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Wei X, Shi X, Yang M, Tan Q, Xu Z, Ma B, Pan D, Wu W. Phosphate and illite colloid pose a synergistic risk of enhanced uranium transport in groundwater: A challenge for phosphate immobilization remediation of uranium contaminated environmental water. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121514. [PMID: 38554633 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The phosphorus-containing reagents have been proposed to remediate the uranium contaminated sites due to the formation of insoluble uranyl phosphate mineralization products. However, the colloids, including both pseudo and intrinsic uranium colloids, could disturb the environmental fate of uranium due to its nonnegligible mobility. In this work, the transport pattern and micro-mechanism of uranium coupled to phosphate and illite colloid (IC) were investigated by combining column experiments and micro-spectroscopic evidences. Results showed that uranium transport was facilitated in granular media by forming the intrinsic uranyl phosphate colloid (such as Na-autunite) when the pH > 3.5 and CNa+ < 10 mM. Meanwhile, the mobility of uranium depended greatly on the typical water chemistry parameters governing the aggregation and deposit of intrinsic uranium colloids. However, the attachment of phosphate on illite granule increased the repulsive force and enhanced the dispersion stability of IC in the IC-U(VI)-phosphate ternary system. The non-preequilibrium transport and retention profiles, HRTEM-mapping, as well as TRLFS spectra revealed that the IC enhanced uranium mobility by forming the ternary IC-uranyl phosphate hybrid, and acted as the coagulation preventing agent for uranyl phosphate particles. This observed facilitation of uranium transport resulted from the formation of intrinsic uranyl phosphate colloids and IC-uranyl phosphate hybrids should be taken into consideration when evaluating the potential risk of uranium migration and optimizing the in-situ mineralization remediation strategy for uranium contaminated environmental water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wei
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Laboratory for Waste Management, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Xinyi Shi
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Meilin Yang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi Tan
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Laboratory for Waste Management, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Duoqiang Pan
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wangsuo Wu
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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2
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Meza I, Hua H, Gagnon K, Mulchandani A, Gonzalez-Estrella J, Burns PC, Ali AMS, Spilde M, Peterson E, Lichtner P, Cerrato JM. Removal of Aqueous Uranyl and Arsenate Mixtures after Reaction with Limestone, PO 43-, and Ca 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20881-20892. [PMID: 38019567 PMCID: PMC10739782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of uranyl and arsenate in contaminated water caused by natural processes and mining is a concern for impacted communities, including in Native American lands in the U.S. Southwest. We investigated the simultaneous removal of aqueous uranyl and arsenate after the reaction with limestone and precipitated hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2). In benchtop experiments with an initial pH of 3.0 and initial concentrations of 1 mM U and As, uranyl and arsenate coprecipitated in the presence of 1 g L-1 limestone. However, related experiments initiated under circumneutral pH conditions showed that uranyl and arsenate remained soluble. Upon addition of 1 mM PO43- and 3 mM Ca2+ in solution (initial concentration of 0.05 mM U and As) resulted in the rapid removal of over 97% of U via Ca-U-P precipitation. In experiments with 2 mM PO43- and 10 mM Ca2+ at pH rising from 7.0 to 11.0, aqueous concentrations of As decreased (between 30 and 98%) circa pH 9. HAp precipitation in solids was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray. Electron microprobe analysis indicated U was coprecipitated with Ca and P, while As was mainly immobilized through HAp adsorption. The results indicate that natural materials, such as HAp and limestone, can effectively remove uranyl and arsenate mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Meza
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Center for Water and the Environment, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Han Hua
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Center for Water and the Environment, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Kaelin Gagnon
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Center for Water and the Environment, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Anjali Mulchandani
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Center for Water and the Environment, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Jorge Gonzalez-Estrella
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Peter C Burns
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Abdul-Mehdi S Ali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Michael Spilde
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Eric Peterson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Center for Water and the Environment, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - José M Cerrato
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Center for Water and the Environment, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- UNM Metals Exposure and Toxicity Assessment on Tribal Lands in the Southwest (UNM METALS) Superfund Research Program Center, Albuquerque,New Mexico 87131, United States
