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Wang Q, Ruan Y, Jin L, Kot BCW, Leung KMY, Lam PKS. Temporal Trends and Suspect Screening of Halogenated Flame Retardants and Their Metabolites in Blubbers of Cetaceans Stranded in Hong Kong Waters during 2013-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37295780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are a large class of chemical additives intended to meet flammability safety requirements, and at present, they are ubiquitous in the environment. Herein, we conducted the target analysis and suspect screening of legacy and novel HFRs and their metabolites in the blubber of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides; n = 70) and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis; n = 35) stranded in Hong Kong, a coastal city in the South China Sea, between 2013 and 2020. The average concentrations of total target HFRs (ΣHFRs) were 6.48 × 103 ± 1.01 × 104 and 1.40 × 104 ± 1.51 × 104 ng/g lipid weight in porpoises and dolphins, respectively. Significant decreasing temporal trends were observed in the concentrations of tetra-/penta-/hexa-bromodiphenyl ethers (tetra-/penta-/hexa-BDEs) in adult porpoises stranded from 2013-2015 to 2016-2020 (p < 0.05), probably because of their phasing out in China. No significant difference was found for the concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane, possibly due to their exemption from the ban in China until 2025 and 2021, respectively. Eight brominated compounds were additionally identified via suspect screening. A positive correlation was found between the concentrations of tetra-BDE and methyl-methoxy-tetra-BDE (Me-MeO-tetra-BDE) (p < 0.05), indicating that the metabolism of tetra-BDE may be a potential source of Me-MeO-tetra-BDE in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Linjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Brian C W Kot
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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A Review on Tetrabromobisphenol A: Human Biomonitoring, Toxicity, Detection and Treatment in the Environment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062505. [PMID: 36985477 PMCID: PMC10054480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a known endocrine disruptor employed in a range of consumer products and has been predominantly found in different environments through industrial processes and in human samples. In this review, we aimed to summarize published scientific evidence on human biomonitoring, toxic effects and mode of action of TBBPA in humans. Interestingly, an overview of various pretreatment methods, emerging detection methods, and treatment methods was elucidated. Studies on exposure routes in humans, a combination of detection methods, adsorbent-based treatments and degradation of TBBPA are in the preliminary phase and have several limitations. Therefore, in-depth studies on these subjects should be considered to enhance the accurate body load of non-invasive matrix, external exposure levels, optimal design of combined detection techniques, and degrading technology of TBBPA. Overall, this review will improve the scientific comprehension of TBBPA in humans as well as the environment, and the breakthrough for treating waste products containing TBBPA.
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Liu C, Sun S, Yu M, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Niu J. Rapid photocatalytic degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A using synergistic p-n/Z-scheme dual heterojunction of black phosphorus nanosheets/FeSe2/g-C3N4. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zawadzki P. Visible Light-Driven Advanced Oxidation Processes to Remove Emerging Contaminants from Water and Wastewater: a Review. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2022; 233:374. [PMID: 36090740 PMCID: PMC9440748 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-05831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The scientific data review shows that advanced oxidation processes based on the hydroxyl or sulfate radicals are of great interest among the currently conventional water and wastewater treatment methods. Different advanced treatment processes such as photocatalysis, Fenton's reagent, ozonation, and persulfate-based processes were investigated to degrade contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as pesticides, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, disinfectants, dyes, and estrogenic substances. This article presents a general overview of visible light-driven advanced oxidation processes for the removal of chlorfenvinphos (organophosphorus insecticide), methylene blue (azo dye), and diclofenac (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug). The following visible light-driven treatment methods were reviewed: photocatalysis, sulfate radical oxidation, and photoelectrocatalysis. Visible light, among other sources of energy, is a renewable energy source and an excellent substitute for ultraviolet radiation used in advanced oxidation processes. It creates a high application potential for solar-assisted advanced oxidation processes in water and wastewater technology. Despite numerous publications of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), more extensive research is needed to investigate the mechanisms of contaminant degradation in the presence of visible light. Therefore, this paper provides an important source of information on the degradation mechanism of emerging contaminants. An important aspect in the work is the analysis of process parameters affecting the degradation process. The initial concentration of CECs, pH, reaction time, and catalyst dosage are discussed and analyzed. Based on a comprehensive survey of previous studies, opportunities for applications of AOPs are presented, highlighting the need for further efforts to address dominant barriers to knowledge acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Zawadzki
- Department of Water Protection, Central Mining Institute, Plac Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland
