Norman LT, Fernandes JA, Besley E, Licence P, Khlobystov AN. Direct formation of copper nanoparticles from atoms at graphitic step edges lowers overpotential and improves selectivity of electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Commun Chem 2024; 7:140. [PMID: 38902511 PMCID: PMC11190262 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A key strategy for minimizing our reliance on precious metals is to increase the fraction of surface atoms and improve the metal-support interface. In this work, we employ a solvent/ligand/counterion-free method to deposit copper in the atomic form directly onto a nanotextured surface of graphitized carbon nanofibers (GNFs). Our results demonstrate that under these conditions, copper atoms coalesce into nanoparticles securely anchored to the graphitic step edges, limiting their growth to 2-5 nm. The resultant hybrid Cu/GNF material displays high selectivity in the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) for formate production with a faradaic efficiency of ~94% at -0.38 V vs RHE and a high turnover frequency of 2.78 × 106 h-1. The Cu nanoparticles adhered to the graphitic step edges significantly enhance electron transfer to CO2. Long-term CO2RR tests coupled with atomic-scale elucidation of changes in Cu/GNF reveal nanoparticles coarsening, and a simultaneous increase in the fraction of single Cu atoms. These changes in the catalyst structure make the onset of the CO2 reduction potential more negative, leading to less formate production at -0.38 V vs RHE, correlating with a less efficient competition of CO2 with H2O for adsorption on single Cu atoms on the graphitic surfaces, revealed by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Burwell
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Gazi N Aliev
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Yifan Chen
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Wolfgang Theis
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Luke T Norman
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Pete Licence
- School of Chemistry, Carbon Neutral Laboratory, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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4
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Ranscht A, Rigodanza F, Gobbato T, Crea I, Quadrelli EA, Canivet J, Bonchio M. Combined Covalent and Supramolecular Polymerization to Reinforce Perylenebisimide Photosynthetic "Quantasomes". Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303784. [PMID: 38289975 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
PSII-inspired quantasomes have emerged as promising artificial photosystems evolving oxygen from water due to their integrated multi-chromophore asset, hierarchical architecture, and efficient light-harvesting capabilities. In this study, we adopt a combined covalent and supramolecular strategy by implementing a poly-styrene backbone that reinforces proximity and pairing between adjacent perylenebisimide (PBI) quantasome units. The covalent fixation of the quantasome network results in a significant enhancement of the photoelectrocatalytic performance on engineered IO-ITO photoanodes, with up to 290 % photocurrent increase (J up to 100 μA cm-2, λ >450 nm, applied bias <1.23 V vs RHE, F.E.O2 >80 %) compared to the non-polymerized analog. Moreover, the direct PBI-quantasome polymerization on the photoanode surface was performed by light irradiation of the radical initiator 2,2'-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine), improving the photoelectrode robustness under high solar irradiance (>8 suns) and limiting the photocurrent loss (<20 %) at 1.52 V vs RHE compared to the non-polymerized system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Ranscht
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Francesco Rigodanza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Gobbato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Crea
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Elsje Alessandra Quadrelli
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Jerome Canivet
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium on Materials Science and Technology, INSTM UdR Padova and Institute of Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR UoS Padova, Via Marzolo 1 Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
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5
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Hong YH, Nilajakar M, Lee YM, Nam W, Fukuzumi S. Artificial Photosynthesis for Regioselective Reduction of NAD(P) + to NAD(P)H Using Water as an Electron and Proton Source. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5152-5161. [PMID: 38350862 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
In photosynthesis, four electrons and four protons taken from water in photosystem II (PSII) are used to reduce NAD(P)+ to produce NAD(P)H in photosystem I (PSI), which is the most important reductant to reduce CO2. Despite extensive efforts to mimic photosynthesis, artificial photosynthesis to produce NAD(P)H using water electron and proton sources has yet to be achieved. Herein, we report the photocatalytic reduction of NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H and its analogues in a molecular model of PSI, which is combined with water oxidation in a molecular model of PSII. Photoirradiation of a toluene/trifluoroethanol (TFE)/borate buffer aqueous solution of hydroquinone derivatives (X-QH2), 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion, cobaloxime, and NAD(P)+ (PSI model) resulted in the quantitative and regioselective formation of NAD(P)H and p-benzoquinone derivatives (X-Q). X-Q was reduced to X-QH2, accompanied by the oxidation of water to dioxygen under the photoirradiation of a toluene/TFE/borate buffer aqueous solution of [(N4Py)FeII]2+ (PSII model). The PSI and PSII models were combined using two glass membranes and two liquid membranes to produce NAD(P)H using water as an electron and proton source with the turnover number (TON) of 54. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to achieve the stoichiometry of photosynthesis, photocatalytic reduction of NAD(P)+ by water to produce NAD(P)H and O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Madhuri Nilajakar
