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Ofodile J, Alves MR, Liang Y, Franklin EB, Lunderberg DM, Ivey CE, Singer BC, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Characterizing PM 2.5 Emissions and Temporal Evolution of Organic Composition from Incense Burning in a California Residence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5047-5057. [PMID: 38437595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The chemical composition of incense-generated organic aerosol in residential indoor air has received limited attention in Western literature. In this study, we conducted incense burning experiments in a single-family California residence during vacancy. We report the chemical composition of organic fine particulate matter (PM2.5), associated emission factors (EFs), and gas-particle phase partitioning for indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Speciated organic PM2.5 measurements were made using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HR-ToF-MS) and semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (SV-TAG). Organic PM2.5 EFs ranged from 7 to 31 mg g-1 for burned incense and were largely comprised of polar and oxygenated species, with high abundance of biomass-burning tracers such as levoglucosan. Differences in PM2.5 EFs and chemical profiles were observed in relation to the type of incense burned. Nine indoor SVOCs considered to originate from sources other than incense combustion were enhanced during incense events. Time-resolved concentrations of these SVOCs correlated well with PM2.5 mass (R2 > 0.75), suggesting that low-volatility SVOCs such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate partitioned to incense-generated PM2.5. Both direct emissions and enhanced partitioning of low-volatility indoor SVOCs to incense-generated PM2.5 can influence inhalation exposures during and after indoor incense use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ofodile
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yutong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M Lunderberg
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cesunica E Ivey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett C Singer
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Han X, Li W, Zhao Y, Zhuang Y, Jia Q, Guan H, Liu J, Wu C. Organophosphate Esters in Building Materials from China: Levels, Sources, Emissions, and Preliminary Assessment of Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2434-2445. [PMID: 38265760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Source characteristics and health risks of indoor organophosphate esters (OPEs) are limited by the lack of knowledge on emission processes. This study attempted to integrate the contents and emissions of OPEs from indoor building materials to assess human health effects. Thirteen OPEs were investigated in 80 pieces of six categories of building materials. OPEs are ubiquitous in the building materials and ∑13OPE contents varied significantly (p < 0.05) from 72.8 ng/g (seam agent) to 109,900 ng/g (wallpaper). Emission characteristics of OPEs from the building materials were examined based on a microchamber method. Depending on the sample category, the observed initial area-specific emission rates of ∑13OPEs varied from 154 ng/m2/h (carpet) to 2760 ng/m2/h (wooden floorboard). Moreover, the emission rate model was developed to predict the release levels of individual OPEs, quantify source contributions, and assess associated exposure risks. Source apportionments of indoor OPEs exhibited heterogeneities in multiple environmental media. The joint OPE contribution of wallpaper and wooden floorboard to indoor dust was up to 94.8%, while latex paint and wooden floorboard were the main OPE contributors to indoor air (54.2%) and surface (76.1%), respectively. Risk assessment showed that the carcinogenic risks of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (3.35 × 10-7) were close to the acceptable level (1 × 10-6) and deserved special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Jia
- China Testing & Certification International Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China
| | - Hongyan Guan
- China Testing & Certification International Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Chuandong Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Guo Z, Chen X, Wu D, Huo Y, Cheng A, Liu Y, Li Q, Chen J. Higher Toxicity of Gaseous Organics Relative to Particulate Matters Emitted from Typical Cooking Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17022-17031. [PMID: 37874853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Cooking emission is known to be a significant anthropogenic source of air pollution in urban areas, but its toxicities are still unclear. This study addressed the toxicities of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and gaseous organics by combining chemical fingerprinting analysis with cellular assessments. The cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species activity of gaseous organics were ∼1.9 and ∼8.3 times higher than those of PM2.5, respectively. Moreover, these values of per unit mass PM2.5 were ∼7.1 and ∼15.7 times higher than those collected from ambient air in Shanghai. The total oleic acid equivalent quantities for carcinogenic and toxic respiratory effects of gaseous organics, as estimated using predictive models based on quantitative structure-property relationships, were 1686 ± 803 and 430 ± 176 μg/mg PM2.5, respectively. Both predicted toxicities were higher than those of particulate