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Xin J, Hong C, Wei J, Qie J, Wang H, Lei B, Li X, Cai Z, Kang Q, Zeng Z, Liu Y. A comprehensive review of radioactive pollution treatment of uranium mill tailings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:102104-102128. [PMID: 37684506 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural uranium is a crucial resource for clean nuclear energy, which has brought significant economic and social benefits to humanity. However, the development and utilization of uranium resources have also resulted in the accumulation of vast amounts of uranium mill tailings (UMTs), which pose a potential threat to human health and the ecological environment. This paper reviews the research progress on UMTs treatment technologies, including cover disposal, solidification disposal, backfilling disposal, and bioremediation methods. It is found that cover disposal is a versatile method for the long-term management of UMTs, the engineering performance and durability of the cover system can be improved by choosing suitable stabilizers for the cover layer. Solidification disposal can convert UMTs into solid waste for permanent disposal, but it produces a large amount of waste and requires high operating costs; it is necessary to explore the effectiveness and efficiency of solidification disposal for UMTs, while minimizing the bad environmental impact. Backfilling disposal realizes the resource utilization of solid waste, but the high radon exhalation rate caused by the UMTs backfilling also needs to be considered. Bioremediation methods have low investment costs and are less likely to cause secondary pollution, but the remediation efficiency is low, it can be combined with other treatment technologies to remedy the defects of a single remediation method. The article concludes with key issues and corresponding suggestions for the current UMTs treatment methods, which can provide theoretical guidance and reference for further development and application of radioactive pollution treatment of UMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Xin
- School of Resources, Environmental and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Changshou Hong
- School of Resources, Environmental and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- School of Resources, Environmental and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jingwen Qie
- School of Resources, Environmental and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Resources, Environmental and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Bo Lei
- School of Resources, Environmental and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- School of Resources, Environmental and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ziqi Cai
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Qian Kang
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- Department of Radiological Medicine and Environmental Medicine, China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, China
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Sirven JB, Szenknect S, Vors E, Anzalone E, Benarib S, Sarr PM, Reiller PE, Mesbah A, Dacheux N, Vercouter T, Descostes M. Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometrics for fast identification of U(VI)-bearing minerals in a mining context. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 296:122671. [PMID: 37031480 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the potential of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) combined with chemometric methods for fast identification of U(VI)-bearing minerals in a mining context. We analyzed a sample set which was representative of several environmental conditions. The set consisted of 80 uranium-bearing samples related to mining operations, including natural minerals, minerals with uranium sorbed on the surface, and synthetic phases prepared and characterized specifically for this study. The TRLF spectra were processed using the Ward algorithm and the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) method to reveal similarities between samples and to rapidly identify the uranium-bearing phase and the associated mineralogical family. The predictive models were validated on an independent dataset, and then applied to test samples mostly taken from U mill tailings. Identification results were found to be in accordance with the available characterization data from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX). This work shows that TRLFS can be an effective decision-making tool for environmental investigations or geological prospection, considering the large diversity of uranium-bearing mineral phases and their low concentration in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Sirven
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Stéphanie Szenknect
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Evelyne Vors
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eddie Anzalone
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Sofian Benarib
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Papa-Masserigne Sarr
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascal E Reiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Adel Mesbah
- IRCELYON, CNRS - UCBL, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Dacheux
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Thomas Vercouter
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michaël Descostes
- ORANO Mining, Environmental R&D Dpt, 125 avenue de Paris, 92320 Chatillon, France; Centre de Géosciences, MINES Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Shaikh N, Qian J, Kim S, Phan H, Lezama-Pacheco JS, Ali AMS, Cwiertny DM, Forbes TZ, Haes AJ, Cerrato JM. U(VI) binding onto electrospun polymers functionalized with phosphonate surfactants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 10:108448. [PMID: 36060014 PMCID: PMC9435318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.108448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We previously observed that phosphonate functionalized electrospun nanofibers can uptake U(VI), making them promising materials for sensing and water treatment applications. Here, we investigate the optimal fabrication of these materials and their mechanism of U(VI) binding under the influence of environmentally relevant ions (e.g., Ca2+ and CO 3 2 - ). We found that U(VI) uptake was greatest on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) functionalized with longer-chain phosphonate surfactants (e.g., hexa- and octadecyl phosphonate; HDPA and ODPA, respectively), which were better retained in the nanofiber after surface segregation. Subsequent uptake experiments to better understand specific solid-liquid interfacial interactions were carried out using 5 mg of HDPA-functionalized PAN mats with 10 μM U at pH 6.8 in four systems with different combinations of solutions containing 5 mM calcium (Ca2+) and 5 mM bicarbonate ( HCO 3 - ). U uptake was similar in control solutions containing no Ca2+ and HCO 3 - (resulting in 19 ± 3% U uptake), and in those containing only 5 mM Ca2+ (resulting in 20 ± 3% U uptake). A decrease in U uptake (10 ± 4% U uptake) was observed in experiments with HCO 3 - , indicating that UO2-CO3 complexes may increase uranium solubility. Results from shell-by-shell EXAFS fitting, aqueous extractions, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) indicate that U is bound to phosphonate as a monodentate inner sphere surface complex to one of the hydroxyls in the phosphonate functional groups. New knowledge derived from this study on material fabrication and solid-liquid interfacial interactions will help to advance technologies for use in the in-situ detection and treatment of U in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Shaikh
