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Rouag A, Porhiel R, Lemoine K, Leroux F, Grenèche JM, Delbègue D, Iojoiu C, Guérin K. Intimately mixed copper, cobalt, and iron fluorides resulting from the insertion of fluorine into a LDH template. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7628-7640. [PMID: 38619572 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00504j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high performance is crucial across various sectors, notably in space exploration. This advancement hinges on the development of innovative cathode materials. Our research is dedicated to pioneering a new category of cathodes using fluorinated multimetallic materials, with a specific focus on diverging from the traditional Ni, Co, and Mn-based NMC chemistries by substituting nickel and manganese with copper and iron which are more sustainable elements. Our goal is also to enhance the robustness of cathodes upon cycling by substituting oxygen with fluorine as the metal-ligand. To achieve this, an intimate composite blend of CuF2 and FeF3, through the multi-metallic template fluorination (MMTF) methodology using a layered double hydroxide (LDH) as a precursor has been designed. Each of these components was carefully selected for its distinct attributes, including high redox potential, elevated energy density, substantial theoretical capacity, and improved cyclability. The composition denoted as (Cu1.5Co0.5)2+(Fe0.75Al0.25)3+ has been selected for fluorination because it maximizes Fe3+ and Cu2+ amount in the screened LDHs. Subsequently, this particular LDH was fluorinated through solid-gas fluorination at different temperatures (200, 350, and 500 °C) using gaseous molecular fluorine (F2). A comprehensive characterization of these materials using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), and inductively coupled plasma analyses (ICP-AES) was conducted, and the evolution of LDH upon fluorination has revealed an intermediate porous texture particularly sensitive to hydration. Two original crystallographic phases are else obtained by fluorination: one formed by the hydration of the amorphous intermediate compound: Cu3Fe1.5Al0.5F12(H2O)12 an anti-perovskite structure and another stabilized through the combination of solid gas fluorination and LDH precursor yielding an original CoFeF5-type phase. Raman operando during cyclic voltammetry measurement applied on a sample fluorinated at 500 °C and used as a cathode in front of lithium metal was finally conducted to validate redox activity and mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderraouf Rouag
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, 24, Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière, France.
| | - Régis Porhiel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, 24, Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière, France.
| | - Kevin Lemoine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, 24, Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière, France.
| | - Fabrice Leroux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, 24, Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Grenèche
- Institut des Molécules et des Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Diane Delbègue
- Centre National des Etudes Spatiales, 18 avenue Edouard Belin 31 401, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Cristina Iojoiu
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physicochimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, UMR 5631 CNRS/INPG/UJF, 138402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France
| | - Katia Guérin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, 24, Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière, France.
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Möbs M, Karttunen AJ, Christe KO, Kraus F. Further Insights into the Chemical Synthesis of F 2 and on Drying moist HF. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7105-7112. [PMID: 38591794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that solid K2MnF6 reacts with excess SbF5 forming elemental F2. However, if the reaction is carried out in anhydrous HF (aHF) as a solvent, this is surprisingly not the case. Instead, the green Mn(IV) compound K3[(MnIVF)(SbF6)5]F is obtained. The reductive elimination of F2 was not observed under the applied conditions. The compound was characterized by its crystal structure, by Raman spectroscopy, and by quantum-chemical solid-state calculations. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, mP164, with the lattice parameters a = 12.2393(13), b = 12.167(2), c = 20.115(5) Å, β = 110.805(8)°, V = 2800.1(9) Å3, Z = 4 at T = 200 K. As the use of strictly anhydrous HF is crucial in this and other similar reactions, methods for drying moist HF are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Möbs
- Anorganische Chemie, Fluorchemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Antti J Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Karl O Christe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Florian Kraus
- Anorganische Chemie, Fluorchemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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3
