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Dias CN, Viana AM, Cunha-Silva L, Balula SS. The Role of the Heterogeneous Catalyst to Produce Solketal from Biodiesel Waste: The Key to Achieve Efficiency. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:828. [PMID: 38786785 PMCID: PMC11124048 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The valorization of the large amount of crude glycerol formed from the biodiesel industry is of primordial necessity. One possible direction with high interest to the biorefinery sector is the production of fuel additives such as solketal, through the acetalization of glycerol with acetone. This is a chemical process that conciliates high sustainability and economic interest, since solketal contributes to the fulfillment of a Circular Economy Model through its use in biodiesel blends. The key to guarantee high efficiency and high sustainability for solketal production is the use of recovery and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts. Reported works indicate that high yields are attributed to catalyst acidity, mainly the ones containing Brönsted acidic sites. On the other hand, the catalyst stability and its recycling capacity are completely dependent of the support material and the acidic sites incorporation methodology. This review intends to conciliate the information spread on this topic and indicate the most assertive strategies to achieve high solketal production in short reaction time during various reaction cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Salete S. Balula
- LAQV/REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (C.N.D.); (A.M.V.); (L.C.-S.)
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2
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Gujar JP, Modhera B. Green synthesis of solketal from glycerol using metal-modified ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts: process optimization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28353-28367. [PMID: 38538995 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the production of solketal (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol) from glycerol via ketalization reaction using M-ZSM-5 catalysts (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn). The wet impregnation method ensured precise metal loading and versatility in catalyst preparation. We present a novel approach by employing a suite of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), to elucidate the catalyst's structure, bonding, surface area, thermal stability, and morphology, ultimately linking these properties to their performance. Solketal synthesis was optimized in a reactor, with parameters like temperature, glycerol:acetone molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction time, and stirring speed. Optimal conditions were identified as 60 °C, 1:4, 0.2 g, 60 min, and 1200 rpm, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis confirmed successful solketal formation. Among M-ZSM-5 catalysts tested, Cu-ZSM-5 emerged the most efficient, achieving an impressive 99% glycerol conversion and 96% solketal selectivity. Notably, Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst displayed exceptional reusability, regaining its initial activity through calcination, thus minimizing waste generation. This research unveils Cu-ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst and promotes sustainability by utilizing a renewable glycerol feedstock to produce valuable solketal with applications in fuel additives, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. This work paves the way for developing environmentally friendly processes for waste valorization and producing valuable bio-based chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamna Prasad Gujar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 003, India
| | - Bharat Modhera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 003, India.
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A Comprehensive Review on Zeolite Chemistry for Catalytic Conversion of Biomass/Waste into Green Fuels. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238578. [PMID: 36500669 PMCID: PMC9739862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous attempts have been made to produce new materials and technology for renewable energy and environmental improvements in response to global sustainable solutions stemming from fast industrial expansion and population growth. Zeolites are a group of crystalline materials having molecularly ordered micropore arrangements. Over the past few years, progress in zeolites has been observed in transforming biomass and waste into fuels. To ensure effective transition of fossil energy carriers into chemicals and fuels, zeolite catalysts play a key role; however, their function in biomass usage is more obscure. Herein, the effectiveness of zeolites has been discussed in the context of biomass transformation into valuable products. Established zeolites emphasise conversion of lignocellulosic materials into green fuels. Lewis acidic zeolites employ transition of carbohydrates into significant chemical production. Zeolites utilise several procedures, such as catalytic pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and hydro-pyrolysis, to convert biomass and lignocelluloses. Zeolites exhibit distinctive features and encounter significant obstacles, such as mesoporosity, pore interconnectivity, and stability of zeolites in the liquid phase. In order to complete these transformations successfully, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the chemistry of zeolites. Hence, further examination of the technical difficulties associated with catalytic transformation in zeolites will be required. This review article highlights the reaction pathways for biomass conversion using zeolites, their challenges, and their potential utilisation. Future recommendations for zeolite-based biomass conversion are also presented.