- Department of Civil, Construction, & Environmental Engineering, University of New Mexico, MSC01 1070, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jiajie Qian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA52242, USA
| | - Sewoon Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA52242, USA
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Juan S. Lezama-Pacheco
- Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abdul-Mehdi S. Ali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2040, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - David M. Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA52242, USA
| | - Tori Z. Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Amanda J. Haes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - José M. Cerrato
- Department of Civil, Construction, & Environmental Engineering, University of New Mexico, MSC01 1070, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Perdrial N, Vázquez-Ortega A, Reinoso-Maset E, O'Day PA, Chorover J. Effects of flow on uranium speciation in soils impacted by acidic waste fluids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 251-252:106955. [PMID: 35772319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Radioactive acidic liquid waste is a common byproduct of uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) enrichment and recycling processes whose accidental and planned release has led to a significant input of U into soils and sediments across the world, including at the U.S. DOE's Hanford site (WA, USA). Because of the particularly hazardous nature of U, it is important to predict its speciation when introduced into soils and sediments by acidic waste fluids. Of fundamental importance are the coupled effects of acid-driven mineral transformation and reactive transport on U speciation. To evaluate the effect of waste-fluid residence time and co-associated dissolved phosphate concentrations on U speciation in impacted soils and sediments, uncontaminated surface materials (from the Hanford Site) were reacted with U-containing synthetic acidic waste fluids (pH 2) amended with dissolved phosphate concentrations in both batch (no flow) and flow-through column systems for 7-365 days. By comparing dissolved U behavior and solid phase speciation as a function of flow regimen, we found that the availability of proton-promoted dissolution products (such as Si) to sequester U into uranyl silicates was dependent on waste fluid-sediment contact time as uranyl silicates were not detected in short contact time flow-through systems but were detected in no-flow, long contact time, reactors. Moreover, the dominance of uranyl phosphate as neoprecipitate U scavenger (principally in the form of meta-ankoleite) in phosphate amended systems confirmed the importance of phosphate amendments for an efficient sequestration of U in the soils and sediments. Overall, our experiments suggest that the formation of uranyl silicates in soils impacted by acidic waste fluids is likely to be limited unless reaction products are allowed to accumulate in soil pores, highlighting the importance of investigating soil U speciation in flow-through, transport-driven systems as opposed to no-flow, batch systems. This study provides insights into uranium speciation and its potential changes under acidic conditions for better prediction of risks and subsequent development of efficient remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Perdrial
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Department of Geography & Geosciences, University of Vermont, 180 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
| | - Angélica Vázquez-Ortega
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Estela Reinoso-Maset
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity CoE, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Peggy A O'Day
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA; Life and Environmental Sciences Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of California - Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Zhao J, Mowla M, Pan Z, Bao D, Giammar DE, Hu Y, Louie SM. Lead phosphate deposition in porous media and implications for lead remediation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 214:118200. [PMID: 35228037 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate addition is commonly applied as an effective method to remediate lead contaminated sites via formation of low solubility lead phosphate solids. However, subsequent transport of the lead phosphate particles may impact the effectiveness of this remediation strategy. Hence, this study investigates the mechanisms involved in the aggregation of lead phosphate particles and their deposition in sand columns as a function of typical water chemistry parameters. Clean bed filtration theory was evaluated to predict the particle deposition behavior, using Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory to estimate particle-substrate interactions. The observed particle deposition was not predictable from the primary energy barrier in clean bed filtration models, even in simple monovalent background electrolyte (NaNO3), because weak deposition in a secondary energy minimum prevailed even at low ionic strength, and ripening occurred at ionic strengths of 12.5 mM or higher. For aged (aggregated) suspensions, straining also occurred at 12.5 mM or higher. Aggregation and deposition were further enhanced at low total P/Pb ratios (i.e., P/Pb = 1) and in the presence of divalent cations, such as Ca2+ (≥ 0.2 mM), which resulted in less negative particle surface potentials and weaker electrostatic repulsion forces. However, the presence of 5 mg C/L of humic acid induced strong steric or electrosteric repulsion, which hindered particle aggregation and deposition even in the presence of Ca2+. This study demonstrates the importance of myriad mechanisms in lead phosphate deposition and provides useful information for controlling water chemistry in phosphate applications for lead remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Zhao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Marfua Mowla
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Zezhen Pan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Daniel Bao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Daniel E Giammar
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Yandi Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Stacey M Louie
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States.