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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6
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Zhou J, Cheng H, Cheng J, Wang L, Xu H. The Emergence of High-Performance Conjugated Polymer/Inorganic Semiconductor Hybrid Photoelectrodes for Solar-Driven Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300418. [PMID: 37421184 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) energy conversion holds great potential in converting solar energy into storable and transportable chemicals or fuels, providing a viable route toward a carbon-neutral society. Conjugated polymers are rapidly emerging as a new class of materials for PEC water splitting. They exhibit many intriguing properties including tunable electronic structures through molecular engineering, excellent light harvesting capability with high absorption coefficients, and facile fabrication of large-area thin films via solution processing. Recent advances have indicated that integrating rationally designed conjugated polymers with inorganic semiconductors is a promising strategy for fabricating efficient and stable hybrid photoelectrodes for high-efficiency PEC water splitting. This review introduces the history of developing conjugated polymers for PEC water splitting. Notable examples of utilizing conjugated polymers to broaden the light absorption range, improve stability, and enhance the charge separation efficiency of hybrid photoelectrodes are highlighted. Furthermore, key challenges and future research opportunities for further improvements are also presented. This review provides an up-to-date overview of fabricating stable and high-efficiency PEC devices by integrating conjugated polymers with state-of-the-art semiconductors and would have significant implications for the broad solar-to-chemical energy conversion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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7
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Hu DD, Guo RT, Yan JS, Guo SH, Pan WG. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reducing carbon dioxide (CO 2) to hydrocarbon fuels. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2185-2219. [PMID: 38226715 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05664c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
MOF-based photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) using CO2 as an electron donor offers a green, clean, and extensible way to make hydrocarbon fuels under more tolerant conditions. Herein, basic principles of PEC reduction of CO2 and the preparation methods and characterization techniques of MOF-based materials are summarized. Furthermore, three applications of MOFs for improving the photoelectrocatalytic performance of CO2 reduction are described: (i) as photoelectrode alone; (ii) as a co-catalyst of semiconductor photoelectrode or as a substrate for loading dyes, quantum dots, and other co-catalysts; (iii) as one of the components of heterojunction structure. Challenges and future wave surrounding the development of robust PEC CO2 systems based on MOF materials are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou-Dou Hu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui-Tang Guo
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji-Song Yan
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng-Hui Guo
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Guo Pan
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Hassan AE, Elewa AM, Hussien MSA, El-Mahdy AFM, Mekhemer IMA, Yahia IS, Mohamed TA, Chou HH, Wen Z. Designing of covalent organic framework/2D g-C 3N 4 heterostructure using a simple method for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:1650-1661. [PMID: 37812841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Designing heterostructure photocatalysts is a promising approach for developing highly efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen energy production. In this work, we synthesized a series of a covalent organic framework (COF)/g-C3N4 (CN) heterojunction photocatalysts, denoted as x % COF/CN (in which x indicates the weight % of COF and x = 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 90, 95, 100), for hydrogen production. The COF, which is a key component of the photocatalyst, was prepared by assembling benzothiadiazole (BT) and pyrene (Py) derivatives as building blocks. Integrating COF rods into the two-dimensional (2D) layered g-C3N4 structure significantly improved photocatalytic H2 production. The hybrid system (30 % COF/CN) displayed an outstanding hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 27540 ± 805 μmol g-1h-1, outperforming most known COFs and g-C3N4-based photocatalysts, besides exhibiting stable photocatalytic performance. Moreover, the apparent quantum yield (AQY) was 15.5 ± 0.8 % at 420 nm. Experimental techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the 30 % COF/CN heterostructure has broad visible-light absorption, adequate band energy levels, and the best chemical reactivity descriptors compared to the individual components, resulting in effective carrier separation and excellent performance. Our findings offer a valuable strategy for developing highly efficient and stable heterojunction photocatalysts for visible-light-driven H2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Hassan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Elewa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan; Nuclear Chemistry Department, Hot Laboratories Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt
| | - Mai S A Hussien
- Nanoscience Laboratory for Environmental and Biomedical Applications (NLEBA), Semiconductor Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo 11757, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo 11757, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F M El-Mahdy
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Islam M A Mekhemer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ibrahim S Yahia
- Laboratory of Nano-Smart Materials for Science and Technology (LNSMST), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research (CMBHSR), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tarek A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ho-Hsiu Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan.