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Javed F, Zimmerman WB, Fazal T, Hafeez A, Mustafa M, Rashid N, Rehman F. Green Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae Cultivated in Industrial Wastewater via Microbubble Induced Esterification using Bio-MOF-Based Heterogeneous Catalyst. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ma T, Yin M, Su C, Guo N, Huang X, Han Z, Wang Y, Chen G, Yun Z. Recent developments in the field of dehydration of bio-renewable glycerol to acrolein over molecular sieve catalysts. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Azam K, Shezad N, Shafiq I, Akhter P, Akhtar F, Jamil F, Shafique S, Park YK, Hussain M. A review on activated carbon modifications for the treatment of wastewater containing anionic dyes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135566. [PMID: 35787877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polluted water resources, particularly those polluted with industrial effluents' dyes, are carcinogenic and hence pose a severe threat to sustainable and longstanding worldwide development. Meanwhile, adsorption is a promising process for polluted/wastewater treatment. In particular, activated carbon (AC) is popular among various wastewater treatment adsorbents, especially in the organic contaminants' remediation in wastewater. Hence, the AC's synthesis from degradable and non-degradable resources, the carbon activation involved in the AC synthesis, and the AC's modification to cutting-edge and effective materials have been modern-research targets in recent years. Likewise, the main research focuses worldwide have been the salient AC characteristics, such as its surface chemistry, porosity, and enhanced surface area. Notably, various modified-AC synthesis methods have been employed to enhance the AC's potential for improved contaminants-removal. Hence, we critically analyze the different modified ACs (with enhanced (surface) functional groups and textural properties) of their capacity to remove different-natured anionic dyes in wastewater. We also discuss the corresponding AC modification techniques, the factors affecting the AC properties, and the modifying agents' influence on the AC's morphological/adsorptive properties. Finally, the AC research of future interest has been proposed by identifying the current AC research gaps, especially related to the AC's application in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshaf Azam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Shezad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan; Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Iqrash Shafiq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Parveen Akhter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, 1-km Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farid Akhtar
- Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Farrukh Jamil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumeer Shafique
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Murid Hussain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Li M, Wang Y, Xue H, Wu L, Wang Y, Wang C, Gao X, Li Z, Zhang X, Hasan M, Alruqi M, Bokhari A, Han N. Scientometric analysis and scientific trends on microplastics research. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135337. [PMID: 35714953 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the environmental pollution of microplastics has attracted much attention. To date, there have been a lot of researches on microplastics and a series of studies published. In this study, by bibliometric analysis method to evaluated the development and evolution on microplastics research trends and hot spots. A total of 2872 literature information was collected from the Web of Science (2004-2020), which was used for bibliometric visual analysis by CiteSpace. It was possible to see the contributing countries, institutions, authors, keywords, and future study directions in the microplastics sectors by looking at the visual representation of the results. (1) Since 2004, scientific advancements in this sector have advanced significantly, with a significant increase in speed since 2012. (2) China and the United States are the world's leading researchers in microplastics. (3) The study of microplastics was multidisciplinary, comprising researchers from the fields of ecology, chemistry, molecular biology, environmental science, and oceanography. (4) In recent years, researchers have concentrated their attention on the distribution and toxicity of microplastics in the environment, as well as their coupled pollution with heavy metal contaminants. In conclusion microplastics study in environmental science has become increasingly popular in recent years. Topics include dispersion, toxicity, and coupled pollution with heavy metal pollutants. Researchers in a wide range of fields are involved in microplastics research. Furthermore, policies and regulations about microplastics in global were summarized, and membrane technology has potential to remove microplastics from water. The above findings help to clearly grasp the content and development trend of microplastics research, point out the future research direction for scholars, and promote microplastics research and pollution prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment Ministry of Education, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China; College of New Energy and Environmental Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330044, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment Ministry of Education, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Honghai Xue
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment Ministry of Education, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment Ministry of Education, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment Ministry of Education, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Energy Saving of Cold Regions Architecture of Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China.
| | - Xingai Gao
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Zhonghe Li
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, KU Leuven, J. De Nayerlaan 5, B-2860, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium.
| | - Mudassir Hasan
- College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor Alruqi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shaqra University, Al Riyadh, 11911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, 54000, Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ning Han
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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Activated Bentonite Nanocomposite for the Synthesis of Solketal from Glycerol in the Liquid Phase. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated bentonites are low-cost acid catalysts used in several reactions. However, their application at an industrial scale is affected by the formation of colloidal suspensions when these bentonites are in aqueous solutions. In order to overcome these limitations, this work proposes obtaining a catalyst based on a composite containing natural bentonite within a silica–resin structure, which allows separating and re-utilizing the catalyst more easily and without centrifugal filtration requirements. By means of characterization techniques, the present study determined that the activated bentonite composite presented a total specific surface area of ~360 m2 g−1, ~4 mmol of acid sites per gram of bentonite, and sites with strong acid strength, all of which bestowed activity and selectivity in the solketal synthesis reaction from glycerol and acetone, reaching equilibrium conversion within a short reaction time. Furthermore, the present work developed a Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson kinetic model, achieving an activation energy of 50.3 ± 3.6 kJ mol−1 and a pre-exponential factor of 6.4 × 106 mol g−1 L−1 s−1, which are necessary for reactor design.