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Payne TE, Waite TD. Uranium adsorption – a review of progress from qualitative understanding to advanced model development. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Surface adsorption has a major influence on the environmental mobility of radionuclides, including uranium. Six decades ago, the description of the sorption process relied predominantly on simple descriptive parameters of solid–liquid partitioning (such as Kd values). There have since been numerous systematic investigations of the processes controlling U adsorption, including the affinity of U for different types of geologic materials, the influence of factors such as pH, the effects of complexing ligands, and the role of microorganisms. Mathematical descriptions of sorption processes have adopted various models – including sorption isotherms, surface complexation models and other types of modelling approaches, aided by advances in computational and analytical techniques. In recent years, mechanistic models have incorporated structural insights gained from spectroscopic techniques (such as EXAFS and TRLFS). Throughout the period, the nuclear waste community has sought to develop models for U sorption in complex systems associated with radioactive waste disposal, involving a range of mineral surfaces and incorporating numerous interactions and processes. To some extent, the ongoing questions concerning U adsorption can be considered as being common to many environmental metal contaminants. However, uranium is a unique and significant case, particularly for the radiochemical community, where the long-term behaviour of actinides is a central issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Payne
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Locked Bag 2001 , Kirrawee DC , NSW 2232 , Australia
| | - T. David Waite
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
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9
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Satpathy A, Catalano JG, Giammar DE. Reduction of U(VI) on Chemically Reduced Montmorillonite and Surface Complexation Modeling of Adsorbed U(IV). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4111-4120. [PMID: 35290018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption and subsequent reduction of U(VI) on Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals can control the mobility of uranium in subsurface environments. Clays such as montmorillonite provide substantial amounts of the reactive surface area in many subsurface environments, and montmorillonite-containing materials are used in the storage of spent nuclear fuel. We investigated the extent of reduction of U(VI) by Fe(II)-bearing montmorillonite at different pH values and sodium concentrations using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemical extractions. Nearly complete reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) occurred at a low sodium concentration at both pH 3 and 6. At pH 6 and a high sodium concentration, which inhibits U(VI) binding at cation-exchange sites, the extent of U(VI) reduction was only 70%. Surface-bound U(VI) on unreduced montmorillonite was more easily extracted into solution with bicarbonate than surface-bound U(IV) generated by reduction of U(VI) on Fe(II)-bearing montmorillonite. We developed a nonelectrostatic surface complexation model to interpret the equilibrium adsorption of U(IV) on Fe(II)-bearing montmorillonite as a function of pH and sodium concentration. These findings establish the potential importance of structural Fe(II) in low iron content smectites in controlling uranium mobility in subsurface environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Satpathy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jeffrey G Catalano
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Daniel E Giammar
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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10
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Wang G, Wang B, Fan W, Deng N. Enhanced phytoremediation of uranium-contaminated soils by Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) using slow release citric acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:61061-61071. [PMID: 34165752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel slow release carrier for the controlled release of citric acid (CA), hydroxypropyl chitosan-graft-carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCS-g-CMCD) was synthesized by the grafting reaction of carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CMCD) with hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS), and the structural characteristics of HPCS-g-CMCD were confirmed by FT-IR, TGA, and NMR. Based on HPCS-g-CMCD and CA, slow release citric acid (SRCA) was prepared by a spray drying method. HPCS-g-CMCD carrier has a better slow release performance for CA compared to HPCS and CMCD, and CA release mechanism was attributed to a Fickian diffusion. Furthermore, the release behavior of uranium in contaminated soil could be effectively controlled by SRCA. The effects of SRCA on improving the phytoremediation capacity in uranium-contaminated soil were investigated using Brassica juncea, which were grown in pots containing soil with uranium at 56 mg kg-1. After 50 days of growth, 5 mmol kg-1 of CA, SRCA I, SRCA II, and SRCA III was applied, respectively. The results showed that slow release citric acid could enhance the uptake of uranium in Indian mustard. Uranium concentration in the root with SRCA I treatment was increased by 80.25% compared to the control, and the uranium removal efficiency of the SRCA I treatment was 1.66-fold greater than that of the control. Simultaneously, the leaching loss of uranium in SRCA I-treated soil was decreased by 37.35% compared to CA-treated soil. As a promising remediation strategy, SRCA-assisted phytoremediation may provide a kind of feasible technology with low leaching risk for remediation of uranium-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR, China.
