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Xu X, Li H, Wang X, Shi H, Niu M, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Guo Y. Effect of Lignin Structure Characteristics on the Performance of Lignin Based Phenol Formaldehyde Adhesives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300663. [PMID: 38375776 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
As the second most abundant biopolymer, lignin remains underutilized in various industrial applications. Various forms of lignin generated from different methods affect its physical and chemical properties to a certain extent. To promote the broader commercial utilization of currently available industrial lignins, lignin sulfonate (SL), kraft lignin (KL), and organosolv lignin (OL) are utilized to partially replace phenol in the synthesis of phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesives. The impact of lignin production process on the effectiveness of lignin-based phenolic (LPF) adhesives is examined based on the structural analysis of the selected industrial lignin. The results show that OL has more phenolic hydroxyl groups, lower molecular weight, and greater number of reactive sites than the other two types of lignins. The maximum replacement rate of phenol by OL reaches 70% w/w, resulting in organosolv lignin phenolic (OLPF) adhesives with a viscosity of 960 mPa·s, a minimal free formaldehyde content of 0.157%, and a shear strength of 1.84 MPa. It exhibits better performance compared with the other two types of lignin-based adhesives and meets the requirements of national standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Xu
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light, Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Haiming Li
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light, Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light, Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Haiqiang Shi
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light, Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Meihong Niu
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light, Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yongchao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yanzhu Guo
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light, Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Green Phenolic Resins from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Phenolated Lignin and Bio-Oil as Phenol Substitutes for Bonding Plywood. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051258. [PMID: 36904501 PMCID: PMC10007611 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a natural biopolymer with a complex three-dimensional network and it is rich in phenol, making it a good candidate for the production of bio-based polyphenol material. This study attempts to characterize the properties of green phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins produced through phenol substitution by the phenolated lignin (PL) and bio-oil (BO), extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch black liquor. Mixtures of PF with varied substitution rates of PL and BO were prepared by heating a mixture of phenol-phenol substitute with 30 wt.% NaOH and 80% formaldehyde solution at 94 °C for 15 min. After that, the temperature was reduced to 80 °C before the remaining 20% formaldehyde solution was added. The reaction was carried out by heating the mixture to 94 °C once more, holding it for 25 min, and then rapidly lowering the temperature to 60 °C, to produce the PL-PF or BO-PF resins. The modified resins were then tested for pH, viscosity, solid content, FTIR, and TGA. Results revealed that the substitution of 5% PL into PF resins is enough to improve its physical properties. The PL-PF resin production process was also deemed environmentally beneficial, as it met 7 of the 8 Green Chemistry Principle evaluation criteria.
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Mili M, Hashmi SAR, Ather M, Hada V, Markandeya N, Kamble S, Mohapatra M, Rathore SKS, Srivastava AK, Verma S. Novel lignin as
natural‐biodegradable
binder for various sectors—A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Medha Mili
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal India
| | - Sayed Azhar Rasheed Hashmi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal India
| | - Madeeha Ather
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal India
| | - Vaishnavi Hada
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal India
| | - Nishant Markandeya
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
| | - Sanjay Kamble
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
| | - Mamata Mohapatra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | - Sanjai Kumar Singh Rathore
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal India
| | - Avanish Kumar Srivastava
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal India
| | - Sarika Verma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal India
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4
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Ramesh M, Rajeshkumar L, Sasikala G, Balaji D, Saravanakumar A, Bhuvaneswari V, Bhoopathi R. A Critical Review on Wood-Based Polymer Composites: Processing, Properties, and Prospects. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:589. [PMID: 35160578 PMCID: PMC8838915 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Waste recycling is one of the key aspects in current day studies to boost the country's circular economy. Recycling wood from construction and demolished structures and combining it with plastics forms wood-polymer composites (WPC) which have a very wide scope of usage. Such recycled composites have very low environmental impact in terms of abiotic potential, global warming potential, and greenhouse potential. Processing of WPCs can be easily done with predetermined strength values that correspond to its end application. Yet, the usage of conventional polymer composite manufacturing techniques such as injection molding and extrusion has very limited scope. Many rheological characterization techniques are being followed to evaluate the influence of formulation and process parameters over the quality of final WPCs. It will be very much interesting to carry out a review on the material formulation of WPCs and additives used. Manufacturing of wood composites can also be made by using bio-based adhesives such as lignin, tannin, and so on. Nuances in complete replacement of synthetic adhesives as bio-based adhesives are also discussed by various researchers which can be done only by complete understanding of formulating factors of bio-based adhesives. Wood composites play a significant role in many non-structural and structural applications such as construction, floorings, windows, and door panels. The current review focuses on the processing of WPCs along with additives such as wood flour and various properties of WPCs such as mechanical, structural, and morphological properties. Applications of wood-based composites in various sectors such as automotive, marine, defense, and structural applications are also highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641402, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshminarasimhan Rajeshkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India; (L.R.); (D.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Ganesan Sasikala
