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Tautomerism unveils a self-inhibition mechanism of crystallization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:561. [PMID: 36732334 PMCID: PMC9893984 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifiers are commonly used in natural, biological, and synthetic crystallization to tailor the growth of diverse materials. Here, we identify tautomers as a new class of modifiers where the dynamic interconversion between solute and its corresponding tautomer(s) produces native crystal growth inhibitors. The macroscopic and microscopic effects imposed by inhibitor-crystal interactions reveal dual mechanisms of inhibition where tautomer occlusion within crystals that leads to natural bending, tunes elastic modulus, and selectively alters the rate of crystal dissolution. Our study focuses on ammonium urate crystallization and shows that the keto-enol form of urate, which exists as a minor tautomer, is a potent inhibitor that nearly suppresses crystal growth at select solution alkalinity and supersaturation. The generalizability of this phenomenon is demonstrated for two additional tautomers with relevance to biological systems and pharmaceuticals. These findings offer potential routes in crystal engineering to strategically control the mechanical or physicochemical properties of tautomeric materials.
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Lohmeyer L, Werr M, Kaifer E, Himmel H. Interplay and Competition Between Two Different Types of Redox-Active Ligands in Cobalt Complexes: How to Allocate the Electrons? Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201789. [PMID: 35894809 PMCID: PMC9804828 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The field of molecular transition metal complexes with redox-active ligands is dominated by compounds with one or two units of the same redox-active ligand; complexes in which different redox-active ligands are bound to the same metal are uncommon. This work reports the first molecular coordination compounds in which redox-active bisguanidine or urea azine (biguanidine) ligands as well as oxolene ligands are bound to the same cobalt atom. The combination of two different redox-active ligands leads to mono- as well as unprecedented dinuclear cobalt complexes, being multiple (four or six) center redox systems with intriguing electronic structures, all exhibiting radical ligands. By changing the redox potential of the ligands through derivatisation, the electronic structure of the complexes could be altered in a rational way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lohmeyer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marco Werr
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Elisabeth Kaifer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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Wang JP, Liu WT, Yu M, Ji XY, Liu JL, Chi MZ, Starikova AA, Tao J. One-Step versus Two-Step Valence Tautomeric Transitions in Tetraoxolene-Bridged Dinuclear Cobalt Compounds. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:4428-4441. [PMID: 35234043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of valence tautomeric compounds with multistep transitions using new redox-active ligands are the long-term goal of the field of bistable materials. The redox-active tetraoxolene ligand, 2,7-di-tert-butylpyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone (pyreneQ-Q), is now developed to synthesize a pair of dinuclear compounds {[CoL2]2(pyreneSq-Sq)}[Co(CO)4]2·xCH2Cl2·2C6H5CH3 (1, x = 2, L = 1,10-phenanthroline, phen; 2, x = 1.5, L = 2,2'-bipyridine, bpy). Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibilities and single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements indicate a partial one-step valence tautomeric transition for 1 and a rare two-step valence tautomeric transition for 2, respectively. DFT calculation results are consistent with the experimental data, revealing the correlation between thermodynamic parameters and the one-step/two-step valence tautomeric behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liangxiang Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liangxiang Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liangxiang Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Xue-Yang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liangxiang Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Jing-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liangxiang Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Man-Zhou Chi
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liangxiang Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Alyona A Starikova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachka Avenue 194/2, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Jun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liangxiang Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, PR China
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