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De Windt S, Auvergniot J, Cabelguen PE, Gschwind F, Dubois M, Guerin K. Strategies to Achieve Stable Manganese Oxyfluorides by Tuning the Reactivity of Pure Molecular Fluorine. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19612-19621. [PMID: 38044826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to their high initial electrochemical properties and broad compositional flexibility, lithium-rich disordered rocksalt cathode-active materials including high-performance manganese-only materials appear as a potential replacement to the cobalt-based current market leader "NMC" material. The main issue with these materials is their lack of stability. However, recent works have identified bulk fluorination as a potential solution to stabilize these compounds. There is, however, a clear lack of diversity in fluorination agents used to synthesize these disordered rocksalts, as most publications used LiF, a very stable compound. To achieve manganese-only materials, manganese oxyfluorides represent promising precursors, but the literature reports only MnO3F and Mn2O2F9, which are both unstable and hazardous. The present study develops several strategies for synthesis and a tailored characterization methodology to explore the chemical space of direct fluorination of manganese oxide MnO with molecular fluorine and shows how to tune its reactivity to achieve a range of novel, safe, and finely tunable manganese oxyfluorides of general formula MnOFx, with x going from 0 to 1 synthesized via a fluorine insertion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien De Windt
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | - Marc Dubois
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Katia Guerin
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France
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Möbs M, Dixon DA, de Melo GF, Vasiliu M, Graubner T, Christe KO, Kraus F. The Crucial Role of Sb 2 F 10 in the Chemical Synthesis of F 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307218. [PMID: 37438320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The purely chemical synthesis of fluorine is a spectacular reaction which for more than a century had been believed to be impossible. In 1986, it was finally experimentally achieved, but since then this important reaction has not been further studied and its detailed mechanism had been a mystery. The known thermal stability of MnF4 casts serious doubts on the originally proposed hypothesis that MnF4 is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes spontaneously to a lower manganese fluoride and F2 . This apparent discrepancy has now been resolved experimentally and by electronic structure calculations. It is shown that the reductive elimination of F2 requires a large excess of SbF5 and occurs in the last reaction step when in the intermediate [SbF6 ][MnF2 ][Sb2 F11 ] the addition of one more SbF5 molecule to the [SbF6 ]- anion generates a second tridentate [Sb2 F11 ]- anion. The two tridentate [Sb2 F11 ]- anions then provide six fluorine bridges to the Mn atom thereby facilitating the reductive elimination of the two fluorine ligands as F2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Möbs
- Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA
| | - Gabriel F de Melo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA
| | - Tim Graubner
- Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karl O Christe
- Loker Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Florian Kraus
- Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Huang Q, Chen D, Li F, Vieira BJC, Waerenborgh JC, Cheng X, Pereira LCJ, Li Y, Jin Y, Zhu W, Lü M. Investigation of Charge-Ordered Barium Iron Fluorides with One-Dimensional Structural Diversity and Complex Magnetic Interactions. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14044-14054. [PMID: 37594252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Three mixed-valence barium iron fluorides, Ba7Fe7F34, Ba2Fe2F9, and BaFe2F7, were prepared through hydrothermal redox reactions. The characteristic structures of these compounds feature diverse distributions of FeIIF6 octahedra and FeIIIF6 groups. Ba7Fe7F34 contained one-dimensional infinite ∞[FeIIFeIII6F34]14- double chains, comprising cis corner-sharing octahedra along the b direction; Ba2Fe2F9 contained one-dimensional ∞[Fe2F9]4- double chains, consisting of cis corner-sharing octahedra along the chain (a-axis direction) and trans corner-sharing octahedra vertical to the chain, while BaFe2F7 revealed three-dimensional (3D) frameworks that consist of isolated edge-sharing dinuclear FeII2F10 units linked via corners by FeIIIF6 octahedra. Magnetization and Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements revealed that Ba7Fe7F34 exhibits an antiferromagnetic phase transition at ∼11 K, where ferrimagnetic ∞[FeIIFeIII6F34]14- double chains are arranged in a paralleling manner, while Ba2Fe2F9 shows canted antiferromagnetic ordering at ∼32.5 K, leading to noncollinear spin ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Huang
- School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Chen
- School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bruno J C Vieira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), DECN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, EN 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - João C Waerenborgh
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), DECN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, EN 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Xiedong Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Laura C J Pereira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), DECN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, EN 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Yaping Li
- School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanling Jin
- School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhu
- School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minfeng Lü
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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