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Wang WL, Nong YJ, Yang ZW, Wu QY, Hübner U. Chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides: kinetics, reactive species, pathway, and toxicity evolution. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:119021. [PMID: 36057235 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the worldwide biocides application has been increased, which will eventually result in enhanced residuals in treated wastewater. At the same time, chlorine disinfection of secondary effluents and hospital wastewaters has been intensified. With respect to predicted elevated exposure in wastewater, the chlorination kinetics, transformation pathways and toxicity evolution were investigated in this study for two typical isothiazolinone biocides, methyl-isothiazolinone (MIT) and chloro-methyl-isothiazolinone (CMIT). Second-order rate constants of 0.13 M-1·s-1, 1.95 × 105 M-1·s-1 and 5.14 × 105 M-1·s-1 were determined for the reaction of MIT with HOCl, Cl2O and Cl2, respectively, while reactivity of CMIT was around 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. While chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides at pH 7.1 was dominated by Cl2O-oxidation, acidic pH and elevated Cl- concentration favored free active chlorine (FAC) speciation into Cl2 and increased overall isothiazolinone removal. Regardless of the dominant FAC species, the elimination of MIT and CMIT resulted in an immediate loss of acute toxicity under all experimental conditions, which was attributed to a preferential attack at the S-atom resulting in subsequent formation of sulfoxides and sulfones and eventually an S-elimination. However, chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides in secondary effluent only achieved <10% elimination at typical disinfection chlorine exposure 200 mg·L-1·min, but was predicted to be remarkably increased by acidizing solution to pH 5.5. Alternative measures might be needed to minimize the discharge of these toxic chemicals into the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu-Jia Nong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching 85748, Germany.
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Song CL, Tao Y, Liu WY, Chen YC, Xue R, Jiang TY, Li B, Jiang HY, Ren YK. Fluid pumping by liquid metal droplet utilizing ac electric field. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:025102. [PMID: 35291076 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.025102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a unique phenomenon in which liquid metal droplets (LMDs) under a pure ac electric field pump fluid. Unlike the directional pumping that occurs upon reversing the electric field polarity under a dc signal, this phenomenon allows the direction of fluid motion to be switched by simply shifting the position of the LMD within the cylindrical chamber. The physical mechanism behind this phenomenon has been termed Marangoni flow, caused by nonlinear electrocapillary stress. Under the influence of a localized, asymmetric ac electric field, the polarizable surface of the position-offset LMD produces a net time-averaged interfacial tension gradient that scales with twice the field strength, and thus pumps fluid unidirectionally. However, the traditional linear RC circuit polarization model of the LMD/electrolyte interface fails to capture the correct pump-flow direction when the thickness of the LMD oxide skin is non-negligible compared to the Debye length. Therefore, we developed a physical description by treating the oxide layer as a distributed capacitance with variable thickness and connected with the electric double layer. The flow profile is visualized via microparticle imaging velocimetry, and excellent consistency is found with simulation results obtained from the proposed nonlinear model. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of relevant parameters on fluid pumping and discuss a special phenomenon that does not exist in dc control systems. To our knowledge, no previous work addresses LMDs in this manner and uses a zero-mean ac electric field to achieve stable, adjustable directional pumping of a low-conductivity solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Wei-Yu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tian-Yi Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Biao Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yu-Kun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Selwe KP, Thorn JPR, Desrousseaux AOS, Dessent CEH, Sallach JB. Emerging contaminant exposure to aquatic systems in the Southern African Development Community. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:382-395. [PMID: 35020964 PMCID: PMC9304188 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The growing production and use of chemicals and the resultant increase in environmental exposure is of particular concern in developing countries where there is rapid industrialization and population growth but limited information on the occurrence of emerging contaminants. Advances in analytical techniques now allow for the monitoring of emerging contaminants at very low concentrations with the potential to cause harmful ecotoxicological effects. Therefore, we provide the first critical assessment of the current state of knowledge about chemical exposure in waters of the Southern African Developmental Community (SADC). We achieved this through a comprehensive literature review and the creation of a database of chemical monitoring data. Of the 59 articles reviewed, most (n = 36; 61.0%) were from South Africa, and the rest were from Botswana (n = 6; 10.2%), Zimbabwe (n = 6; 10.2%), Malawi (n = 3; 5.1%), Mozambique (n = 3; 5.1%), Zambia (n = 2; 3.4%), Angola (n = 1; 1.7%), Madagascar (n = 1; 1.7%), and Tanzania (n = 1; 1.7%). No publications were found from the remaining seven SADC countries. Emerging contaminants have only been studied in South Africa and Botswana. The antiretroviral drug ritonavir (64.52 µg/L) was detected at the highest average concentration, and ibuprofen (17 times) was detected most frequently. Despite being the primary water source in the region, groundwater was understudied (only 13 studies). High emerging contaminant concentrations in surface waters indicate the presence of secondary sources of pollution such as sewage leakage. We identify research gaps and propose actions to assess and reduce chemical pollution to enable the SADC to address the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 3.9, to reduce the deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and contamination. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:382-395. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgato P. Selwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | - Jessica P. R. Thorn
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
- African Climate and Development InitiativeUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | | | | | - J. Brett Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
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Wu S, Yang T, Mai J, Tang L, Liang P, Zhu M, Huang C, Li Q, Cheng X, Liu M, Ma J. Enhanced removal of organoarsenic by chlorination: Kinetics, effect of humic acid, and adsorbable chlorinated organoarsenic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126820. [PMID: 34418831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effective removal of organoarsenic by the combined process of "chlorination + Fe(II)" was achieved. Chlorine could effectively degrade roxarsone (ROX) over pH from 5 to 10. The fitting results of acid-base protonation model proved that the degradation of ROX was mainly attributed to the reaction of HOCl and deprotonated ROX. The transformation of arsenic species conformed to the fitting results of two-channel kinetic model, in which 32.4% of ROX was oxidized to As(V) via electron transfer pathway (ii) and the rest was converted into monochloro-ROX via electrophilic substitution pathway (i). Humic acid inhibited the degradation of ROX due to the competitive consumption of chlorine and the restraint on the pathway ii. Subsequently, an enhanced removal of total arsenic achieved after chlorination, due to that the generating As(V) and monochloro-ROX were easier adsorbed compared with ROX, over 97.8% of total arsenic was removed by ferric (oxyhydr)oxides which in-situ formed from the oxidation of Fe(II). Additionally, toxicity studies indicated that the acute toxicity was significantly eliminated by adding Fe(II) after chlorination, likely due to the removal of As(V) and chlorinated products. Furthermore, organoarsenic was also effectively removed by the combined process of "chlorination + Fe(II)" in real water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.
| | - Jiamin Mai
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Liuyan Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Ping Liang
- School of Applied and Physics Materials, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Mengyang Zhu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Cui Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Qiuhua Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Cheng
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Minchao Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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5
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How ZT, Gamal El-Din M. A critical review on the detection, occurrence, fate, toxicity, and removal of cannabinoids in the water system and the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115642. [PMID: 33032096 PMCID: PMC7489229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are a group of organic compounds found in cannabis. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two major constituents of cannabinoids, and their metabolites are contaminants of emerging concern due to the limited information on their environmental impacts. As well, their releases to the water systems and environment are expected to increase due to recent legalization. Solid-phase extraction is the most common technique for the extraction and pre-concentration of cannabinoids in water samples as well as a clean-up step after the extraction of cannabinoids from solid samples. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is the most common technique used for the analysis of cannabinoids. THC and its metabolites have been detected in wastewater, surface water, and drinking water. In particular, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) has been detected at concentrations up to 2590 and 169 ng L-1 in untreated and treated wastewater, respectively, 79.9 ng L-1 in surface water, and 1 ng L-1 in drinking water. High removal of cannabinoids has been observed in wastewater treatment plants; this is likely a result of adsorption due to the low aqueous solubility of cannabinoids. Based on the estrogenicity and cytotoxicity studies and modelling, it has been predicted that THC and THC-COOH pose moderate risk for adverse impact on the environment. While chlorination and photo-oxidation have been shown to be effective in the removal of THC-COOH, they also produce by-products that are potentially more toxic than regulated disinfection by-products. The potential of indirect exposure to cannabinoids and their metabolites through recreational water is of great interest. As cannabinoids and especially their by-products may have adverse impacts on the environment and public health, more studies on their occurrence in various types of water and environmental systems, as well as on their environmental toxicity, would be required to accurately assess their impact on the environment and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 1H9
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 1H9.
