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Zhong H, Song X, He S, Zhang X, Li Q, Xiao H, Hu X, Wang Y, Chen B, Li W. Reaction Behavior and Kinetic Model of Hydroisomerization and Hydroaromatization of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Gasoline. Molecules 2025; 30:783. [PMID: 40005094 PMCID: PMC11858373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2025] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
The hydro-upgrading reaction behavior of model compound 1-hexene and FCC middle gasoline was investigated using a fixed-bed hydrogenation microreactor with a prepared La-Ni-Zn/H-ZSM-5 catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by wetness impregnation method, using hydrothermal treated H-ZSM-5 zeolite blended with alumina as the support, and La, Ni, Zn as the active metals. The reaction tests were carried out at 300-380 °C, 1.0 MPa, 1.5-3.0 h-1 (LSHV), and 300:1 v/v (H2/oil). Analyzing the changes in hydrocarbon components before and after hydro-upgrading elucidated the mechanistic pathways of olefin hydroisomerization and hydroaromatization. Based on these findings, a seven-lump kinetic model was established for the FCC middle gasoline hydro-upgrading process. Given the diversity and complexity of reaction products, they were grouped into seven lumps: normal paraffins, isoparaffins, linear olefins, branched olefins, cycloolefins, naphthenes, and aromatics. Kinetic parameters were estimated using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and validated against experimental data. The results showed that the conversion of naphthenes to aromatics exhibited the highest activation energy and pre-exponential factor, resulting in the largest reaction rate increase within the 320-380 °C range. The model accurately predicted the product yields of FCC gasoline hydro-upgrading, with a relative error of less than 5%. These findings provide valuable guidance for the optimization, design, and operation of FCC gasoline hydro-upgrading units, as well as for catalyst development, with the aim of improving process efficiency and fuel quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhong
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (X.S.); (S.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.X.); (X.H.); (Y.W.); (B.C.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiwen Song
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (X.S.); (S.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.X.); (X.H.); (Y.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Shuai He
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (X.S.); (S.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.X.); (X.H.); (Y.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Xuerui Zhang
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (X.S.); (S.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.X.); (X.H.); (Y.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Qingxun Li
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (X.S.); (S.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.X.); (X.H.); (Y.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Haicheng Xiao
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (X.S.); (S.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.X.); (X.H.); (Y.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (X.S.); (S.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.X.); (X.H.); (Y.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Yue Wang
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (X.S.); (S.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.X.); (X.H.); (Y.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Boyan Chen
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (X.S.); (S.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.X.); (X.H.); (Y.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Wangliang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Saini S, Oluokun T, Sharma B, Verma A, Vorontsov A, Smirniotis PG, Singh R, Viswanadham N, Kumar U. Cr- and Ga-Modified ZSM-5 Catalyst for the Production of Renewable BTX from Bioethanol. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300572. [PMID: 38340361 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Light aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylene, collectively known as BTX) are essential commodity chemicals in the petrochemical industry. The present study examines the aromatization of bioethanol with Cr- and Ga-modified ZSM-5. Both Cr and Ga were incorporated by the ion-exchange method. Cr-modified ZSM-5 outperforms the Ga-modified ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 catalysts. Cr-H-ZSM-5 almost doubled the carbon yield of aromatics compared to H-ZSM-5 at an optimum reaction temperature of 450 °C. Cr-H-ZSM-5 produced aromatics with a yield of ~40 %. The effect of dilution in feed on BTX production is also studied. Cr-H-ZSM-5 was found to be more active than H-ZSM-5. Complete ethanol conversion was obtained with both pure and dilute bioethanol. The Bronsted-Lewis acid (BLA) pair formed after metal incorporation is responsible for dehydrogenation followed by aromatization, leading to increased aromatic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Saini
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Tolulope Oluokun
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200005, Nigeria
| | - Bhawna Sharma
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akash Verma
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | | | - Panagiotis G Smirniotis
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH-45221-0012, USA
| | - Raghuvir Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
| | - Nagabhatla Viswanadham
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Umesh Kumar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Improving the Hydrothermal Stability of ZSM-5 Zeolites in 1-Octene Aromatization by Sequential Alkali Treatment and Phosphorus Modification. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For the aromatization of olefins (in Fischer–Tropsch synthetic oil), especially for the fluidized bed reaction with steam as the fluidized medium, improving the catalytic and hydrothermal stabilities of ZSM-5 catalysts is a research focus because of both fundamental research interests and potential commercial applications. In this work, sequential alkali treatment and phosphorus modification were carried out for ZSM-5 samples. The results obtained from characterization and reaction evaluation show that the introduction of mesopores facilitates the dispersion of phosphorus species into the pores and improves the reaction stability for 1-octene aromatization. After the hydrothermal treatment, the P-0.5A-Z5-ST sample treated with an appropriate concentration of alkali retains the most acid sites and shows the highest aromatic selectivity (22.5%) at TOS = 660 min. Therefore, a moderate distribution of mesopores in a zeolite plays an important role in the diffusions of reactants and products, as well as in the distribution of phosphorus species.
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