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Wang Y, Wei T, Wang Y, Zeng J, Wang T, Wang Q, Zhang S, Zeng M, Wang F, Dai P, Jiang X, Hu M, Zhao J, Hu Z, Zhu J, Wang X. Quasi-waffle solar distiller for durable desalination of seawater. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1113. [PMID: 38809973 PMCID: PMC11135395 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Water purification via interfacial solar steam generation exhibits promising potential. However, salt crystallization on evaporators reduces solar absorption and obstructs water supply. To address it, a waffle-shaped solar evaporator (WSE) has been designed. WSE is fabricated via a zinc-assisted pyrolysis route, combining low-cost biomass carbon sources, recyclable zinc, and die-stamping process. This route enables cost-effective production without the need of sophisticated processing. As compared to conventional plane-shaped evaporators, WSE is featured by extra sidewalls for triggering the convection with the synergistic solute and thermal Marangoni effects. Consequently, WSE achieves spontaneous salt rejection and durable evaporation stability. It has demonstrated continuous operation for more than 60 days in brine without fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tianqi Wei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yue Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jinjue Zeng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengyue Zeng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fengyue Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Pengcheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiangfen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuebin Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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2
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Mancuso G, Foglia A, Chioggia F, Drei P, Eusebi AL, Lavrnić S, Siroli L, Carrozzini LM, Fatone F, Toscano A. Demo-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor coupled with hybrid constructed wetlands for energy-carbon efficient agricultural wastewater reuse in decentralized scenarios. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:121109. [PMID: 38723500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The impact of climate change on water availability and quality has affected agricultural irrigation. The use of treated wastewater can alleviate water in agriculture. Nevertheless, it is imperative to ensure proper treatment of wastewater before reuse, in compliance with current regulations of this practice. In decentralized agricultural scenarios, the lack of adequate treatment facilities poses a challenge in providing treated wastewater for irrigation. Hence, there is a critical need to develop and implement innovative, feasible, and sustainable treatment solutions to secure the use of this alternative water source. This study proposes the integration of intensive treatment solutions and natural treatment systems, specifically, the combination of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB), anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR), constructed wetlands (CWs), and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. For this purpose, a novel demo-scale plant was designed, constructed and implemented to test wastewater treatment and evaluate the capability of the proposed system to provide an effluent with a quality in compliance with the current European wastewater reuse regulatory framework. In addition, carbon-sequestration and energy analyses were conducted to assess the sustainability of the proposed treatment approach. This research confirmed that UASB rector can be employed for biogas production (2.5 L h-1) and energy recovery from organic matter degradation, but its effluent requires further treatment steps to be reused in agricultural irrigation. The AnMBR effluent complied with class A standards for E. coli, boasting a concentration of 0 CFU 100 mL-1, and nearly negligible TSS levels. However, further reduction of BOD5 (35 mg L-1) is required to reach water quality class A. CWs efficiently produced effluent with BOD5 below 10 mg L-1 and TSS close to 0 mg L-1, making it suitable for water reuse and meeting class A standards. Furthermore, CWs demonstrated significantly higher energy efficiency compared to intensive treatment systems. Nonetheless, the inclusion of a UV disinfection unit after CWs was required to attain water class B standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mancuso
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Viale Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessia Foglia
- Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning-SIMAU, Via Brecce Bianche, 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy.
| | - Francesco Chioggia
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Viale Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Drei
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Viale Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Eusebi
- Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning-SIMAU, Via Brecce Bianche, 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Stevo Lavrnić
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Viale Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Siroli
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Viale Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fatone
- Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning-SIMAU, Via Brecce Bianche, 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Attilio Toscano
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Viale Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Ichikawa J, Iba T, Okazaki R, Fukuda T, Kodaka M, Komori M, Levy JH. Hemostatic capability of ultrafiltrated fresh frozen plasma compared to cryoprecipitate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21579. [PMID: 38062086 PMCID: PMC10703847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated the potential hemostatic effect of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) ultrafiltration on clotting factors, coagulation parameters, and plasma properties. ABO-specific units of FFP (n = 40) were prepared for the concentrated FFP and cryoprecipitate. Plasma water was removed from FFP by ultrafiltration using a dialyzer with a pump running at a 300 mL/min. The aliquot of each concentrated FFP after 50, 100, 200, and 250 mL of fluid removal were measured the standard coagulation assay, clotting activity, and plasma properties to compare those parameters of cryoprecipitate. Concentrated FFP contained 36.5% of fibrinogen in FFP with a mean concentration of 7.2 g/L, lower than the cryoprecipitate level. The levels of factor VIII (FVIII), von Willebrand factor (VWF):antigen (Ag), and VWF:ristocetin cofactor (RCo) were also lower in concentrated FFP, whereas the levels of factor V, factor IX, factor XIII, antithrombin and albumin was higher in concentrated FFP. Maximum clot firmness (MCF) in thromboelastometry was approximately one-half of that in cryoprecipitate. Although the levels of VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo, and FVIII differed depending on the ABO blood types, fibrinogen levels, and MCF were not significantly different among the ABO blood groups in FFP and concentrated FFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Ichikawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Adachi Medical Center, 4-33-1 Kouhoku, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 123-8858, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Iba
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryouta Okazaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Adachi Medical Center, 4-33-1 Kouhoku, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 123-8858, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukuda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Adachi Medical Center, 4-33-1 Kouhoku, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 123-8858, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Kodaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Adachi Medical Center, 4-33-1 Kouhoku, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 123-8858, Japan
| | - Makiko Komori
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Adachi Medical Center, 4-33-1 Kouhoku, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 123-8858, Japan
| | - Jerrold H Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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4
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Interplay of organic components in membrane fouling evolution: Statistical evidence from multiple spectroscopic analyses. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Effects of varying flux and transmembrane pressure conditions during ceramic ultrafiltration on the infectivity and retention of MS2 bacteriophages. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Suwaileh W, Zargar M, Abdala A, Siddiqui F, Khiadani M, Abdel-Wahab A. Concentration polarization control in stand-alone and hybrid forward osmosis systems: Recent technological advancements and future directions. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Geometrical Influence on Particle Transport in Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration: Cylindrical and Flat Sheet Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120960. [PMID: 34940461 PMCID: PMC8705108 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cross-flow membrane ultrafiltration (UF) is used for the enrichment and purification of small colloidal particles and proteins. We explore the influence of different membrane geometries on the particle transport in, and the efficiency of, inside-out cross-flow UF. For this purpose, we generalize the accurate and numerically efficient modified boundary layer approximation (mBLA) method, developed in recent work by us for a hollow cylindrical membrane, to parallel flat sheet geometries with one or two solvent-permeable membrane sheets. Considering a reference dispersion of Brownian hard spheres where accurate expressions for its transport properties are available, the generalized mBLA method is used to analyze how particle transport and global UF process indicators are affected by varying operating parameters and the membrane geometry. We show that global process indicators including the mean permeate flux, the solvent recovery indicator, and the concentration factor are strongly dependent on the membrane geometry. A key finding is that irrespective of the many input parameters characterizing an UF experiment and its membrane geometry, the process indicators are determined by three independent dimensionless variables only. This finding can be very useful in the design, optimization, and scale-up of UF processes.
