CO2-Responsive Branched Polymers for Forward Osmosis Applications: The Effect of Branching on Draw Solute Properties

Optimizing the Synthesis of CO2-Responsive Polymers: A Kinetic Model Approach for Scaling Up

The kinetic model is a crucial tool for optimizing polymer synthesis protocols and facilitating the scaled-up production processes of the CO2-responsive polymer poly(N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-acrylamide)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate)(PDMAPAm-b-PMMA), which is supposed to be implemented in direct air capture (DAC) technology. This study presents a simulation of the kinetic model developed for the Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer (RAFT) polymerization of N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-acrylamide (DMAPAm), alongside an investigation into the kinetics of this polymerization using the simulation as an analytical tool, as well as the application of the simulation for the upscaling of RAFT polymerization. Ultimately, the kinetic model was validated through two kinetic experiments, confirming its reliability. It was subsequently employed to optimize the synthesis recipe and to predict the properties of PDMAPAm homopolymers, thereby supporting the upscaling of PDMAPAm-b-PMMA diblock copolymer synthesis. In the end, the preliminary results of the CO2-responsiveness of the diblock copolymer were determined with a simple experiment.

CO2-Responsive Low Molecular Weight Polymer with High Osmotic Pressure as a Draw Solute for Forward Osmosis

A key challenge in the development of forward osmosis (FO) technology is to identify a suitable draw solute that can generate a large osmotic pressure with favorable water flux while being easy to recover after the FO process with a minimum of energy expenditure. While the CO2- and thermo-responsive linear poly(N,N-dimethylallylamine) polymer (l-PDMAAm) has been reported as a promising draw agent for forward osmosis desalination, the draw solutions sufficiently concentrated to have high osmotic pressure were too viscous to be usable in industrial operations. We now compare the viscosities and osmotic pressures of solutions of these polymers at low and high molecular weights and with/without branching. The best combination of high osmotic pressures with low viscosity can be obtained by using low molecular weights rather than branching. Aqueous solutions of the synthesized polymer showed a high osmotic pressure of 170 bar under CO2 (πCO2) at 50 wt% loading, generating a high water flux against NaCl feed solutions in the FO process. Under air, however, the same polymer showed a low osmotic pressure and a cloud point between 26 and 33 °C (depending on concentration), which facilitates the recovery of the polymer after it has been used as a draw agent in the FO process upon removal of CO2 from the system.

Anion Effect on Forward Osmosis Performance of Tetrabutylphosphonium-Based Draw Solute Having a Lower Critical Solution Temperature

The applicability of ionic liquids (ILs) as the draw solute in a forward osmosis (FO) system was investigated through a study on the effect of the structural change of the anion on the FO performance. This study evaluated ILs composed of tetrabutylphosphonium cation ([P₄₄₄₄]⁺) and benzenesulfonate anion ([BS]^-), para-position alkyl-substituted benzenesulfonate anions (p-methylbenzenesulfonate ([MBS]^-) and p-ethylbenzenesulfonate ([EBS^-]), and methanesulfonate anion ([MS]^-). The analysis of the thermo-responsive properties suggested that the [P₄₄₄₄][MBS] and [P₄₄₄₄][EBS] ILs have lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs), which play a beneficial role in terms of the reusability of the draw solute from the diluted draw solutions after the water permeation process. At 20 wt% of an aqueous solution, the LCSTs of [P₄₄₄₄][MBS] and [P₄₄₄₄][EBS] were approximately 36 °C and 25 °C, respectively. The water flux and reverse solute flux of the [P₄₄₄₄][MBS] aqueous solution with higher osmolality than [P₄₄₄₄][EBS] were 7.36 LMH and 5.89 gMH in the active-layer facing the draw solution (AL-DS) mode at osmotic pressure of 25 atm (20 wt% solution), respectively. These results indicate that the [P₄₄₄₄]⁺-based ionic structured materials with LCST are practically advantageous for application as draw solutes.