- Department of Mathematics, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram 603203, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Devarajan Balaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India; (L.R.); (D.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Arunachalam Saravanakumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.S.R.M College of Engineering, Kadapa 516003, Andhra Pradesh, India;
| | - Venkateswaran Bhuvaneswari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India; (L.R.); (D.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Ramasamy Bhoopathi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai 600044, Tamil Nadu, India;
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Effects of Alcell Lignin Methylolation and Lignin Adding Stage on Lignin-Based Phenolic Adhesives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226762. [PMID: 34833854 PMCID: PMC8621660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of lignin methylolation and lignin adding stage on the resulted lignin-based phenolic adhesives, Alcell lignin activated with NaOH (AL) or methylolation (ML) was integrated into the phenolic adhesives system by replacing phenol at various adhesive synthesis stages or directly co-polymerizing with phenolic adhesives. Lignin integration into phenolic adhesives greatly increased the viscosity of the resultant adhesives, regardless of lignin methylolation or adding stage. ML introduction at the second stage of adhesive synthesis led to much bigger viscosity than ML or AL introduction into phenolic adhesives at any other stages. Lignin methylolation and lignin adding stage did not affect the thermal stability of lignin based phenolic adhesives, even though lignin-based adhesives were less thermally stable than NPF. Typical three-stage degradation characteristics were also observed on all the lignin-based phenolic adhesives. Three-ply plywoods can be successfully laminated with lignin based adhesives, and it was interesting that after 3 h of cooking in boiling water, the plywoods specimens bonded with lignin-based phenolic adhesives displayed higher bonding strength than the corresponding dry strength obtained after direct conditioning at 20 °C and 65% RH. Compared with NPF, lignin introduction significantly reduced the bonding strength of lignin based phenolic adhesives when applied for plywood lamination. However, no significant variation of bonding strength was detected among the lignin based phenolic adhesives, regardless of lignin methylolation or adding stages.
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6
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Recent Developments in Lignin- and Tannin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Resins for Wood Adhesives—A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This review article aims to summarize the potential of using renewable natural resources, such as lignin and tannin, in the preparation of NIPUs for wood adhesives. Polyurethanes (PUs) are extremely versatile polymeric materials, which have been widely used in numerous applications, e.g., packaging, footwear, construction, the automotive industry, the lighting industry, insulation panels, bedding, furniture, metallurgy, sealants, coatings, foams, and wood adhesives. The isocyanate-based PUs exhibit strong adhesion properties, excellent flexibility, and durability, but they lack renewability. Therefore, this study focused on the development of non-isocyanate polyurethane lignin and tannin resins for wood adhesives. PUs are commercially synthesized using polyols and polyisocyanates. Isocyanates are toxic, costly, and not renewable; thus, a search of suitable alternatives in the synthesis of polyurethane resins is needed. The reaction with diamine compounds could result in NIPUs based on lignin and tannin. The research on bio-based components for PU synthesis confirmed that they have good characteristics as an alternative for the petroleum-based adhesives. The advantages of improved strength, low curing temperatures, shorter pressing times, and isocyanate-free properties were demonstrated by lignin- and tannin-based NIPUs. The elimination of isocyanate, associated with environmental and human health hazards, NIPU synthesis, and its properties and applications, including wood adhesives, are reported comprehensively in this paper. The future perspectives of NIPUs’ production and application were also outlined.
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7
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Sivagurunathan P, Raj T, Mohanta CS, Semwal S, Satlewal A, Gupta RP, Puri SK, Ramakumar SSV, Kumar R. 2G waste lignin to fuel and high value-added chemicals: Approaches, challenges and future outlook for sustainable development. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:129326. [PMID: 33360003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is produced as a byproduct in cellulosic biorefinery as well in pulp and paper industries and has the potential for the synthesis of a variety of phenolics chemicals, biodegradable polymers, and high value-added chemicals surrogate to conventional petro-based fuels. Therefore, in this critical review, we emphasize the possible scenario for lignin isolation, transformation into value addition chemicals/materials for the economic viability of current biorefineries. Additionally, this review covers the chemical structure of lignocellulosic biomass/lignin, worldwide availability of lignin and describe various thermochemical (homogeneous/heterogeneous base/acid-catalyzed depolymerization, oxidative, hydrogenolysis etc.) and biotechnological developments for the production of bio-based low molecular weight phenolics, i.e. polyhydroxyalkanoates, vanillin, adipic acid, lipids etc. Besides, some functional chemicals applications, lignin-formaldehyde ion exchange resin, electrochemical and production of few targeted chemicals are also elaborated. Finally, we examine the challenges, opportunities and prospects way forward related to lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sivagurunathan
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Tirath Raj
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanta
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Surbhi Semwal
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Alok Satlewal
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Suresh K Puri
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India.