- School of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR, China
| | - Wenzhe Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR, China
| | - Nansheng Deng
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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Vázquez-Ortega A, Perdrial N, Reinoso-Maset E, Root RA, O'Day PA, Chorover J. Phosphate controls uranium release from acidic waste-weathered Hanford sediments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126240. [PMID: 34492991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mineral dissolution and secondary phase precipitation may control the fate of inorganic contaminants introduced to soils and sediments during liquid waste discharges. When the solutions are aggressive enough to induce transformation of native minerals, incorporated contaminants may be released during dissolution due to percolation of meteoric waters. This study evaluated the release of uranium (U) from Hanford sediments that had been previously reacted for 180 or 365 days with liquid waste solutions containing U with and without 3 mM dissolved phosphate at pH 2 and 3. Flow-through column experiments were conducted under continuous saturated flow with a simulated background porewater (BPW; pH ~7) for 22 d. Up to 5% of the total U was released from the sediments reacted under PO4-free conditions, attributable to the dissolution of becquerelite and boltwoodite formed during weathering. Contrastingly, negligible U was released from PO4-reacted sediments, where meta-ankoleite was identified as the main U-mineral phase. Linear combination fits of U LIII-edge EXAFS spectra of sediments before and after BPW leaching and thermodynamic calculations suggest that the formed becquerelite and meta-ankoleite transformed into schoepite and a phosphuranylite-type phase, respectively. These results demonstrate the stabilization of U as recalcitrant uranyl minerals formed in sediments and highlight the key role of PO4 in U release at contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Vázquez-Ortega
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, ARI 85721, USA; School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
| | - Nicolas Perdrial
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, ARI 85721, USA; Department of Geology, University of Vermont, 180 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Estela Reinoso-Maset
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity CoE, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Robert A Root
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, ARI 85721, USA
| | - Peggy A O'Day
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Life and Environmental Sciences Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of California - Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, ARI 85721, USA
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Ahmed W, Mehmood S, Núñez-Delgado A, Ali S, Qaswar M, Khan ZH, Ying H, Chen DY. Utilization of Citrullus lanatus L. seeds to synthesize a novel MnFe 2O 4-biochar adsorbent for the removal of U(VI) from wastewater: Insights and comparison between modified and raw biochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144955. [PMID: 33736137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U) is a radioactive and highly toxic metal. Its excessive concentrations in the aqueous environments may result in severe and irreversible damage. To fight this hazard, a raw biochar was prepared from Citrullus lanatus L. seeds, then characterized and compared with a MnFe2O4 modified biochar, both tested for U(VI) adsorption from wastewater, which was assayed for the first time in this study. The characterization of the adsorbent materials was performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) with elemental mapping, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The effects of solution pH, concentration of sorbate and sorbents, temperature, time and ionic strength were assessed as regards their influence on U(VI) adsorption. The experimental adsorption data showed good fit to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (reaching a value of qe = 15.12 mg g-1, R2 = 0.96 at equilibrium), and to the Langmuir isotherm (achieving a maximum score of qmax = 27.61 mg g-1, R2 = 0.96). The maximum adsorption capacity was found at 318 K. The results of the study indicate that the binding of negatively charged functional groups (carbonyls, hydroxyls, and some carboxylic groups) with MnFe2O4 significantly enhanced U(VI) adsorption. In view of the overall results, it can be concluded that the MnFe2O4 modification of the Citrullus lanatus L. seeds biochar could give an efficient alternative adsorbent for U(VI) removal in a variety of environmental conditions, simultaneously promoting resource utilization and good sustainable management of the materials studied, aiding to protect the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmed
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Avelino Núñez-Delgado
- Dept. Soil Sci. and Agric. Chem., Engineering Polytech. School, Campus Univ. Lugo, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sehrish Ali
- National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Muhammad Qaswar
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zulqarnain Haider Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huang Ying
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Di-Yun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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13
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Su M, Liu Z, Wu Y, Peng H, Ou T, Huang S, Song G, Kong L, Chen N, Chen D. Graphene oxide functionalized with nano hydroxyapatite for the efficient removal of U(VI) from aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115786. [PMID: 33153803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water contamination caused by radionuclides is a major environmental issue. Uranium (U) belongs to the actinide group of elements. Hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) is radioactively and chemically harmful and highly mobile in the environment and wastewater stream. Therefore, developing highly efficient materials for minimizing the environmental impact of U(VI) is essential. To achieve this goal, we successfully synthesized a novel material, namely graphene oxide (GO)/hydroxyapatite (HAP), by directly assembling GO and HAP through a facile hydrothermal method, which exhibits effective U(VI) removal and immobilization. The GO/HAP composite has an outstanding sorption capacity for U(VI) (i.e., 373.00 mg/g) within 5 min at a pH of 3.0. The parameters from thermodynamic analysis indicated that the GO/HAP composite absorbed U(VI) through a process of spontaneous and exothermic adsorption. XPS, XRD, and FT-IR results revealed that the composite's phosphate group was mainly responsible for U(VI) retention and incorporation. The GO/HAP composite's enhanced U(VI) sorption capacity is most likely ascribed to the synergistic effect after functionalizing with nano HAP. The current findings may greatly facilitate the creation of rational design strategies to develop highly efficient materials that can treat radioactive wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zequan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hairong Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tao Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gang Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Diyun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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14
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Wang X, Cai Y, Han T, Fang M, Chen K, Tan X. Phosphate functionalized layered double hydroxides (phos-LDH) for ultrafast and efficient U(VI) uptake from polluted solutions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:123081. [PMID: 32937717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of U(VI) from polluted solutions is important for human health and environmental safety. In this work, a relatively low-cost 3D flower-like phosphate-functionalized layered double hydroxides (phos-LDH) was fabricated by a one-pot hydrothermal method. The prepared phos-LDH inherited the structure of 3D flower-like layered double hydroxides (LDH), and had a higher specific surface area (∼203.4 m2⋅g-1) than that of LDH. The kinetic process indicated that U(VI) adsorption onto phos-LDH achieved equilibrium within 15 min and obeyed general order model. The adsorption isotherms of phos-LDH illustrated that the U(VI) adsorption obeyed Langmuir model, the adsorption capability of phos-LDH can reach 923.1 mg⋅g-1 at 298 K. The U(VI) adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process according to the thermodynamic data. There was the electrostatic attraction between U(VI) and phos-LDH at pH = 5.0. FTIR and XPS analyses educed that the hydroxyl and phosphate groups played a very useful role for the complexation between U(VI) and phos-LDH. In addition, the excellent selective adsorption capability for U(VI) in competitive cation and anion solutions further confirmed the practical application of phos-LDH in real wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yawen Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Tianhao Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Ming Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China.
| | - Kechang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resources and Chemistry, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, PR China.