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Tang C, Chen G, Liang Y, Liao J, Lin H, Huang C, Zeng Y, Luo X, Peng X, Mai B. Nontarget analysis and comprehensive characterization of halogenated organic pollutants by GC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS in association with chromatogram segmentation and Cl/Br-specific screening algorithms. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1222:340171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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MacNeil A, Li X, Amiri R, Muir DCG, Simpson A, Simpson MJ, Dorman FL, Jobst KJ. Gas Chromatography-(Cyclic) Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry: A Novel Platform for the Discovery of Unknown Per-/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11096-11103. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amber MacNeil
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Roshanak Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Derek C. G. Muir
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, OntarioL7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Andre Simpson
- Departments of Chemistry and Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J. Simpson
- Departments of Chemistry and Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Frank L. Dorman
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hannover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple St., Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Karl J. Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Magnetic core–shell S-Fe@MOF derivative hybrids to activate peroxymonosulfate for highly efficient degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Alvarez-Martin A, Newsome GA, Janssens K. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Nontraditional Mass Defect Analysis of Brominated Historical Pigments. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14851-14858. [PMID: 34714624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of high-resolution mass spectrometry systems offers new possibilities for the analysis of complex art samples such as historical oil paintings. However, these multicomponent systems generate large and complex data sets that require advanced visualization tools to aid interpretation, especially when no chromatographic separation is performed. In the context of this research, it was crucial to propose a data analysis tool to identify the products generated during the synthesis, drying, and aging of historical pigments. This study reports for the first time a nontraditional mass defect analysis of oil paint samples containing a fugitive brominated-organic pigment, eosin or geranium lake, by using direct infusion electrospray ionization in combination with a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The use of nontraditional Kendrick mass defect plots is presented in this study as a processing and visualization tool to recognize brominated species based on their specific mass defect and isotope pattern. The results demonstrate that this approach could provide valuable molecular compositional information on the degradation pathways of this pigment. We anticipate that mass defect analysis will become highly relevant in future degradation studies of many more historical organic pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Alvarez-Martin
- AXIS, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Smithsonian Institution, Museum Conservation Institute, Suitland, 20746 Maryland, United States.,Conservation and Science, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Asher Newsome
- Smithsonian Institution, Museum Conservation Institute, Suitland, 20746 Maryland, United States
| | - Koen Janssens
- AXIS, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Belova L, Caballero-Casero N, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Ion Mobility-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (IM-HRMS) for the Analysis of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs): Database Compilation and Application to Urine Samples. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6428-6436. [PMID: 33845572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS)-derived collision cross section (CCS) values can serve as a valuable additional identification parameter within the analysis of compounds of emerging concern (CEC) in human matrices. This study introduces the first comprehensive database of DTCCSN2 values of 148 CECs and their metabolites including bisphenols, alternative plasticizers (AP), organophosphate flame retardants (OP), perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFAS), and others. A total of 311 ions were included in the database, whereby the DTCCSN2 values for 113 compounds are reported for the first time. For 105 compounds, more than one ion is reported. Moreover, the DTCCSN2 values of several isomeric CECs and their metabolites are reported to allow a distinction between isomers. Comprehensive quality assurance guidelines were implemented in the workflow of acquiring DTCCSN2 values to ensure reproducible experimental conditions. The reliability and reproducibility of the complied database were investigated by analyzing pooled human urine spiked with 30 AP and OP metabolites at two concentration levels. For all investigated metabolites, the DTCCSN2 values measured in urine showed a percent error of <1% in comparison to database values. DTCCSN2 values of OP metabolites showed an average percent error of 0.12% (50 ng/mL in urine) and 0.15% (20 ng/mL in urine). For AP metabolites, these values were 0.10 and 0.09%, respectively. These results show that the provided database can be of great value for enhanced identification of CECs in environmental and human matrices, which can advance future suspect screening studies on CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Belova