| | - Zhenhai Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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9
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Jiang W, Li S, Sui Q, Gao Y, Li F, Xia L, Jiang Y. A Facile Design for Water-Oxidation Molecular Catalysts Precise Assembling on Photoanodes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305919. [PMID: 37984864 PMCID: PMC10787085 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulating the interfacial charge transfer behavior between cocatalysts and semiconductors remains a critical challenge for attaining efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation reactions. Herein, using bismuth vanadate (BiVO4 ) photoanode as a model, it introduces an Au binding bridge as holes transfer channels onto the surfaces of BiVO4 , and the cyano-functionalized cobalt cubane (Co4 O4 ) molecules are preferentially immobilized on the Au bridge due to the strong adsorption of cyano groups with Au nanoparticles. This orchestrated arrangement facilitates the seamless transfer of photogenerated holes from BiVO4 to Co4 O4 molecules, forming an orderly charge transfer pathway connecting the light-absorbing layer to reactive sites. An exciting photocurrent density of 5.06 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (3.4 times that of BiVO4 ) is obtained by the Co4 O4 @Au(A)/BiVO4 photoanode, where the surface charge recombination is almost completely suppressed accompanied by a surface charge transfer efficiency over 95%. This work represents a promising strategy for accelerating interfacial charge transfer and achieving efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
- School of Chemical and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| | - Qi Sui
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| | - Yujie Gao
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Lixin Xia
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
- Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou, Liaoning, 115100, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
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10
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Barrio J, Li J, Shalom M. Carbon Nitrides from Supramolecular Crystals: From Single Atoms to Heterojunctions and Advanced Photoelectrodes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302377. [PMID: 37605638 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitride materials (CN) have become one of the most studied photocatalysts within the last 15 years. While CN absorbs visible light, its low porosity and fast electron-hole recombination hinder its photoelectric performance and have motivated the research in the modification of its physical and chemical properties (such as energy band structure, porosity, or chemical composition) by different means. In this Concept we review the utilization of supramolecular crystals as CN precursors to tailor its properties. We elaborate on the features needed in a supramolecular crystal to serve as CN precursor, we delve on the influence of metal-free crystals in the morphology and porosity of the resulting materials and then discuss the formation of single atoms and heterojunctions when employing a metal-organic crystal. We finally discuss the performance of CN photoanodes derived from crystals and highlight the current standing challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Barrio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, England, UK
| | - Junyi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Menny Shalom
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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11
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Machín A, Cotto M, Ducongé J, Márquez F. Artificial Photosynthesis: Current Advancements and Future Prospects. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:298. [PMID: 37504186 PMCID: PMC10807655 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis is a technology with immense potential that aims to emulate the natural photosynthetic process. The process of natural photosynthesis involves the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, which is stored in organic compounds. Catalysis is an essential aspect of artificial photosynthesis, as it facilitates the reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. In this review, we aim to provide an extensive overview of recent developments in the field of artificial photosynthesis by catalysis. We will discuss the various catalyst types used in artificial photosynthesis, including homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts, and biocatalysts. Additionally, we will explore the different strategies employed to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of catalytic reactions, such as the utilization of nanomaterials, photoelectrochemical cells, and molecular engineering. Lastly, we will examine the challenges and opportunities of this technology as well as its potential applications in areas such as renewable energy, carbon capture and utilization, and sustainable agriculture. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of state-of-the-art methods in artificial photosynthesis by catalysis, as well as to identify key research directions for future advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abniel Machín
- Divisionof Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Cupey Campus, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
| | - María Cotto
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA; (M.C.); (J.D.)
| | - José Ducongé
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA; (M.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Francisco Márquez
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA; (M.C.); (J.D.)
