1
|
Zhang L, Shan Y, Yan Z, Liu Z, Yu Y, He H. Efficient Pt/KFI zeolite catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO x by hydrogen. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:102-111. [PMID: 38135379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at purification of NOx from hydrogen internal combustion engines (HICEs), the hydrogen selective catalytic reduction (H2-SCR) reaction was investigated over a series of Pt/KFI zeolite catalysts. H2 can readily reduce NOx to N2 and N2O while O2 inhibited the deNOx efficiency by consuming the reductant H2. The Pt/KFI zeolite catalysts with Pt loading below 0.1 wt.% are optimized H2-SCR catalysts due to its suitable operation temperature window since high Pt loading favors the H2-O2 reaction which lead to the insufficient of reactants. Compared to metal Pt0 species, Ptδ+ species showed lower activation energy of H2-SCR reaction and thought to be as reasonable active sites. Further, Eley-Rideal (E-R) reaction mechanism was proposed as evidenced by the reaction orders in kinetic studies. Last, the optimized reactor was designed with hybrid Pt/KFI catalysts with various Pt loading which achieve a high NOx conversion in a wide temperature range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Zhang
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China
| | - Yulong Shan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zidi Yan
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yunbo Yu
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are promoted as an alternative to conventional vehicles to meet European decarbonisation and air quality targets. However, several studies have shown that gasoline PHEVs present similar criteria and particulate emissions as their conventional gasoline counterparts. In the present work, we investigate the environmental performance of a modern plug-in hybrid Diesel-fuelled vehicle meeting the Euro 6d standard under a large variety of driving patterns, ambient temperatures, and battery states of charge (SOC). Emissions of regulated pollutants, currently unregulated pollutants, and CO2 were measured in the laboratory and following various on-road routes. The vehicle, whose electric range was 82 km, presented emissions below the Euro 6 regulatory limits in all the different driving cycles performed at 23 °C and all the on-road tests at the different battery SOC. The emissions were lower than the average of the conventional Diesel vehicles tested at JRC in 2020–2021 for all the SOC tested, the exception being solid particle number emissions >23 nm (SPN23) emissions that were comparable at all SOC. Moreover, the emissions obtained with the high voltage battery fully charged during on-road tests were comparable to those obtained with the battery at the minimum SOC for the entire test (ca. 91 km) as well as for the urban section (ca. 36 km). Overall, NOx and SPN23 emissions increased at lower temperatures, showing that at very low temperatures, there is no benefit in terms of particulate emissions from the electric range. Finally, it is shown that the emissions of N2O, the only unregulated pollutant presenting relevant emissions for this vehicle, and which are of catalytic nature, were proportional to the utilisation of the internal combustion engine. The scope of the manuscript is thus to deepen the knowledge on the emission performances of Diesel PHEVs through the systematic testing of a modern representative of this class of vehicles in a wide range of driving and environmental conditions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sisani F, Di Maria F, Cesari D. Environmental and human health impact of different powertrain passenger cars in a life cycle perspective. A focus on health risk and oxidative potential of particulate matter components. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150171. [PMID: 34537714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Different powertrains passenger cars, homologate in compliance with Euro 6 standard, were compared in a life cycle perspective for assessing both environmental and human health impacts. For this latter aspect, some correlation between the emission of heavy metals, elemental carbon, organic carbon, the oxidative potential of particulate matter and the adverse effect on human health were also analyzed and discussed. Battery electric vehicle (BEV) showed the lower greenhouse gases emissions, from 0.1 kgCO2eq/km to 0.2 kgCO2eq/km but were charged by the higher emissions of freshwater eutrophication and freshwater ecotoxicity, about 6 × 10-6 kgPeq/km and 4 CTUe/km, respectively. Lower resource depletion was detected for cars powered by internal combustion and hybrid powertrains. Amount of particulate matter (PM) emitted resulted lower for petrol-hybrid electric vehicles (Petrol-HEV), of about 5 × 10-5 kgPM2.5eq/km. BEV were charged by the higher values of human toxicity cancer, from about 2 × 10-5 CTUh/km to about 5 × 10-5 CTUh/km whereas Petrol-HEV were credited by the lower impact on human health (DALY/km). The large contribution to PM emission from all the analyzed cars was from tyre and brake wear. Main PM components were elemental (ElC) and organic carbon (OC) compounds. ElC is also a specific marker of PM emitted from traffic. Both ElC and OC were characterized by a strong correlation with the oxidative potential of PM, indicating a threat for human respiratory tract only marginally decreased by the transition from conventional to electric poweretrains vehicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Sisani
- Laboratorio LAR(5), Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Maria
- Laboratorio LAR(5), Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cesari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienza dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, S.P Lecce-Monteroni km 1,2, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Varella RA, Ribau JP, Baptista PC, Sousa L, Duarte GO. Novel approach for connecting real driving emissions to the European vehicle laboratorial certification test procedure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:35163-35182. [PMID: 31680201 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle emission certification is evaluated under laboratorial conditions, where vehicles perform a standard driving cycle in controlled conditions leading to several critics, which have resulted in the implementation of the Worldwide harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) and the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing procedure, as a complementary certification procedure. RDE is still under debate since boundary conditions; evaluation and trip selection methods are still being studied to allow test reproducibility. Currently, the official data analysis method uses the moving average window (MAW_EC), based on the WLTP CO2 emissions for trip validity evaluation (RDE package 4) and emissions (RDE package 3). However, this does not consider the impact of vehicle dynamics. Consequently, this work focuses on developing a novel method to relate certification driving cycle dynamics and on-road test vehicle dynamics, to evaluate RDE tests fuel use and exhaust emissions in a comparable way to certification driving cycles, indicating how close, or far, real-world driving is from the laboratorial certification test. For this, a new method was developed called road vehicle evaluation method (ROVET), which relies on the cycle vehicle dynamic and on-road trip dynamics for assessing if both tests are comparable. Results from 5 measured vehicles with a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) through reproducibility tests and 2 case studies, show that the ROVET provides results closer to the certification calculated reference than the most commonly used method in Europe (1% avg. difference for ROVET while 8% avg. difference for MAW_EC, regarding CO2 emission, for example). The use of vehicle dynamics on construction and references of a method could be used to incentivize the regulators to review the references used by the current used methods, which suffers several criticisms since their release. As the regulated methods are in constant update, this study could be useful for helping to improve or to be used as additional method for future vehicle certification procedures. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Varella
- Mechanical Engineering Department-Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Pav. De Mecânica III, Subsolo 2.10, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
- AVL MTC Motortestcenter AB, Armaturvägen 1, 13623, Haninge, Sweden.