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Abdelkareem MA, Soudan B, Mahmoud MS, Sayed ET, AlMallahi MN, Inayat A, Radi MA, Olabi AG. Progress of artificial neural networks applications in hydrogen production. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
The exponential rise of the biodiesel production has resulted in a considerable amount of glycerol as a by-product, which must be valorized to ensure the sector’s long-term viability. As a result, cost-effective glycerol conversions for significant value-added chemicals are essential for the biodiesel production in the long run. Solketal, a glycerol by-product, is obtained as a potential fuel additive in the biodiesel industry. Recently, several heterogeneous acid-catalysts stand out as a promising catalyst for solketal production where biomass-based catalyst gained attraction owing to their biodegradability, eco-friendly, and abundant availability. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles-derived catalysts along with sulfonated functionalized catalyzed, zeolites, resins, enzymatic, etc. have proved their efficiency in solketal production. In this review, a wider study on the recent advances of the catalysts has been discussed along with their preparation, various reaction parameters, its application, and efficiency for biodiesel industry. This study opens up incredible prospects for us to use renewable energy sources, which will benefit the industry, the environment, and the economy.
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Li Z, Hu R, Ye S, Song J, Liu L, Qu J, Song W, Cao C. High-Performance Heterogeneous Thermocatalysis Caused by Catalyst Wettability Regulation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104588. [PMID: 35253287 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst wettability regulation has emerged as an attractive approach for high catalytic performance for the past few years. By introducing appropriate wettability, the molecule diffusion of reactants and products can be enhanced, leading to high activity. Besides this, undesired molecules are isolated for high selectivity of target products and long-term stability of catalyst. Herein, we summarize wettability-induced high-performance heterogeneous thermocatalysis in recent years, including hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, hybrid hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity, amphiphilicity, and superaerophilicity. Relevant reactions are further classified and described according to the reason for the performance improvement. It should be pointed out that studies of utilizing superaerophilicity to improve heterogeneous thermocatalytic performance have been included for the first time, so this is a comparatively comprehensive review in this field as yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Ye
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jun Song
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Weiguo Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Changyan Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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12
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Muzyka C, Monbaliu JCM. Perspectives for the Upgrading of Bio-Based Vicinal Diols within the Developing European Bioeconomy. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102391. [PMID: 34919322 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The previous decade has witnessed a drastic increase of European incentives aimed at pushing forward the transition from an exclusively petro-based economy toward a strong and homogeneous bio-based economy. Since 2012, numerous programs have been developed to stimulate and promote research and innovation relying on sustainable and renewable resources. Terrestrial biomass is a virtually infinite reservoir of biomacromolecules, the biorefining of which provides platform molecules of low complexity yet with tremendous industrial potential. Among such bio-based platform molecules, polyols and, more specifically, molecules featuring vicinal diols have gained tremendous interest and have stimulated an increasing research effort from the chemistry and chemical engineering communities. This Review revolves around the most promising process conditions and technologies reported since 2012 that specifically target bio-based vicinal diols and promote their transformation into value-added molecules of wide industrial interest, such as olefins, epoxides, cyclic carbonates, and ketals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Muzyka
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Quartier Agora Allée du six Aout, 13, B-4000, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Quartier Agora Allée du six Aout, 13, B-4000, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
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Filho EGRT, Dall’Oglio EL, de Sousa PT, Ribeiro F, Marques MZ, de Vasconcelos LG, de Amorim MPN, Kuhnen CA. Solketal production in microwave monomode batch reactor: the role of dielectric properties in glycerol ketalization with acetone. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Valorization of Solketal Synthesis from Sustainable Biodiesel Derived Glycerol Using Response Surface Methodology. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel production has gained considerable importance over the last few decades due to the increase in fossil fuel prices as well as toxic emissions of oxygen and nitrogen. The production of biodiesel via catalytic transesterification produces crude glycerol as a co-product along with biodiesel, amounting to 10% of the total biodiesel produced. Glycerol has a low value in its impure form, and the purification of glycerol requires sophisticated technologies and is an expensive process. The conversion of crude glycerol into value-added chemicals such as solketal is the best way to improve the sustainability of biodiesel synthesis using the transesterification reaction. Therefore, the conversion of crude glycerol into the solketal was investigated in a batch reactor simulation model developed by the Aspen Plus V11.0. The non-random two liquid theory (NRTL) method was used as a thermodynamic property package to study the effect of four input ketalization parameters. The model was validated with the findings of previous experimental studies of solketal synthesis using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The influence of the following operating parameters was investigated: reaction time of 10,000 to 60,000 s, reaction temperature of 303 to 323 K, acetone to glycerol molar ratio of 2:1 to 10:1, and catalyst concentration of 0.005 to 0.03 wt %. The optimum solketal yield of 81.36% was obtained at the optimized conditions of 313 K, 9:1, 0.03 wt %, and 40,000 s. The effect of each input parameter on the ketalization process and interaction between input and output parameters was investigated by using the response surface methodology (RSM) optimizer. The relationship between independent and response variables developed by RSM fit most of the simulation data, which showed the accuracy of the model. A second-order differential equation fit the simulation data well and showed an R2 value of 0.99. According to the findings of RSM, the influence of catalyst amount, acetone to glycerol molar ratio, and reaction time were more significant on solketal yield. The effect of temperature on the performance of the reaction was not found to be significant because of the exothermic nature of the process. The findings of this study showed that biodiesel-derived glycerol can be effectively utilized to produce solketal, which can be used for a wider range of applications such as a fuel additive. However, further work is required to enhance the solketal yield by developing new heterogeneous catalysts so that the industrial implementation of its production can be made possible.
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Jiang Y, Zhou R, Zhao H, Ye B, Long Y, Wang Z, Hou Z. A highly active and stable organic-inorganic combined solid acid for the transesterification of glycerol under mild conditions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Zulqarnain, Yusoff MHM, Ayoub M, Hamza Nazir M, Zahid I, Ameen M, Abbas W, Shoparwe NF, Abbas N. Comprehensive Review on Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zulqarnain
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS HICoE – Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS HICoE – Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ayoub
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS HICoE – Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hamza Nazir
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS HICoE – Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Imtisal Zahid
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS HICoE – Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Mariam Ameen
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS HICoE – Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Wajahat Abbas
- University of Engineering and Technology Department of Environmental Engineering 47080 Taxila Pakistan
| | - Noor Fazliani Shoparwe
- Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Jeli Campus 17600 Jeli Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Nadir Abbas
- University of Ha'il Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering 81441 Ha'il Saudia Arabia
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Zulqarnain, Mohd Yusoff MH, Ayoub M, Ramzan N, Nazir MH, Zahid I, Abbas N, Elboughdiri N, Mirza CR, Butt TA. Overview of Feedstocks for Sustainable Biodiesel Production and Implementation of the Biodiesel Program in Pakistan. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:19099-19114. [PMID: 34337248 PMCID: PMC8320110 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The energy demand of the world is skyrocketing due to the exponential economic growth and population expansion. To meet the energy requirement, the use of fossil fuels is not a good decision, causing environmental pollution such as CO2 emissions. Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources like biofuels can meet the energy crisis especially for countries facing oil shortages such as Pakistan. This review describes the comparative study of biodiesel synthesis for various edible oils, non-edible oils, and wastes such as waste plastic oil, biomass pyrolysis oil, and tyre pyrolysis oil in terms of their oil content and extraction, cetane number, and energy content. The present study also described the importance of biodiesel synthesis via catalytic transesterification and its implementation in Pakistan. Pakistan is importing an extensive quantity of cooking oil that is used in the food processing industries, and as a result, a huge quantity of waste cooking oil (WCO) is generated. The potential waste oils for biodiesel synthesis are chicken fat, dairy scum, WCO, and tallow oil that can be used as potential substrates of biodiesel. The implementation of a biodiesel program as a replacement of conventional diesel will help to minimize the oil imports and uplift the country's economy. Biodiesel production via homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification is more feasible among all transesterification processes due to a lesser energy requirement and low cost. Therefore, biodiesel synthesis and implementation could minimize the imports of diesel by significantly contributing to the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Although, waste oil can meet the energy needs, more available cultivation land should be used for substrate cultivation. In addition, research is still needed to explore innovative solvents and catalysts so that overall biodiesel production cost can be minimized. This would result in successful biodiesel implementation in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulqarnain
- HICoE
− Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of
Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff
- HICoE
− Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of
Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ayoub
- HICoE
− Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of
Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ramzan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering
& Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamza Nazir
- HICoE
− Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of
Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Imtisal Zahid
- HICoE
− Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of
Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Nadir Abbas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81441, Saudia Arabia
| | - Noureddine Elboughdiri
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81441, Saudia Arabia
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Modeling Analysis and Control of Systems,
National School of Engineering Gabes, University
of Gabes, Gabes 6072, Tunisia
| | - Cyrus Raza Mirza
- Department
of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Ha’il 55425, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tayyab Ashfaq Butt
- Department
of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Ha’il 55425, Saudi Arabia
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Solketal Production via Solvent-Free Acetalization of Glycerol over Triphosphonic-Lanthanide Coordination Polymers. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel is one of the most significant and valuable alternatives to fossil fuels. In the process of transesterification to produce biodiesel from various feedstocks, glycerol is one of the side products obtained, in a high glycerol: biodiesel weight ratio (1:10). Therefore, the growing world demand for biodiesel prompted a glycerol surplus. It is, thus, of interest to find new and added-value paths for the transformation of this abundant chemical. One of the most auspicious glycerol applications is the production of fuel additives, namely cyclic acetals and ketals, from aldehydes and ketones, respectively. In this work, coordination polymers based on nitrile (trimethylphosphonic acid) and Ln3+/Eu3+ are used as catalysts for the acetalization of the bio-renewable glycerol into oxygenated fuel additives. Solketal is the major product obtained from the reaction of glycerol with acetone. This product improves the cold flow properties, lowering the viscosity of biodiesel, improving combustion, and boosting the octane number. The stability of the materials is studied as well as their recovery and reuse.
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Zahid I, Ayoub M, Abdullah BB, Mukhtar A, Saqib S, Rafiq S, Ullah S, Al‐Sehemi AG, Farrukh S, Danish M. Glycerol Conversion to Solketal: Catalyst and Reactor Design, and Factors Affecting the Yield. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imtisal Zahid
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Department of Chemical Engineering Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ayoub
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Department of Chemical Engineering Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Bawadi B. Abdullah
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Department of Chemical Engineering Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Mukhtar
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Department of Chemical Engineering Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Sidra Saqib
- COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI) Department of Chemical Engineering Lahore Campus 54000 Punjab Pakistan
| | - Sikander Rafiq
- University of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Polymer and Composite Material Engineering New Campus Lahore Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah
- King Khalid University Department of Chemistry, College of Science P.O. Box 9004 61413 Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi
- King Khalid University Department of Chemistry, College of Science P.O. Box 9004 61413 Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Farrukh
- National University of Science and Technology (NUST) School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Danish
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Institute of Chemical and Bio-Engineering Technology Lot 1988, Alor Gajah 78000 Melaka Malaysia
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22
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Activation of Nano Kaolin Clay for Bio-Glycerol Conversion to a Valuable Fuel Additive. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High production of biodiesel results in a surplus of glycerol as a byproduct that leads to a drastic decline in the glycerol price as well as overall biodiesel production. Alternative methods must be introduced for the economical process for biodiesel production via utilization of crude glycerol into valuable chemicals or fuel additives. This study introduces an ecofriendly process of solketal synthesis from glycerol and acetone in the presence of a novel metakaolin clay catalyst, which is a useful additive in biodiesel or gasoline, in order to enhance the octane number and to control the emissions. Moreover, kaolin clay catalysts are low cost, abundantly available, eco-friendly and one of the more promising applications for solketal synthesis. In this study, raw kaolin clay was activated with an easy acid activation technique, modification in physicochemical and textural properties were determined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. Among all acid-treated catalysts, metakaolin K3 have shown best catalytic properties, high surface area and pore size after acid activation with 3.0 mol/dm3 at 98 °C for 3 h. Acetalization of glycerol with acetone carried out in the presence of an environmentally friendly and inexpensive novel metakaolin K3 catalyst. The maximum yield of solketal obtained was 84% at a temperature of 50 °C, acetone/glycerol molar ratio 6/1 and for 90 min with novel metakaolin clay catalyst. Effect of various parameters (time, temperature, acetone/glycerol molar ratio, catalyst loading) on the solketal yield and glycerol conversion was discussed in detail. This approach offers an effective way to transform glycerol into solketal—a desirable green chemical with future industrial applications.
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A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.
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