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15
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Szenknect S, Mesbah A, Descostes M, Maihatchi-Ahamed A, Bonato L, Massonnet M, Ziouane Y, Vors E, Vercouter T, Clavier N, Lautru J, Dacheux N. Uranium removal from mining water using Cu substituted hydroxyapatite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122501. [PMID: 32208317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, synthetic copper substituted hydroxyapatite (Cu-Hap), CuxCa10-x(PO4)6(OH)2 were prepared by co-precipitation method and were used as reactive materials in batch experiments to immobilize uranyl. The limit of incorporation of Cu into a single-phased Cu-Hap reached xCu ≤1.59. The synthetic Cu-Hap samples obtained with various Cu contents were contacted with synthetic uranyl doped solutions and with real mining waters showing various pH and chemical compositions. A fast and strong decrease of the uranium concentration was observed, followed by the establishment of an equilibrium after 1-4 days of contact with the solutions. Examination of the solid phase after uranium uptake was performed using a combination of techniques. Depending on the composition of the solution and the copper content of the Cu-Hap, various mechanisms of uranium removal were observed. Based on the experimental results and geochemical simulations, it appeared that the main interest for using Cu-Hap is to enlarge the domain of water compositions for which the precipitation of meta-torbernite, (H3O)0.4Cu0.8(UO2)2(PO4)2·7.6 H2O is the predominant mechanism associated to the uranium removal, especially for pH > 6.7 where carbonate uranium species are predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adel Mesbah
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Bagnols/Cèze, France
| | - Michael Descostes
- ORANO Mines, R&D Dpt., 125 Avenue de Paris, 92330, Châtillon, France
| | | | - Laura Bonato
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Bagnols/Cèze, France
| | | | - Yannis Ziouane
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Bagnols/Cèze, France
| | - Evelyne Vors
- Den - Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Vercouter
- Den - Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Clavier
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Bagnols/Cèze, France
| | - Joseph Lautru
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Bagnols/Cèze, France
| | - Nicolas Dacheux
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Bagnols/Cèze, France
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Dai L, Li L, Zhu W, Ma H, Huang H, Lu Q, Yang M, Ran Y. Post-engineering of biochar via thermal air treatment for highly efficient promotion of uranium(VI) adsorption. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 298:122576. [PMID: 31851897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biochar from pyrolysis/gasification is relatively poor in oxygen-containing groups and low in micro/mesoporosity, which constrains its adsorption performance. Here, thermal air treatment (TAT) at a mild condition (300 °C in air) was applied to oxygenate the surfaces of various biochars and modify their pore structures for the promotion of their uranium (U(VI)) adsorptions. Results showed that TAT had a high product yield (>76%), increased the O contents, O/C ratios and O-containing groups in biochars, and substantially developed the micro/mesoporosities of biochars. Batch adsorption results showed that TAT remarkably improved U(VI) adsorption capacities of various biochars. Specifically, the maximum U(VI) adsorption capacities of ash-poor corn cob biochar and ash-rich sewage sludge biochar were increased by 137% to 163 mg/g and 23% to 97 mg/g, respectively. Thus, TAT might be a promising strategy to engineer various biochars for adsorptive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Dai
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Liang Li
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Beijing 101149, PR China
| | - Wenkun Zhu
- Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China
| | - Hanqing Ma
- Karamay Aofeng Environmental Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Karamay 834099, PR China
| | - Huagang Huang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Qian Lu
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yi Ran
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Risk Assessment Lab of the Quality Safety of Biomass Fermentation Products Chengdu Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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17
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Su M, Tsang DCW, Ren X, Shi Q, Tang J, Zhang H, Kong L, Hou L, Song G, Chen D. Removal of U(VI) from nuclear mining effluent by porous hydroxyapatite: Evaluation on characteristics, mechanisms and performance. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112891. [PMID: 31408794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effluents from nuclear mining processes contain relatively high content of radionuclides (such as uranium), which may seriously threaten the environment and human health. Herein, a novel adsorbent, porous hydroxyapatite, was prepared and proven highly efficient for removal of uranyl ions (U(VI)) given its high U(VI) uptake capacity of 111.4 mg/g, fast adsorption kinetics, and the potential stabilization of adsorbed U(VI). A nearly complete removal of U(VI) was achieved by porous HAP under optimized conditions. Langmuir model could well describe the adsorption equilibrium. The data fit well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that U(VI) adsorption is primarily attributed to chemisorption with porous HAP. Intraparticle diffusion analysis showed that the intraparticle diffusion is the rate-limiting step for U(VI) adsorption by porous HAP. After removal by porous HAP, the adsorbed U(VI) ions were incorporated into tetragonal autunite, which has a low solubility (log Ksp: -48.36). Our findings demonstrate that the porous HAP can effectively remediate uranium contamination and holds great promise for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinyong Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingpu Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinfeng Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Linköping University - Guangzhou University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Linköping University - Guangzhou University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li'an Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gang Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Diyun Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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18