| | - João P Ribau
- Intelligent & Digital Systems, R&Di, Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade, Av. Prof. Dr. Cavaco Silva, 33, Taguspark, 2740-120, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Patrícia C Baptista
- IN+, Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research-Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis Sousa
- LAETA, IDMEC-Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo O Duarte
- IN+, Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research-Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Mechanical Engineering Department-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Practicalities and Driving Dynamics of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Euro 6 Regulation Homologation Test. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12122306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, is the exhaust emissions from passenger cars. New European emissions regulations, to minimize the gap between manufacturer-reported emissions and those emitted on the road, require new vehicles to undergo emission testing on public roads during the certification process. Outlined in the new regulation are specific boundary conditions to which the route on which the vehicle is driven must comply during a legal test. These boundary conditions, as they relate to the design and subsequent driving of a compliant route, are discussed in detail. The practicality of designing a compliant route is discussed in the context of developing a route on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia, in a prescriptive manner. The route itself was driven 5 times and the results compared against regulation boundary conditions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang Y, Surawski NC, Organ B, Zhou JL, Tang OHH, Chan EFC. Fuel consumption and emissions performance under real driving: Comparison between hybrid and conventional vehicles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:275-282. [PMID: 30599346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are perceived to be more energy efficient and less polluting than conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. However, increasing evidence has shown that real-driving emissions (RDE) could be much higher than laboratory type approval limits and the advantages of HEVs over their conventional ICE counterparts under real-driving conditions have not been studied extensively. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the real-driving fuel consumption and pollutant emissions performance of HEVs against their conventional ICE counterparts. Two pairs of hybrid and conventional gasoline vehicles of the same model were tested simultaneously in a novel convoy mode using two portable emission measurement systems (PEMSs), thus eliminating the effect of vehicle configurations, driving behaviour, road conditions and ambient environment on the performance comparison. The results showed that although real-driving fuel consumption for both hybrid and conventional vehicles were 44%-100% and 30%-82% higher than their laboratory results respectively, HEVs saved 23%-49% fuel relative to their conventional ICE counterparts. Pollutant emissions of all the tested vehicles were lower than the regulation limits. However, HEVs showed no reduction in HC emissions and consistently higher CO emissions compared to the conventional ICE vehicles. This could be caused by the frequent stops and restarts of the HEV engines, as well as the lowered exhaust gas temperature and reduced effectiveness of the oxidation catalyst. The findings therefore show that while achieving the fuel reduction target, hybridisation did not bring the expected benefits to urban air quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Nic C Surawski
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bruce Organ
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Jockey Club Heavy Vehicle Emissions Testing and Research Centre, Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong
| | - John L Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Oscar H H Tang
- Jockey Club Heavy Vehicle Emissions Testing and Research Centre, Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong
| | - Edward F C Chan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weiss M, Zerfass A, Helmers E. Fully electric and plug-in hybrid cars - An analysis of learning rates, user costs, and costs for mitigating CO 2 and air pollutant emissions. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2019; 212:1478-1489. [PMID: 30828137 PMCID: PMC6358050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This article presents experience curves and cost-benefit analyses for electric and plug-in hybrid cars sold in Germany. We find that between 2010 and 2016, the prices and price differentials relative to conventional cars declined at learning rates of 23 ± 2% and 32 ± 2% for electric cars and 6 ± 1% and 37 ± 2% for plug-in hybrids. If trends persist, price beak-even with conventional cars may be reached after another 7 ± 1 million electric cars and 5 ± 1 million plug-in hybrids are produced. The user costs of electric and plug-in hybrid cars relative to their conventional counterparts are declining annually by 14% and 26%. Also the costs for mitigating CO2 and air pollutant emissions through the deployment of electrified cars tend to decline. However, at current levels, NOX and particle emissions are still mitigated at lower costs by state-of-the-art after-treatment systems than through the electrification of powertrains. Overall, the observation of robust technological learning suggests policy makers should focus their support on non-cost market barriers for the electrification of road transport, addressing specifically the availability of recharging infrastructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weiss
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, via Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Andreas Zerfass
- University of Applied Sciences Trier, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, Environmental Planning and Technology Department, P.O. Box 1380, 55761, Birkenfeld, Germany
| | - Eckard Helmers
- University of Applied Sciences Trier, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, Environmental Planning and Technology Department, P.O. Box 1380, 55761, Birkenfeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiong J, Luo Z, Yang J, Guo Y, Piyadasa A, Wang S, Hoang S, Fang Y, Hu S, Yang W, Deng H, Zhang L, Gao PX. Robust and well-controlled TiO 2–Al 2O 3 binary nanoarray-integrated ceramic honeycomb for efficient propane combustion. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce02012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Well-tuned TiO2–Al2O3 binary nanoarrays had been fabricated onto ceramic honeycombs and exhibited excellent robustness and catalytic activity for propane oxidation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lozhkin V, Lozhkina O, Dobromirov V. A study of air pollution by exhaust gases from cars in well courtyards of Saint Petersburg. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2018.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|