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8
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Li S, Shi L, Wang C, Yue F, Lu F. Naphthalene Structures Derived from Lignins During Phenolation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5549-5555. [PMID: 32812399 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenolation is a commonly used method to improve the reactivity of lignin for various applications. In this study, resinol lignin models (syringaresinol and pinoresinol) and eucalyptus alkali lignin were treated under acid-catalyzed phenolation conditions to investigate the products derived from resinol (β-β) structures of lignins. The phenolation products were characterized by means of GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy following separation using flash chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. A series of new naphthalene products were identified from phenolation of syringaresinol, and the corresponding guaiacyl analogs were also identified by GC-MS. The C1-Cα bond of these resinol compounds was cleaved to release syringol or guaiacol during phenolation. In addition, diphenylmethane products formed from phenol or phenol and syringol/guaiacol were found in the phenolation products. Comparatively, more naphthalene products were obtained by phenolation from syringaresinol than those obtained from pinoresinol. HSQC NMR characterization of the phenolated alkali lignin revealed that naphthalene structures formed in the phenolated lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lanlan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Fachuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
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9
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Development of Wood Composites from Recycled Fibres Bonded with Magnesium Lignosulfonate. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11060613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential of producing ecofriendly composites from industrial waste fibres, bonded with magnesium lignosulfonate, a lignin-based formaldehyde-free adhesive, was investigated in this work. Composites were produced in the laboratory using the following parameters: a hot press temperature of 210 °C, a pressing time of 16 min, and a 15% gluing content of magnesium lignosulfonate (on the dry fibres). The physical and mechanical properties of the produced composites were evaluated and compared with the European Standard (EN) required properties (EN 312, EN 622-5) of common wood-based panels, such as particleboards for internal use in dry conditions (type P2), load-bearing particleboards for use in humid conditions (type P5), heavy-duty load-bearing particleboards for use in humid conditions (type P7), and medium-density fibreboards (MDF) for use in dry conditions. In general, the new produced composites exhibited satisfactory mechanical properties: a bending strength (MOR) (18.5 N·mm−2) that was 42% higher than that required for type P2 particleboards (13 N·mm−2) and 16% higher than that required for type P5 particleboards (16 N·mm−2). Additionally, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of composites (2225 N·mm−2) was 24% higher than that required for type P2 particleboards (1800 N·mm−2) and equivalent to the required MOE of MDF panels for use in dry conditions (2200 N·mm−2). However, these ecofriendly composites showed deteriorated moisture properties, i.e., 24 h swelling and 24 h water absorption, which were a distinct disadvantage. This should be further investigated, as modifications in the lignosulfonate formula used and/or production parameters are necessary.
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10
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Bio-Crude by Acidic Phenolation and Carbamation for the Preparation of Phenolic Thermosetting Resin and Its Application in Thermoresistant Laminates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2018-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fir sawdust was liquefied in phenol solvent under acidic catalyst at 135, 150 and 165 °C, respectively; after neutralization, bio-crude was obtained where contained oil-like liquid and tiny powder-like residue. The bio-crude was chemically modified with urea at high temperature (e. g. > 130 °C) to form carbamate so as to improve chemical reactivity of bio-crude in phenolic resin synthesis. The carbamate-containing bio-crude was condensed with paraformaldehyde into thermosetting phenolic resin. Finally, this biomass-derived phenolic resin matrixed silica fabric laminates were processed. The uncured and thermally cured bio-based resins were characterized by the techniques of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum (FT-IR), rheology and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and the laminates’ structure and mechanical performances were studied using the methods of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), three point bending mechanical test and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The results showed: (1) the chemical reactivity of bio-crude was highly improved by carbamation; (2) biomass-derived thermosetting phenolic resin was thermally curable at 150–250 °C (with two exothermic peaks at 185 °C and 220 °C); (3) the char yield was about 47 %, which was not in apparent relationship with sawdust liquefaction temperatures; (4) flexural strength of silica fabric laminates at room temperature was around 357 MPa (similar with that of conventional phenolic laminate); (5) glass transition temperature of silica fabric laminate was above 270 °C (much higher than Tg of conventional phenolic resin laminate, which is normally at 215 °C). The biomass-derived phenolic resin is expected to be widely used as cost-effective and environment-friendly thermosetting resin in the application of high-performance composites.