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Yin M, Sun J, Chen Y, Wang J, Shang J, Belshaw N, Shen C, Liu J, Li H, Linghu W, Xiao T, Dong X, Song G, Xiao E, Chen D. Mechanism of uranium release from uranium mill tailings under long-term exposure to simulated acid rain: Geochemical evidence and environmental implication. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:174-181. [PMID: 30336376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is not sufficient knowledge to fully understand the occurrence, transport and fate of residual uranium (U) from uranium mill tailings (UMT). Herein this study investigated different U release behaviors from natural UMT (without grinding) under four simulated acid rain (pH = 2.0-5.0) compared with controlled scenario (pH = 6.0) for 25 weeks. The results showed that the most notable U release was observed from UMTpH2.0, followed by UMTpH3.0 whereas a nonlinear relationship between pH and U release was observed from UMTpH4.0-6.0. The divergence of U release behaviors was attributed to the presence of minerals such as calcite and clinochlore. Autunite, a secondary mineral formed after leaching, might regulate U release in UMTpH3.0-6.0. Fick theory model revealed the shift of U release mechanism from surface dissolution to diffusion transport for UMTpH2.0, UMTpH3.0 and UMTpH5.0 at varied stage, whereas UMTpH4.0 and UMTpH6.0 displayed univocal dissolution and diffusion mechanism, respectively. This study highlights the necessity of performing long-term leaching tests to detect the "shift event" of leaching kinetics and to better understand the mechanism of U release influenced by mineralogy of the natural UMT under simulated acid rain conditions, which is conducive to developing UMT management strategies to minimize the risk of U release and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Yin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Yongheng Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK.
| | - Jianying Shang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nick Belshaw
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
| | - ChuanChou Shen
- Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan; Research Center for Future Earth, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK.
| | - Huosheng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wensheng Linghu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xinjiao Dong
- School of Life & Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Gang Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Enzong Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Diyun Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Alam MS, Gorman-Lewis D, Chen N, Safari S, Baek K, Konhauser KO, Alessi DS. Mechanisms of the Removal of U(VI) from Aqueous Solution Using Biochar: A Combined Spectroscopic and Modeling Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13057-13067. [PMID: 30339395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been touted as a promising sorbent for the removal of inorganic contaminants, such as uranium (U), from water. However, the molecular-scale mechanisms of aqueous U(VI) species adsorption to biochar remain poorly understood. In this study, two approaches, grounded in equilibrium thermodynamics, were employed to investigate the U(VI) adsorption mechanisms: (1) batch U(VI) adsorption experiments coupled to surface complexation modeling (SCM) and (2) isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), supported by synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analyses. The biochars tested have considerable proton buffering capacity and most strongly adsorb U(VI) between approximately pH 4 and 6. FT-IR and XPS studies, along with XAS analyses, show that U(VI) adsorption occurs primarily at the proton-active carboxyl (-COOH) and phenolic hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups on the biochar surface. The SCM approach is able to predict U(VI) adsorption behavior across a wide range of pH and at varying initial U(VI) and biochar concentrations, and U adsorption is strongly influenced by aqueous U(VI) speciation. Supporting ITC measurements indicate that the calculated enthalpies of protonation reactions of the studied biochar, as well as the adsorption of U(VI), are consistent with anionic oxygen ligands and are indicative of both inner- and outer-sphere complexation. Our results provide new insights into the modes of U(VI) adsorption by biochar and more generally improve our understanding of its potential to remove radionuclides from contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Samrat Alam
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Alberta , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building , Alberta , T6G 2E3 , Canada
| | - Drew Gorman-Lewis
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences , University of Washington , Johnson Hall Rm-070, Box 351310, 4000 15th Avenue NE , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Ning Chen
- Canadian Light Source Inc. , University of Saskatchewan , 114 Science Plane , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 0X4 , Canada
| | - Salman Safari
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Alberta , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building , Alberta , T6G 2E3 , Canada
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center , Chonbuk National University , 567 Baekje-daero , Deokjin-gu, Jeonju , Jeollabuk-do 54896 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kurt O Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Alberta , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building , Alberta , T6G 2E3 , Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Alberta , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building , Alberta , T6G 2E3 , Canada