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12
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Thangamuthu M, Vankayala K, Xiong L, Conroy S, Zhang X, Tang J. Tungsten Oxide-Based Z-Scheme for Visible Light-Driven Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting. ACS Catal 2023; 13:9113-9124. [PMID: 37441235 PMCID: PMC10334426 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The stoichiometric water splitting using a solar-driven Z-scheme approach is an emerging field of interest to address the increasing renewable energy demand and environmental concerns. So far, the reported Z-scheme must comprise two populations of photocatalysts. In the present work, only tungsten oxides are used to construct a robust Z-scheme system for complete visible-driven water splitting in both neutral and alkaline solutions, where sodium tungsten oxide bronze (Na0.56WO3-x) is used as a H2 evolution photocatalyst and two-dimensional (2D) tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanosheets as an O2 evolution photocatalyst. This system efficiently produces H2 (14 μmol h-1) and O2 (6.9 μmol h-1) at an ideal molar ratio of 2:1 in an aqueous solution driven by light, resulting in a remarkably high apparent quantum yield of 6.06% at 420 nm under neutral conditions. This exceptional selective H2 and O2 production is due to the preferential adsorption of iodide (I-) on Na0.56WO3-x and iodate (IO3-) on WO3, which is evidenced by both experiments and density functional theory calculation. The present liquid Z-scheme in the presence of efficient shuttle molecules promises a separated H2 and O2 evolution by applying a dual-bed particle suspension system, thus a safe photochemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Kiran Vankayala
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Lunqiao Xiong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Stuart Conroy
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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13
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Ou M, Geng M, Fang X, Shao W, Bai F, Wan S, Ye C, Wu Y, Chen Y. Tailored BiVO 4 Photoanode Hydrophobic Microenvironment Enables Water Oxidative H 2 O 2 Accumulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300169. [PMID: 36999833 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Direct photoelectrochemical 2-electron water oxidation to renewable H2 O2 production on an anode increases the value of solar water splitting. BiVO4 has a theoretical thermodynamic activity trend toward highly selective water oxidation H2 O2 formation, but the challenges of competing 4-electron O2 evolution and H2 O2 decomposition reaction need to overcome. The influence of surface microenvironment has never been considered as a possible activity loss factor in the BiVO4 -based system. Herein, it is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that the situ confined O2 , where coating BiVO4 with hydrophobic polymers, can regulate the thermodynamic activity aiming for water oxidation H2 O2 . Also, the hydrophobicity is responsible for the H2 O2 production and decomposition process kinetically. Therefore, after the addition of hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene on BiVO4 surface, it achieves an average Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 81.6% in a wide applied bias region (0.6-2.1 V vs RHE) with the best FE of 85%, which is 4-time higher than BiVO4 photoanode. The accumulated H2 O2 concentration can reach 150 µm at 1.23 V versus RHE under AM 1.5 illumination in 2 h. This concept of modifying the catalyst surface microenvironment via stable polymers provides a new approach to tune the multiple-electrons competitive reactions in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ou
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Mei Geng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiangle Fang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wenfan Shao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Fenghong Bai
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Shipeng Wan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120749, Republic of Korea
| | - Caichao Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
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14
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Shao D, Zhao X, Chen T, Lin M, Wang H, Li L. The Photocharging Effect and Part Electronic Structure Changes of Organic Semiconductors in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Catal Letters 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-023-04318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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15
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Ruan Q, Xi X, Yan B, Kong L, Jiang C, Tang J, Sun Z. Stored photoelectrons in a faradaic junction for decoupled solar hydrogen production in the dark. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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16
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Caretti M, Mensi E, Kessler RA, Lazouni L, Goldman B, Carbone L, Nussbaum S, Wells RA, Johnson H, Rideau E, Yum JH, Sivula K. Transparent Porous Conductive Substrates for Gas-Phase Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208740. [PMID: 36442051 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gas diffusion electrodes are essential components of common fuel and electrolysis cells but are typically made from graphitic carbon or metallic materials, which do not allow light transmittance and thus limit the development of gas-phase based photoelectrochemical devices. Herein, the simple and scalable preparation of F-doped SnO2 (FTO) coated SiO2 interconnected fiber felt substrates is reported. Using 2-5 µm diameter fibers at a loading of 4 mg cm-2 , the resulting substrates have porosity of 90%, roughness factor of 15.8, and Young's Modulus of 0.2 GPa. A 100 nm conformal coating of FTO via atmospheric chemical vapor deposition gives sheet resistivity of 20 ± 3 Ω sq-1 and loss of incident light of 41% at illumination wavelength of 550 nm. The coating of various semiconductors on the substrates is established including Fe2 O3 (chemical bath deposition), CuSCN and Cu2 O (electrodeposition), and conjugated polymers (dip coating), and liquid-phase photoelectrochemical performance commensurate with flat FTO substrates is confirmed. Finally, gas phase H2 production is demonstrated with a polymer semiconductor photocathode membrane assembly at 1-Sun photocurrent density on the order of 1 mA cm-2 and Faradaic efficiency of 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Caretti