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Wang H, Zhong Y, Zhu X, Li D, Deng Y, Huang W, Peng P. Enhanced tetrabromobisphenol A debromination by nanoscale zero valent iron particles sulfidated with S 0 dissolved in ethanol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:86-97. [PMID: 33146188 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Modification of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) with reducing sulfur compounds has proven to improve the reactivity of nZVI towards recalcitrant halogenated organic contaminants. In this study, we develop a novel method for the preparation of sulfidated nZVI (S-nZVI) with S0 (a low cost and available reducing sulfur agent) dissolved in ethanol under mild conditions and apply it for the transformation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a potential persistent organic pollutant. Surface analysis shows that S0 dissolved in ethanol has been successfully doped into nZVI via a reaction with Fe0 to form a relatively homogeneous layer of FeS/FeS2 on the nZVI surface. The H2 production test and the electrochemical analysis show that the FeS/FeS2 layer not only slows the H2 evolution reaction but also enhances the electron transfer. Debromination kinetics indicate that the resulting S-nZVI with a S/Fe ratio of 0.015-0.05 possesses higher debromination activity for TBBPA and its debromination products (i.e., tri-BBPA, di-BBPA, mono-BBPA and BPA) in comparison with nZVI. Among them, S-nZVI at a S/Fe of 0.025 (S-nZVIS-0.025) has the greatest debromination rate constant (kobs) of 1.19 ± 0.071 h-1 for TBBPA. It debrominates TBBPA at a faster rate than other conventional S-nZVI made from Na2S and Na2S2O4 and has been successfully applied in the treatment of TBBPA-spiked environmental water samples (including river water, groundwater, and tap water). The results suggest that the modification of nZVI with S0 dissolved in ethanol is a simple, safe, inexpensive, and effective sulfidation technique, which can be applied for the large-scale production of S-nZVI for treating contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources and Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Maco Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources and Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Maco Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xifen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources and Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Maco Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources and Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Maco Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yirong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources and Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Maco Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources and Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Maco Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of triazine-based brominated flame retardants in environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:987-998. [PMID: 33215314 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel and reliable analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 1,3,5-tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (TDBP-TAZTO) and 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ) in environmental samples using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer. Firstly, for optimization of the liquid chromatography separation, mobile phases, oven temperatures, modifiers, and buffers were varied. Afterwards, the extraction efficiency of sediment and fish samples was tested with different techniques (pressurized liquid, solid-liquid, ultrasound-assisted, and Soxhlet extraction). Additionally, cleanup using modified multilayer silica gel (sediment) and gel permeation chromatography as well as Florisil® columns (fish) with several solvent mixtures were performed. The best results were obtained with the pressurized liquid extraction (optimal conditions: extraction solvent 100% toluene, extraction time 20 min, cycles two, extraction temperature 100 °C, and flushing volume 60%) compared to other solvent extraction methods. On the basis of this optimized analytical procedure, the method was validated with satisfactory values of correlation coefficient (R2) between 0.998 and 0.999 for both matrices in the calibration range of 2.0-502.0 μg kg-1 for TDBP-TAZTO and 16.6-770.6 μg kg-1 for TTBP-TAZ in sediment samples as well as 4.8-303.5 μg kg-1 and 47.4-742.5 μg kg-1 in fish samples (bream), respectively. Mean recoveries (n = 5) were calculated for both analytes with spiked matrices at one concentration level (100 μg kg-1) between 98 and 114% with intra-day relative standard deviations less than 11%. The inter-day precision (n = 15) was also acceptable for both compounds < 11%. It was found that the limit of detection and limit of quantification were in the range of 0.4-1.3 μg kg-1 for TDBP-TAZTO and 10-28 μg kg-1 for TTBP-TAZ in surface sediment samples and 7-25 μg kg-1 and 22-80 μg kg-1 in fish samples (bream), respectively. The results indicated that these analytical methods could provide reliable and efficient approaches for quantification of TDBP-TAZTO and TTBP-TAZ in sediment and fish samples. Graphical abstract.
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Dubocq F, Bjurlid F, Ydstål D, Titaley IA, Reiner E, Wang T, Almirall XO, Kärrman A. Organic contaminants formed during fire extinguishing using different firefighting methods assessed by nontarget analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114834. [PMID: 32454383 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During a fire event, potentially hazardous chemicals are formed from the combustion of burning materials and are released to the surrounding environment, both via gas and soot particles. The aim of this investigation was to study if firefighting techniques influence the emission of chemicals in gas phase and soot particles. Five full-scale fire tests were extinguished using four different firefighting techniques. A nontarget chemical analysis approach showed that important contaminants in gas and soot separating the different tests were brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and linear hydrocarbons. Reproducibility was evaluated by a field replicate test and it was determined that the temperature curve during the event had a bigger impact on the released chemicals than the firefighting technique used. However, despite fire intensity being a confounding factor, multivariate statistics concluded that water mist with additive resulted in less BFR emissions compared to foam extinguishing. The analysis also showed that the conventional spray nozzle method released more PAHs compared with the water mist method. The comprehensive chemical analysis of gas and soot released during fire events was able to show that different firefighting techniques influenced the release of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Dubocq
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Filip Bjurlid
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Danielle Ydstål
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ivan A Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eric Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, Canada (ret.)
| | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Xavier Ortiz Almirall
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, Canada; Queen's University, School of Environmental Sciences, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
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Chen X, Huang G, Li Y, An C, Feng R, Wu Y, Shen J. Functional PVDF ultrafiltration membrane for Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) removal with high water recovery. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115952. [PMID: 32497754 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is one of the most important brominated flame retardants (BFRs), accounting for 60% of the total commercial BFR market. Increasing amounts of TBBPA and byproducts are released to the aquatic environment due to their extensive utilization in various sectors. However, research on the treatment of TBBPA contaminated wastewater using membrane filtration is still lacked. Herein, a PVDF10-PAA-ZrO2 membrane was successfully developed and applied for the treatment of high-concentration TBBPA wastewater with super-high water recovery. The membrane was obtained through surface functionalization with nano-ZrO2 from commercial PVDF ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. Compared to the commercial PVDF membrane, the developed membrane exhibited 4 times of permeate flux which was up to 200 L/m2 min with comparable TBBPA rejection rate. Furthermore, the mechanisms of membrane development and TBBPA rejection were explored through synchrotron-based ATR-FTIR and X-ray analyses. It was revealed that ZrO2 NPs were immobilized into membrane surface through binding with PAA layer, where the O of the carboxyl group combined with the Zr4+ on the ZrO2 NP surface to form C-O-Zr bond through monodentate and bridging-bidentate modes. The sieving function of membrane could be the main mechanism of TBBPA removal. This research demonstrated a practical route and solid insight toward the development of highly efficient membrane for TBBPA removal. The proposed PVDF10-PAA-ZrO2 membrane can also be promising for other industrial separation and purification applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Chen
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Gordon Huang
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada; International Society for Environmental Information Sciences, 9803A Jingshidasha-BNU, 19 Xinwaidajie, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yongping Li
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Renfei Feng
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Yinghui Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Jian Shen
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada
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Yu YJ, Chen XC, Wang ZD, Liu LT, Ge QZ, Wang Q, Zhang YP, Yu ZL, Ma RX. Excretion characteristics and tissue accumulation of tetrabromobisphenol-A in male rats after sub-chronic inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114440. [PMID: 32244121 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is an emerging organic pollutant and a commonly used brominated flame retardant that has received much attention owing to its toxicity. Although TBBPA is ubiquitously detected in atmospheric particulate matter and dust, few studies have investigated the sub-chronic inhalation exposure to TBBPA. To further understand the excretion characteristics and tissue accumulation of TBBPA after inhalation exposure, we used the rat model to conduct a sub-chronic inhalation exposure study. Male rats were administered with different doses of aerosol TBBPA (12.9, 54.6, 121.6, and 455.0 mg/m3). TBBPA was found in the excretion (feces and urine) and all the target tissues (lung, liver, heart, thymus gland, spleen, testicles, muscles, kidneys, brain and serum). Feces were the main route of excretion, which contributed 19.18% to 72.54% (urine <0.10%). TBBPA excretion through feces following inhalation administration was much higher than that following oral and dermal exposure, thereby indicating lower bioavailability of TBBPA under inhalation exposure. Liver and serum showed higher levels of TBBPA compared with those of other tissues, thereby suggesting tissue-specific accumulation of TBBPA in rats. Owing to the relative non-invasiveness of serum sampling and greatest TBBPA concentration among the tissues, serum is a suitable matrix for estimation of TBBPA bioaccumulation after inhalation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China.