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Tesfay Reda A, Zhang D, Lu X. Rapid and selective uranium adsorption by glycine functionalized europium hydroxide. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Sun Z, Chen D, Chen B, Kong L, Su M. Enhanced uranium(VI) adsorption by chitosan modified phosphate rock. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wen H, Pan Z, Giammar D, Li L. Enhanced Uranium Immobilization by Phosphate Amendment under Variable Geochemical and Flow Conditions: Insights from Reactive Transport Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5841-5850. [PMID: 29648808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate amendment has shown promise for enhancing uranium immobilization. The mechanism of the enhancement, however, has remained unclear with contrasting observations under variable environmental conditions. A dual-domain reactive transport model is developed here with constraints from batch and column experimental data to understand the mechanisms and to explore the effectiveness of enhanced U(VI) immobilization under variable geochemical and flow conditions. Modeling results indicate that under low U(VI) conditions in natural waters, phosphate addition promotes U(VI) immobilization through the formation of U(VI)-phosphate ternary surface complexes and the precipitation of calcium phosphate, both decreasing the concentrations of mobile U-Ca-CO3 aqueous complexes. This contrasts with previous hypotheses attributing the immobilization enhancement to U(VI)-phosphate precipitation under experimental conditions with high U(VI). Sensitivity analysis shows that phosphate is effective under relatively low Ca (<0.1 mM) and total inorganic carbon (TIC) (<0.5 mM) conditions, where >60% of U(VI) still remains on sediments after 113 residence times of flushing with low phosphate solutions (<0.1 mM). Under high Ca or TIC conditions, a similar level of U(VI) immobilization can be achieved only when the phosphate concentration is higher than Ca or TIC concentrations. Compared to the strong geochemical effects, flow conditions have relatively limited impacts on U(VI) immobilization. These results explain contrasting field observations on the effectiveness of phosphate amendment and offer capabilities to extrapolate observations to other environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Zezhen Pan
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Daniel Giammar
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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23
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One-pot synthesis of arginine modified hydroxyapatite carbon microsphere composites for efficient removal of U(VI) from aqueous solutions. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1609-1618. [PMID: 36659479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Uranium was not only the main source of nuclear energy but also one of the long-lived radionuclide. Herein, a novel arginine modified hydroxyapatite carbon microsphere composites (defined as C@HAp/Arg) obtained promptly via a one-step mild hydrothermal method, was applied to remove U(VI) from aqueous solutions. Based on the characterization of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the synthesized C@HAp/Arg presented globular morphology and abundant functional groups (e.g., COO-), which were beneficial to its combination with U(VI). The interaction mechanism and removal capability of U(VI) on C@HAp/Arg were studied by batch adsorption technique and spectroscopy analysis. The results implied that U(VI) can form strong surface complexes on C@HAp/Arg. The kinetics adsorption of U(VI) followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model with high removal efficiency (∼95% within 5h at pH 5.0). The adsorption isotherms were well fitted by Langmuir model, implying that U(VI) uptake on C@HAp/Arg was monolayer coverage. It was found that the maximum adsorption capacities of CSs, C@HAp and C@HAp/Arg toward U(VI) were calculated to be 23.16, 72.09 and 569.66mg/g, respectively, at 298.15K and pH 5.0, and thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption processes of U(VI) were spontaneous and endothermic. In addition, effect of co-existed ions and CO32- concentrations demonstrated that U(VI) adsorption on C@HAp/Arg was weakly interfered by foreign ions and carbonate concentrations. More importantly, the adsorption performance of U(VI) on C@HAp/Arg was still over ∼87% after five cycles. Therefore, it was noted that the versatile C@HAp/Arg could be potentially used as a powerful building block for the enrichment and disposal of U(VI) from aqueous solutions, which could efficiently reduce the potential toxicity of U(VI) in the U(VI)-contaminated water.
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Pan Z, Li W, Fortner JD, Giammar DE. Measurement and Surface Complexation Modeling of U(VI) Adsorption to Engineered Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9219-9226. [PMID: 28749653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles have high capacity for U(VI) adsorption and can be easily separated from the aqueous phase by applying a magnetic field. A surface-engineered bilayer structure enables the stabilization of nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Functional groups in stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), and octadecylphosphonic acid (ODP) coatings led to different adsorption extents (SA≈ OA > ODP) under the same conditions. The impact of water chemistry (initial loading of U(VI), pH, and the presence of carbonate) has been systematically examined for U(VI) adsorption to OA-coated nanoparticles. A diffuse double layer surface complexation model was developed for surface-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles that could simulate both the measured surface charge and the U(VI) adsorption behavior at the same time. With a small set of adsorption reactions for uranyl hydroxide and uranyl carbonate complexes to surface sites, the model can successfully simulate the entire adsorption data set over all uranium loadings, pH values, and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations. The results show that the adsorption behavior was related to the changing U(VI) species and properties of surface coatings on nanoparticles. The model could also fit pH-dependent surface potential values that are consistent with measured zeta potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhen Pan
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Wenlu Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - John D Fortner
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Daniel E Giammar
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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