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Elizaveta Mensi
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Raluca-Ana Kessler
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Linda Lazouni
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Goldman
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Loï Carbone
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Simon Nussbaum
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Rebekah A Wells
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
- Advanced Materials Engineering, Toyota Motor Europe, Zaventem, B-1930, Belgium
| | - Emeline Rideau
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jun-Ho Yum
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausann, 1015, Switzerland
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17
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Chen JH, Wang CS, Li Z, Hu J, Yu SY, Xu YT, Lin P, Zhao WW. Dual Functional Conjugated Acetylenic Polymers: High-Efficacy Modulation for Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistors and Structural Evolution for Bioelectronic Detection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4243-4250. [PMID: 36799075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated acetylenic polymers (CAPs) have emerged as a unique class of metal-free semiconductors with tunable electrical and optical properties yet their full potential remains largely unexplored. Organic bioelectronics is envisioned to create more opportunities for innovative biomedical applications. Herein, we report a poly(1,4-diethynylbenzene) (pDEB)/NiO gated enhancement-mode poly(ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) and its structural evolution toward bioelectronic detection. pDEB was synthesized via copper-mediated Glaser polycondensation of DEB monomers on the NiO/FTO substrate, and the as-synthesized pDEB/NiO/FTO can efficiently modulate the enhancement-mode device with a high current gain. Linking with a sandwich immunoassay, the labeled alkaline phosphatase can catalyze sodium thiophosphate to generate H2S, which will react with the diacetylene group in pDEB through the Michael addition reaction, resulting in an altered molecular structure and thus the transistor response. Exemplified by HIgG as the model target, the developed biosensor achieves highly sensitive detection with a linear range of 70 fg mL-1-10 ng mL-1 and a low detection limit of 28.5 fg mL-1. This work features the dual functional CAP-gated OPECT, providing not only a novel gating module but also a structurally new rationale for bioelectronic detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng-Shuang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Si-Yuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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18
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Badiei YM, Annon O, Maldonado C, Delgado E, Nguyen C, Rivera C, Li C, Ortega AF. Single‐Site Molecular Ruthenium(II) Water‐Oxidation Catalysts Grafted into a Polymer‐Modified Surface for Improved Stability and Efficiency. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202300028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosra M. Badiei
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Oshane Annon
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Christina Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Emily Delgado
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Caroline Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Christina Rivera
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Clive Li
- Department of STEM Hudson County Community College 07306 Jersey City NJ USA
| | - Abril Flores Ortega
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
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19
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Zhao D, Wang Y, Dong CL, Meng F, Huang YC, Zhang Q, Gu L, Liu L, Shen S. Electron-Deficient Zn-N 6 Configuration Enabling Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Visible-Light Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:223. [PMID: 36374377 PMCID: PMC9663795 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite of suitable band structures for harvesting solar light and driving water redox reactions, polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has suffered from poor charge transfer ability and sluggish surface reaction kinetics, which limit its photocatalytic activity for water splitting. Herein, atomically dispersed Zn-coordinated three-dimensional (3D) sponge-like PCN (Zn-PCN) is synthesized through a novel intermediate coordination strategy. Advanced characterizations and theoretical calculations well evidence that Zn single atoms are coordinated and stabilized on PCN in the form of Zn-N6 configuration featured with an electron-deficient state. Such an electronic configuration has been demonstrated contributive to promoted electron excitation, accelerated charge separation and transfer as well as reduced water redox barriers. Further benefited from the abundant surface active sites derived from the 3D porous structure, Zn-PCN realizes visible-light photocatalysis for overall water splitting with H2 and O2 simultaneously evolved at a stoichiometric ratio of 2:1. This work brings new insights into the design of novel single-atom photocatalysts by deepening the understanding of electronic configurations and reactive sites favorable to excellent photocatalysis for water splitting and related solar energy conversion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Zhao
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chung-Li Dong
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cheng Huang
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Liu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Shen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China.
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