1
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Chen M, Zhao F, Fan W, Li J, Guo X. Proof-of-concept Study of a New Microflow Electrochemical Cell Design for Gas-Evolving Reactions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xuhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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2
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Schotten C, Manson J, Chamberlain TW, Bourne RA, Nguyen BN, Kapur N, Willans CE. Development of a multistep, electrochemical flow platform for automated catalyst screening. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00587e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An integrated flow platform enables the electrochemical synthesis of base-metal catalysts with high-throughput screening and rapid data generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Manson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Richard A. Bourne
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Bao N. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nik Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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3
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Stephen HR, Boyall S, Schotten C, Bourne RA, Kapur N, Willans CE. Steps, hops and turns: examining the effects of channel shapes on mass transfer in continuous electrochemical reactors. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00530h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solution moving through an electrode, hence hopping from one electrode to another, has the greatest effect on an electrochemical reaction when compared to simple turns within a flow channel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Boyall
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Richard A. Bourne
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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4
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Forni JA, Czyz ML, Lupton DW, Polyzos A. An Electrochemical γ-C-H Arylation of Amines in Continuous Flow. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Cantillo D. Synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients using electrochemical methods: keys to improve sustainability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:619-628. [PMID: 34951414 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemistry is receiving renewed attention as a green and cost-efficient synthetic technology. Electrochemical methods promote redox transformations by electron exchange between electrodes and species in solution, thus avoiding the use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing or reducing agents. The rapid development of electroorganic synthesis over the past decades has enabled the preparation of molecules of increasing complexity. Redox steps that involve hazardous or waste-generating reagents during the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates can be substituted by electrochemical procedures. In addition to enhance sustainability, increased selectivity toward the target compound has been achieved in some cases. Electroorganic synthesis can be safely and readily scaled up to production quantities. For this pupose, utilization of flow electrolysis cells is fundamental. Despite these advantages, the application of electrochemical methods does not guarantee superior sustainability when compared with conventional protocols. The utilization of large amounts of supporting electrolytes, enviromentally unfriendly solvents or sacrificial electrodes may turn electrochemistry unfavorable in some cases. It is therefore crucial to carefully select and optimize the electrolysis conditions and carry out green metrics analysis of the process to ensure that turning a process electrochemical is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
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6
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Göldner V, Fangmeyer J, Karst U. Development of an electrochemical flow-through cell for the fast and easy generation of isotopically labeled metabolite standards. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:262-268. [PMID: 34634186 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In drug development, metabolite standards of new chemical entities are required for a comprehensive safety evaluation. Stable isotope-labeled internal metabolite standards at the milligram scale, which are difficult and expensive to synthesize in common bottom-up approaches, are necessary for metabolite quantification using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. A preparative electrochemical flow-through cell is presented here as a powerful tool for the cheap and straightforward synthesis of milligram amounts of isotopically labeled metabolite standards. The developed cell scales up established, so-called "coulometric" electrochemical cells. Problems like electrode fouling and cross contamination between syntheses are addressed by the use of exchangeable working electrodes. The applicability of the developed cell for the synthesis of metabolite standards is demonstrated using isotopically labeled acetaminophen as a model system for the generation of a biologically relevant phase II metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Göldner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Fangmeyer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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7
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Bonner A, Loftus A, Padgham AC, Baumann M. Forgotten and forbidden chemical reactions revitalised through continuous flow technology. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7737-7753. [PMID: 34549240 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has played an undeniable role in enabling modern chemical synthesis, whereby a myriad of reactions can now be performed with greater efficiency, safety and control. As flow chemistry furthermore delivers more sustainable and readily scalable routes to important target structures a growing number of industrial applications are being reported. In this review we highlight the impact of flow chemistry on revitalising important chemical reactions that were either forgotten soon after their initial report as necessary improvements were not realised due to a lack of available technology, or forbidden due to unacceptable safety concerns relating to the experimental procedure. In both cases flow processing in combination with further reaction optimisation has rendered a powerful set of tools that make such transformations not only highly efficient but moreover very desirable due to a more streamlined construction of desired scaffolds. This short review highlights important contributions from academic and industrial laboratories predominantly from the last 5 years allowing the reader to gain an appreciation of the impact of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Bonner
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aisling Loftus
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Alex C Padgham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
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8
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Simon LL, Dieckmann M, Robinson A, Vent-Schmidt T, Marantelli D, Kohlbrenner R, Saint-Dizier A, Gribkov D, Krieger JP. Monte Carlo Analysis-Based CapEx Uncertainty Estimation of New Technologies: The Case of Photochemical Lamps. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levente L. Simon
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dieckmann
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Alan Robinson
- Process Research Stein, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4334 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Vent-Schmidt
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Marantelli
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kohlbrenner
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Saint-Dizier
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Denis Gribkov
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
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9
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Wills AG, Charvet S, Battilocchio C, Scarborough CC, Wheelhouse KMP, Poole DL, Carson N, Vantourout JC. High-Throughput Electrochemistry: State of the Art, Challenges, and Perspective. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfie G. Wills
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Charvet
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bâtiment LEDERER, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Research Chemistry, Syngenta Crop Protection, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | | | - Katherine M. P. Wheelhouse
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Darren L. Poole
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Nessa Carson
- Syngenta Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Julien C. Vantourout
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bâtiment LEDERER, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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10
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Schotten C, Bourne RA, Kapur N, Nguyen BN, Willans CE. Electrochemical Generation of
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes for Use in Synthesis and Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A. Bourne
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Bao N. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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11
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Bian M, Hua J, Ma T, Xu J, Cai C, Yang Z, Liu C, He W, Fang Z, Guo K. Continuous-flow electrosynthesis of selenium-substituted iminoisobenzofuran via oxidative cyclization of olefinic amides and diselenides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3207-3212. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00236h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the continuous synthesis of selenated iminoisobenzofurans by cyclization of olefinic amides with diselenides through electrochemical oxidation under metal-free and oxidant-free conditions has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mixue Bian
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Jiawei Hua
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Tao Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Chen Cai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Zhao Yang
- College of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210003
- China
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Wei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
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