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11
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Gan L, Pan X. Phenol-Enhanced Depolymerization and Activation of Kraft Lignin in Alkaline Medium. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linhuo Gan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
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12
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Taverna ME, Felissia F, Area MC, Estenoz DA, Nicolau VV. Hydroxymethylation of technical lignins from South American sources with potential use in phenolic resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Taverna
- GPol, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad Regional San FranciscoUniversidad Tecnológica Nacional, Avenida de la Universidad 501, San Francisco Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (UNL‐CONICET) Güemes 3450, Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Fernando Felissia
- Programa de Celulosa y Papel ‐ Instituto de Materiales de MisionesIMAM (UNaM‐CONICET, Argentina, Félix de Azara 1552 Posadas Argentina
| | - María Cristina Area
- Programa de Celulosa y Papel ‐ Instituto de Materiales de MisionesIMAM (UNaM‐CONICET, Argentina, Félix de Azara 1552 Posadas Argentina
| | - Diana Alejandra Estenoz
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (UNL‐CONICET) Güemes 3450, Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Verónica Viviana Nicolau
- GPol, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad Regional San FranciscoUniversidad Tecnológica Nacional, Avenida de la Universidad 501, San Francisco Córdoba Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) C1425FQB, Argentina
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13
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Ghorbani M, Konnerth J, van Herwijnen HWG, Zinovyev G, Budjav E, Requejo Silva A, Liebner F. Commercial lignosulfonates from different sulfite processes as partial phenol replacement in PF resole resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Ghorbani
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering; Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau A-3430 Austria
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering; Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau A-3430 Austria
| | | | - Grigory Zinovyev
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau A-3430 Austria
| | - Enkhjargal Budjav
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau A-3430 Austria
| | - Ana Requejo Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau A-3430 Austria
| | - Falk Liebner
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau A-3430 Austria
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14
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Ghorbani M, Konnerth J, Budjav E, Silva AR, Zinovyev G, Van Herwijnen HWG, Edler M, Griesser T, Liebner F. Ammoxidized Fenton-Activated Pine Kraft Lignin Accelerates Synthesis and Curing of Resole Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9020043. [PMID: 30970720 PMCID: PMC6432072 DOI: 10.3390/polym9020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammoxidation of pine kraft lignin in aqueous 5 wt % ammonia affords a novel type of phenol substitute that significantly accelerates resole synthesis and curing as demonstrated for 40 wt % phenol replacement. Compared to non-ammoxidized lignin, which already shortens significantly the cooking time required to reach a resole viscosity of 1000 Pa·s (250 vs. 150 s) and reduces the typical curing B-time by about 25% at 100 °C, the use of ammoxidized lignin has an even more pronounced impact in this respect. Activation of lignin by Fenton-type oxidation prior to ammoxidation further boosts both synthesis and curing of the resole. This is presumably due to the intermediary formation of polyvalent cross-linkers like N,N,N-tris (methylol) trimethylene triamine triggered by saponification of a larger fraction of nitrogenous moieties present in such a treated lignin (ammonium salts, amide-type nitrogen, urea) and reaction of the released ammonia with formaldehyde. Except for the fact that phenol replacement by ammoxidized lignin results in a somewhat less brittle cured adhesive polymer and higher elastic modulus, the aforementioned acceleration in curing could no longer be observed in the presence of wood, where a significantly delayed wood-adhesive bond formation was observed for the lignin-containing adhesives as evident from the automated bonding evaluation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Ghorbani
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, University and Research Center Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, University and Research Center Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Enkhjargal Budjav
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, University and Research Center Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Ana Requejo Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, University and Research Center Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Grigory Zinovyev
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, University and Research Center Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | | | - Matthias Edler
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials & Christian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet Inks, University of Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials & Christian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet Inks, University of Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Falk Liebner
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, University and Research Center Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Hemmilä V, Adamopoulos S, Karlsson O, Kumar A. Development of sustainable bio-adhesives for engineered wood panels – A Review. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06598a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stricter legislation on formaldehyde emissions as well as growing consumer interest in sustainable raw materials and products are the main driving factors behind research on bio-based adhesives, as alternatives to amino-based ones, for wood panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venla Hemmilä
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology
- Linnaeus University
- 351 95 Växjö
- Sweden
| | | | - Olov Karlsson
- Wood Technology
- TVM
- Luleå University of Technology
- 931 87 Skellefteå
- Sweden
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology
- Linnaeus University
- 351 95 Växjö
- Sweden
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