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Zhang J, Peng J, Song A, Du Z, Guo J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wu L, Wang T, Song K, Guo S, Collins D, Mao H. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential from Vehicular Non-tailpipe Emissions under Real-World Driving Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5419-5429. [PMID: 38390902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Traffic emissions are a dominant source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in urban environments. Though tailpipe exhaust has drawn extensive attention, the impact of non-tailpipe emissions on atmospheric SOA has not been well studied. Here, a closure study was performed combining urban tunnel experiments and dynamometer tests using an oxidation flow reactor in situ photo-oxidation. Results show a significant gap between field and laboratory research; the average SOA formation potential from real-world fleet is 639 ± 156 mg kg fuel-1, higher than the reconstructed result (188 mg kg fuel-1) based on dynamometer tests coupled with fleet composition inside the tunnel. Considering the minimal variation of SOA/CO in emission standards, we also reconstruct CO and find the critical role of high-emitting events in the real-world SOA burden. Different profiles of organic gases are detected inside the tunnel than tailpipe exhaust, such as more abundant C6-C9 aromatics, C11-C16 species, and benzothiazoles, denoting contributions from non-tailpipe emissions to SOA formation. Using these surrogate chemical compounds, we roughly estimate that high-emitting, evaporative emission, and asphalt-related and tire sublimation share 14, 20, and 10% of the SOA budget, respectively, partially explaining the gap between field and laboratory research. These experimental results highlight the importance of non-tailpipe emissions to atmospheric SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ainan Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuofei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China
| | - Jiliang Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yicheng Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Kai Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Don Collins
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Liang C, Feng B, Wang S, Zhao B, Xie J, Huang G, Zhu L, Hao J. Differentiated emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation potential of organic vapor from industrial coatings in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133668. [PMID: 38309167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Organic vapors emitted during solvent use are important precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Industrial coatings are a major class of solvents that emit volatile and intermediate volatile organic compounds (VOCs and IVOCs, respectively). However, the emission factors and source profiles of VOCs and IVOCs from industrial coatings remain unclear. In this study, representative solvent- and water-based industrial paints were evaporated, sampled and tested using online and offline instruments. The VOC and IVOC emission factors for solvent-based paints are 129-254 and 25-80 g/kg, while for water-based paint are 13 and 32 g/kg, respectively. In solvent-based paints, the VOCs are mainly aromatics, while the IVOCs are composed of long-chain alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls and halocarbons. The VOCs and IVOCs in water-based paint are mostly oxygenates, such as ethanol, acetone, ethylene glycol, and Texanol. During the evaporation of solvent-based paints, the fraction of IVOCs increases along with those of alkenes and aldehydes, while the proportion of aromatics decreases. For water-based paint, the fraction of IVOCs slightly decreases with evaporation. The SOA formation potentials of solvent-based paints are 8.6-28.0 g/kg, much higher than that of water-based paint (0.65 g/kg); thus, substituting solvent-based paints with water-based paints may significantly decrease SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrui Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boyang Feng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinzi Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghan Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- TOFWERK China, No. 320, Pubin Road, Pukou, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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Liang X, Chen L, Liu M, Lu H, Lu Q, Gao B, Zhao W, Sun X, Ye D. Improved emission factors and speciation to characterize VOC emissions in the printing industry in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161295. [PMID: 36592911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Printing industry is one of the most important sources of industrial volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in China, and is thus a key industrial sector in terms of VOC control. However, process-based VOC emission and speciation from the printing industry have not been well identified, mainly owing to the poor emission factors (EFs) and diversity of source profiles. In this study, we systematically characterized process-based VOC emissions from the printing industry for the period of 2010-2019, through the establishment of improved emission factors and composite source profiles. VOC emissions from the printing industry were found to continuously increase from 2010 to 2018, reaching their maximum in 2018 at 939.8 Gg, but started to decrease afterwards. The substantial growth is driven by the large demand for ink and adhesive and the absence of effective control measures in the printing industry. The total VOC emissions and ozone formation potential (OFP) in China in 2019 were 916.1 Gg and 1834.5 Gg, respectively. Gravure printing and the compound process were the processes that contributed the most to both emissions and OFP. Rapidly developing provinces such as Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang were the largest contributors to emissions. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) accounted for most of the VOC emissions, followed by alkanes and aromatics, while aromatics were the dominant groups for total OFP, followed by alkenes/alkynes and OVOCs. Ethyl acetate, toluene, isopropanol, isopentane, and n-pentane were the top five VOC species in terms of emissions, while toluene, ethyl acetate, 1,3-butadiene, isopentane, and 1-butene were the top five species in terms of OFP. Scientific and precise control policy were proposed, involving four aspects: environmental access, emission standards, classification and management, and research on source substitution. We believe our study will provide an important reference for the systematic characterization and control policy of VOC emissions from other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Laiguo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Haitao Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xibo Sun
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Daiqi Ye
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Aragón H, Mata-Segreda JF. Evaporation Kinetics of Liquid Mixtures and Safe Handling. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.2c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Aragón
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Julio F. Mata-Segreda
- Biomass Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro 11501-2060, Costa Rica
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