organics, consistent with cellular assessment. These health risks are primarily attributed to the high relative content and toxic equivalency factor of the organic compounds present in the gas phase, including 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and 2-phenoxyethoxybenzene. Furthermore, these compounds and fatty acids were identified as prominent chemical markers of cooking-related emissions. The obtained results highlight the importance of control measures for cooking-emitted gaseous organics to reduce the personal exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaoqiang Huo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Resources and Environmental engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Anyuan Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 20 Cuiniao Road, Chenjia Town, Chongming District, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 20 Cuiniao Road, Chenjia Town, Chongming District, Shanghai 202162, China
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Song K, Yang X, Wang Y, Wan Z, Wang J, Wen Y, Jiang H, Li A, Zhang J, Lu S, Fan B, Guo S, Ding Y. Addressing new chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in an indoor office. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108259. [PMID: 37839268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Indoor pollutants change over time and place. Exposure to hazardous organics is associated with adverse health effects. This work sampled gaseous organics by Tenax TA tubes in two indoor rooms, i.e., an office set as samples, and the room of chassis dynamometer (RCD) set as backgrounds. Compounds are analyzed by a thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometer (TD-GC × GC-qMS). Four new chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) are screened in 469 organics quantified. We proposed a three-step pipeline for CECs screening utilizing GC × GC including 1) non-target scanning of organics with convincing molecular structures and quantification results, 2) statistical analysis between samples and backgrounds to extract useful information, and 3) pixel-based property estimation to evaluate the contamination potential of addressed chemicals. New CECs spotted in this work are all intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), containing mintketone, isolongifolene, β-funebrene, and (5α)-androstane. Mintketone and sesquiterpenes may be derived from the use of volatile chemical products (VCPs), while (5α)-androstane is probably human-emitted. The occurrence and contamination potential of the addressed new CECs are reported for the first time. Non-target scanning and the measurement of IVOCs are of vital importance to get a full glimpse of indoor organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunjing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zichao Wan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junfang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yi Wen
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Han Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ang Li
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | | | - Sihua Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Baoming Fan
- TECHSHIP (Beijing) Technology Co., LTD, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yan Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Lakey PSJ, Cummings BE, Waring MS, Morrison GC, Shiraiwa M. Effective mass accommodation for partitioning of organic compounds into surface films with different viscosities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1464-1478. [PMID: 37560969 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor surfaces can act as reservoirs and reaction media influencing the concentrations and type of species that people are exposed to indoors. Mass accommodation and partitioning are impacted by the phase state and viscosity of indoor surface films. We developed the kinetic multi-layer model KM-FILM to simulate organic film formation and growth, but it is computationally expensive to couple such comprehensive models with indoor air box models. Recently, a novel effective mass accommodation coefficient (αeff) was introduced for efficient and effective treatments of gas-particle partitioning. In this study, we extended this approach to a film geometry with αeff as a function of penetration depth into the film, partitioning coefficient, bulk diffusivity, and condensed-phase reaction rate constant. Comparisons between KM-FILM and the αeff method show excellent agreement under most conditions, but with deviations before the establishment of quasi-equilibrium within the penetration depth. We found that the deposition velocity of species and overall film growth are impacted by bulk diffusivity in highly viscous films (Db ∼<10-15 cm2 s-1). Reactions that lead to non-volatile products can increase film thicknesses significantly, with the extent of film growth being dependent on the gas-phase concentration, rate coefficient, partitioning coefficient and diffusivity. Amorphous semisolid films with Db > ∼10-17-10-19 cm2 s-1 can be efficient SVOC reservoirs for compounds with higher partitioning coefficients as they can be released back to the gas phase over extended periods of time, while glassy solid films would not be able to act as reservoirs as gas-film partitioning is impeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Bryan E Cummings
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, PA 19104, USA
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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