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8
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Exploring formation rationale of skin-core heterogeneity during PVA solutions evaporation by laser-induced fluorescence analysis. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Mathematical modelling of reaction-separation in an enzymatic membrane reactor during oligodextran production. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Honarparvar S, Zhang X, Chen T, Alborzi A, Afroz K, Reible D. Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:246. [PMID: 33805438 PMCID: PMC8066301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Honarparvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Ashkan Alborzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Khurshida Afroz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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Shang W, Li X, Liu W, Yue S, Li M, von Eiff D, Sun F, An AK. Effective suppression of concentration polarization by nanofiltration membrane surface pattern manipulation: Numerical modeling based on LIF visualization. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.119021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Realtime and in-situ monitoring of membrane fouling with fiber-optic reflectance UV-vis spectrophotometry (FORUS). CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2020.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Li R, Zhang H, Zhang M, Zhang H. Light sheet fluorescence microscopy applied for in situ membrane fouling characterization: The microscopic events of hydrophilic membrane in resisting DEX fouling. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116240. [PMID: 32798888 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling restricts the wide applications of membrane technology and therefore, it is essential to develop novel analytical techniques to characterize membrane fouling and to further understand the mechanism behind it. In this work, we demonstrate a capability of high-resolution large-scale 3D visualization and quantification of the foulants on/in membranes during fouling process based on light sheet fluorescence microscopy as a noninvasive reproducible optical approach. The adsorption processes of dextran (DEX) on/in two polyvinylidene fluoride membranes with similar pore structure but distinct surface hydrophilicity were clearly observed. For a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane, the diffusion and adsorption of the DEX in membrane matrix were much slower compared to that for a hydrophobic membrane. A concentrated foulant layer was observed in the superficial potion of the hydrophilic membrane matrix while the foulants were observed quickly penetrating across the overall hydrophobic PVDF membrane during a short adsorption process. Both the inner concentrated fouling layer (in membrane superficial portion) and the foulant penetration (in membrane asymmetric structure) presented correlations with membrane fouling irreversibility, which could elucidate the microscopic events of hydrophilic membrane in resisting fouling. In addition, the imaging results could be correlated with the XDLVO analysis, suggesting how the membrane-foulant and foulant-foulant interfacial interactions resulted in a time-dependent membrane fouling process. This work provides a fast, highly-sensitive and noninvasive imaging platform for in situ characterization of membrane fouling evolution and should be useful for a wide range of membrane-based process explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chen
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Renjian Li
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Haoquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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14
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Shang W, Sun F, Jia W, Guo J, Yin S, Wong PW, An AK. High-performance nanofiltration membrane structured with enhanced stripe nano-morphology. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Lokare OR, Vidic RD. Impact of Operating Conditions on Measured and Predicted Concentration Polarization in Membrane Distillation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11869-11876. [PMID: 31545033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concentration polarization (CP) occurs in almost all membrane-based separation processes. In this study, the concentration profile of the dissolved salt has been accurately characterized using a previously developed laser-based spectrophotometric method which had a spatial resolution of 4.5 μm. The objective of the current work was to probe the concentration profile of the solute and analyze the impact of operating parameters, such as feed concentration, hydrodynamic conditions, and feed temperature, on the solute concentration profile in the boundary layer. This study also examined the validity of the conventional approach, where semi-empirical models are used to estimate the boundary layer thickness (BLT) and concentration polarization coefficient (CPC)-based on experimental results. Nusselt correlations were developed specifically for the membrane cell and validated through experimental observations at the operating conditions used in this study. A key finding of this study is that the conventional approach of estimating the effect of CP severely underpredicts the BLT and CPC. The results of this study highlight the need to develop new methods to estimate the BLT and CPC as the conventional approach of using semi-empirical Nusselt and Sherwood correlations does not agree with experimental observations obtained for a membrane distillation system employed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar R Lokare
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , 3700 O'Hara Street, 742 Benedum Hall , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Radisav D Vidic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , 3700 O'Hara Street, 742 Benedum Hall , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
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