| | - Xi Chao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Zheng Dong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Li Ting Liu
- School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Qing Zhi Ge
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, China CDC, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yan Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zi Ling Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Rui Xue Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
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15
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Zhu Y, Chao J, Zhu F, Zhu N, Zhang Q, Gyimah E, Yakubu S, Zou Y, Zhang Z. Ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay based on FAM-DNA–functionalized CdSe/ZnS QDs for the sensitive detection of tetrabromobisphenol A in foodstuff and the environment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3605-3613. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Xiao Y, Wang YK, Xiao XR, Zhao Q, Huang JF, Zhu WF, Li F. Metabolic profiling of coumarins by the combination of UPLC-MS-based metabolomics and multiple mass defect filter. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1076-1089. [PMID: 32174209 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1744047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Feng Zhu
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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17
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Nürenberg G, Kunkel U, Wick A, Falås P, Joss A, Ternes TA. Nontarget analysis: A new tool for the evaluation of wastewater processes. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114842. [PMID: 31323503 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to determine the removal efficiency of micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are widely discussed. Especially the evaluation of the potential benefit of further advanced treatment steps such as an additional tertiary treatment based on ozonation or activated carbon have come into focus. Such evaluation strategies are often based on the removal behavior of known micropollutants via target or suspected analysis. The utilization of nontarget analysis is considered to lead to a more comprehensive picture as also unknown or not expected micropollutants are analyzed. Here, the results of an evaluation via target and nontarget analysis were compared for biological treatment (BT) processes of eleven full-scale WWTPs and three different post-treatments (PTs): one sand filter (SF) and two granular activated carbon (GAC) filters. The similarity of the determined removals from target and nontarget analysis of the BTs increased significantly by excluding easily degradable "features" from the nontarget evaluation. A similar ranking of the removal trends for the BTs could also be achieved by comparing this new subset of nontarget features with a set of nine readily to moderately biodegradable micropollutants. This observation suggests that a performance ranking of BTs based either on target or nontarget analysis is plausible. In contrast to the BTs, the evaluation of the three PTs revealed that the difference of feature removal between SF and the two GACs was small, but large for the target analytes with substantially higher removal effciencies for the GACs compared to the SF. In addition to the removal behavior, the nontarget analysis provided further information about the number and quantity of transformation products (TPs) in the effluent from the BTs. For all BTs more than half (55-67%) of the features detected in the effluent were not found in the influent. A comparable proportion of TPs was also detected after GAC and sand filtration due to their microbial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Nürenberg
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany; DVGW Water Technology Center Karlsruhe (TZW), D-76139, Karlsruhe, Karlsruher Str. 84, Germany
| | - Uwe Kunkel
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany; Bavarian Environment Agency, D-86179, Augsburg, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Per Falås
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, Switzerland; Water and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, P.O. Box 124, Sweden
| | - Adriano Joss
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany.
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Hou X, Yu M, Liu A, Wang X, Li Y, Liu J, Schnoor JL, Jiang G. Glycosylation of Tetrabromobisphenol A in Pumpkin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8805-8812. [PMID: 31283198 PMCID: PMC6931399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most widely used brominated flame retardant (BFR), and it bioaccumulates throughout the food chains. Its fate in the first trophic level, plants, is of special interest. In this study, a four-day hydroponic exposure of TBBPA at a concentration of 1 μmol L-1 to pumpkin seedlings was conducted. A nontarget screening method for hydrophilic bromine-containing metabolites was modified, based on both typical isotope patterns of bromine and mass defect, and used to process mass spectra data. A total of 20 glycosylation and malonyl glycosylation metabolites were found for TBBPA in the pumpkin plants. Representative glycosyl TBBPA reference standards were synthesized to evaluate the contribution of this glycosylation process. Approximately 86% of parent TBBPA was metabolized to form those 20 glycosyl TBBPAs, showing that glycosylation was the most dominant metabolism pathway for TBBPA in pumpkin at the tested exposure concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Environmental Medical and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Aifeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanlin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Corresponding Author: Phone: 8610-62849334; fax: 8610-62849339;
| | - Jerald L. Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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19
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Zhang Z, Zhu N, Zou Y, Zhao Z, Wu X, Liang G, Han Z, Meng H. A novel and sensitive chemiluminescence immunoassay based on AuNCs@pepsin@luminol for simultaneous detection of tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether and tetrabromobisphenol A mono(hydroxyethyl) ether. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1035:168-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Khaled A, Richard C, Rivaton A, Jaber F, Sleiman M. Photodegradation of brominated flame retardants in polystyrene: Quantum yields, products and influencing factors. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:943-951. [PMID: 30223340 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are widely used as additives in plastics, textiles and electronics materials. Here, we investigated the photodegradation of four BFRs including decabromobiphenylether (BDE-209), tetrabromobipsphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) and tetrabromobisphenol A bis (allyl) ether (TBBPA-BAE). Experiments were carried out in polystyrene (PS) films using monochromatic and polychromatic irradiations. For comparison, irradiations were also carried in a solvent (tetrahydrofuran: THF). Monitoring of BFR degradation was performed using bulk and surface infrared (IR) measurements, as well as by extraction and HPLC-UV. Photoproducts were characterized using HPLC-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS). All four BFRs underwent photochemical transformation in THF at 290 nm with a quantum yield (Φ) ranging from 0.05 for TBBPA to 0.27 for BDE-209, indicating an increase of photoreactivity with the number of Br atoms in BFRs. On the other hand, no major difference in the Φ values was observed when BFRs were embedded in PS films (Φ: 0.82-0.89). The higher photoreactivity in PS appears to be associated with a fast oxidation of PS as revealed by infrared (IR) analysis and yellowing of the films. Interestingly, the faster the yellowing occurred, the faster the BFR degradation was inhibited due to light screening effect. Several major photoproducts were identified for TBBPA and TBBPA-DBPE. Additional photoproducts possibly arising from PS oxidation and bromination by Br● were observed for the first time. This work provides a better understanding of the reactivity and fate of BFRs in polymers allowing for a better assessment of their environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Khaled
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claire Richard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Agnès Rivaton
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Farouk Jaber
- Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (509), Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Sleiman
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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21
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Guo J, Stubbings WA, Romanak K, Nguyen LV, Jantunen L, Melymuk L, Arrandale V, Diamond ML, Venier M. Alternative Flame Retardant, 2,4,6-Tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine, in an E-waste Recycling Facility and House Dust in North America. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3599-3607. [PMID: 29509415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A high molecular weight compound, 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ), was detected during the analysis of brominated flame retardants in dust samples collected from an electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling facility in Ontario, Canada. Gas chromatography coupled with both high-resolution and low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was used to determine TTBP-TAZ's chemical structure and concentrations. To date, TTBP-TAZ has only been detected in plastic casings of electrical and electronic equipment and house dust from The Netherlands. Here we report on the concentrations of TTBP-TAZ in selected samples from North America: e-waste dust ( n = 7) and air ( n = 4), residential dust ( n = 30), and selected outdoor air ( n = 146), precipitation ( n = 19), sediment ( n = 11) and water ( n = 2) samples from the Great Lakes environment. TTBP-TAZ was detected in all the e-waste dust and air samples, and in 70% of residential dust samples. The median concentrations of TTBP-TAZ in these three types of samples were 5540 ng/g, 5.75 ng/m3 and 6.76 ng/g, respectively. The flame retardants 2,4,6-tribromophenol, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, and 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether, BDE-47 and BDE-209 were also measured for comparison. None of these other flame retardants concentrations was significantly correlated with those of TTBP-TAZ in any of the sample types suggesting different sources. TTBP-TAZ was not detected in any of the outdoor environmental samples, which may relate to its application history and physicochemical properties. This is the first report of TTBP-TAZ in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Kevin Romanak
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Linh V Nguyen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science , University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario M1C 1A4 , Canada
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3B1 , Canada
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX) , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29 , 62500 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Victoria Arrandale
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1X3 , Canada
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre , Cancer Care Ontario , Ontario M5G 2L3 , Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science , University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario M1C 1A4 , Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3B1 , Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1X3 , Canada
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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22
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Tian Z, Vila J, Wang H, Bodnar W, Aitken MD. Diversity and Abundance of High-Molecular-Weight Azaarenes in PAH-Contaminated Environmental Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14047-14054. [PMID: 29160699 PMCID: PMC6343503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Azaarenes are N-heterocyclic polyaromatic pollutants that co-occur with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils. Despite the known toxicity of some high-molecular-weight azaarenes, their diversity, abundance, and fate in contaminated soils remain to be elucidated. We applied high-resolution mass spectrometry and mass-defect filtering to four PAH-contaminated samples from geographically distant sites and detected 232 azaarene congeners distributed in eight homologous series, including alkylated derivatives and two hitherto unknown series. Four- and five-ring azaarenes were detected among these series, and the most abundant nonalkylated congeners groups (C13H9N, C15H9N, C17H11N, C19H11N, and C21H13N) were quantified. The profiles of congener groups varied among different sites. Three-ring azaarenes presented higher concentrations in unweathered sites, while four- and five-ring azaarenes predominated in weathered sites. Known toxic and carcinogenic azaarenes, such as benzo[c]acridine and dibenzo[a,h]acridine, were detected along with their multiple isomers. Our results highlight a previously unrecognized diversity and abundance of azaarenes in PAH-contaminated sites, with corresponding implications for environmental monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tian
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
| | - Joaquim Vila
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
- Corresponding Authors; , Phone: +1 919-966-1481
| | - Hanyan Wang
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3260, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3260 USA
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
| | - Michael D. Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
- Corresponding Authors; , Phone: +1 919-966-1481
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29205, United States
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