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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Apul OG, Rowles LS, Khalid A, Karanfil T, Richardson SD, Saleh NB. Transformation potential of cannabinoids during their passage through engineered water treatment systems: A perspective. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105586. [PMID: 32086082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are incipient contaminants with limited literature in the context of water treatment. With increasing positive public opinion toward legalization and their increasing use as a pharmaceutical, cannabinoids are expected to become a critical class of pollutant that requires attention in the water treatment industry. The destructive removal of cannabinoids via chlorination and other oxidation processes used in drinking water and wastewater treatment requires careful investigation, because the oxidation and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) may pose significant risks for public health and the environment. Understanding transformation of cannabinoids is the first step toward the development of management strategies for this emerging class of contaminant in natural and engineered aquatic systems. This perspective reviews the current understanding of cannabinoid occurrence in water and its potential transformation pathways during the passage through drinking water and wastewater treatment systems with chlorination process. The article also aims to identify research gaps on this topic, which demand attention from the environmental science and engineering community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur G Apul
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Lewis Stetson Rowles
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Arsalan Khalid
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Navid B Saleh
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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Craven CB, Wawryk N, Jiang P, Liu Z, Li XF. Pesticides and trace elements in cannabis: Analytical and environmental challenges and opportunities. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 85:82-93. [PMID: 31471034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is increasingly used for both medicinal and recreational purposes with an estimate of over 180 million users annually. Canada has recently legalized cannabis use in October 2018, joining several states in the United States of America (e.g., Colorado, California, and Oregon) and a few other countries. A variety of cannabis products including dry flowers, edibles, and oil products are widely consumed. With high demand for cannabis products worldwide, the quality of cannabis and its related products has become a major concern for consumer safety. Various guidelines have been set by different countries to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of cannabis products. In general, these guidelines require control of contaminants including pesticides, toxic elements, mycotoxins, and pathogens, as well as residual solvents in regard to cannabis oil. Accordingly, appropriate analytical methods are required to determine these contaminants in cannabis products for quality control. In this review, we focus on the current analytical challenges and method development for detection of pesticides and toxic elements in cannabis to meet various guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caley B Craven
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Nicholas Wawryk
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Ping Jiang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.
| | - Zhongshan Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Cheng S, Zhang X, Song W, Pan Y, Lambropoulou D, Zhong Y, Du Y, Nie J, Yang X. Photochemical oxidation of PPCPs using a combination of solar irradiation and free available chlorine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:629-638. [PMID: 31129545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) by using solar photolysis in the presence of free available chlorine (FAC) was investigated in simulated drinking water. The combination of free available chlorine and sunlight irradiation dramatically accelerated the degradation of all the contaminants tested through the generation of hydroxyl radicals, reactive chlorine species (RCS) and ozone. Contaminants containing electron-donating moieties degraded quickly and were preferentially degraded by RCS and/or HO oxidation. Primidone, ibuprofen and atrazine, which contain electron-withdrawing moieties, were mainly degraded by HO. Trace amounts of O3 contributed greatly to carbamazepine's degradation. Degradation of PPCPs was accelerated in oxygenated solutions. Increasing chlorine concentrations barely enhanced removal of PPCPs bearing electron-withdrawing moieties. Higher pH generally decreased the degradation rate constants along with reduced levels of HO and Cl, but diclofenac, gemfibrozil, caffeine and carbamazepine had peak degradation rate constants at pH 7-8. The cytotoxicity using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell did not show significant enhancement in solar/FAC treated water. Combining chlorination with sunlight may provide a simple and energy-efficient approach for improving the removal of organic contaminants during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Τhessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Yu Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ye Du
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianxin Nie
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Saleh NB, Apul O, Karanfil T. The Genesis of a Critical Environmental Concern: Cannabinoids in Our Water Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1746-1747. [PMID: 30707570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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11
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Gao Y, Jiang J, Zhou Y, Pang SY, Ma J, Jiang C, Yang Y, Huang ZS, Gu J, Guo Q, Duan JB, Li J. Chlorination of bisphenol S: Kinetics, products, and effect of humic acid. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 131:208-217. [PMID: 29289922 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS), as a main alternative of bisphenol A for the production of industrial and consumer products, is now frequently detected in aquatic environments. In this work, it was found that free chlorine could effectively degrade BPS over a wide pH range from 5 to 10 with apparent second-order rate constants of 7.6-435.3 M-1s-1. A total of eleven products including chlorinated BPS (i.e., mono/di/tri/tetrachloro-BPS), 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (BSA), chlorinated BSA (mono/dichloro-BSA), 4-chlorophenol (4CP), and two polymeric products were detected by high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Two parallel transformation pathways were tentatively proposed: (i) BPS was attacked by stepwise chlorine electrophilic substitution with the formation of chlorinated BPS. (ii) BPS was oxidized by chlorine via electron transfer leading to the formation of BSA, 4CP and polymeric products. Humic acid (HA) significantly suppressed the degradation rates of BPS even taking chlorine consumption into account, while negligibly affected the products species. The inhibitory effect of HA was reasonably explained by a two-channel kinetic model. It was proposed that HA negligibly influenced pathway i while appreciably inhibited the degradation of BPS through pathway ii, where HA reversed BPS phenoxyl radical (formed via pathway ii) back to parent BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Su-Yan Pang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chengchun Jiang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhuang-Song Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jia Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qin Guo
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jie-Bin Duan
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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