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Gray NAG, Vargas-Baca I, Emslie DJH. A Synthetic, Structural, Spectroscopic, and Computational Study of Alkali Metal-Thioether, -Selenoether, and -Telluroether Interactions. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16974-16985. [PMID: 37782565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The rigid thioether- and selenoether-containing pro-ligands, 4,5-bis(phenylsulfido)-2,7,9,9-tetramethylacridan (H[AS2Ph2] (1)) and 4,5-bis(phenylselenido)-2,7,9,9-tetramethylacridan (H[ASe2Ph2] (2)), were deprotonated with one equiv of nBuLi to afford dimeric lithium complexes [Li(AE2Ph2)]2 (E = S (3), Se (4)) or with one equiv of KCH2Ph to afford the previously reported potassium complexes [K(AS2Ph2)(dme)]x (5) and [K(ASe2Ph2)(dme)2] (6). Attempts to prepare a direct telluroether analogue of compounds 1-2 were unsuccessful. However, the bulky selenoether- and telluroether-containing pro-ligands 4,5-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylselenido)-2,7,9,9-tetramethylacridan (H[ASe2Tripp2] (7)) and 4,5-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyltellurido)-2,7,9,9-tetramethylacridan (H[ATe2Tripp2] (8)) were accessed via the reaction of 4,5-dibromo-2,7,9,9-tetramethylacridan with three equiv of nBuLi, followed by the addition of two equiv of the corresponding diaryl dichalcogenide and quenching with dilute HCl(aq). The new selenoether- and telluroether-containing pro-ligands were subsequently deprotonated using KCH2Ph to afford [K(AE2Tripp2)(dme)2] (E = Se (9), Te (10)). Compounds 1-10 were characterized by 1H, 13C{1H}, 77Se{1H}, 125Te{1H}, and 7Li NMR spectroscopy, where applicable, and single-crystal X-ray structures were obtained for all lithium and potassium complexes (3-6 and 9-10). DFT calculations were also performed to assess the nature of bonding between the hard group 1 cations and the soft chalcogenoethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novan A G Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vargas-Baca
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - David J H Emslie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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King RP, Herniman JM, Levason W, Reid G. Structural Diversity in Divalent Group 14 Triflate Complexes Involving Endocyclic Thia-Macrocyclic Coordination. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:853-862. [PMID: 36602470 PMCID: PMC9846692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly unusual series of M(II) (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) complexes with endocyclic thioether macrocyclic coordination and with coordination numbers ranging from three to nine have been prepared by the reaction of [9]aneS3 (1,4,7-trithiacyclononane), [12]aneS4 (1,4,7,10-tetrathiacyclododecane), or [24]aneS8 (1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octathiacyclotetracosane) with M(OTf)2 (M = Sn and Pb; OTf = CF3SO3-) or with GeCl2·dioxane and 2 mol equiv of TMSOTf (Me3SiO3SCF3) in a mixture of anhydrous CH2Cl2 and MeCN. The isolated bulk products are characterized by 1H, 13C{1H}, 19F{1H}, and 119Sn{1H} NMR and IR spectroscopy, high-resolution ESI+ MS, and microanalytical data. Crystal structures are also reported for [M(L)][OTf]2 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb; L = [9]aneS3, [12]aneS4) and for [M([24]aneS8)][OTf]2 (M = Sn, Pb). In all cases, the ligand is bound in an endocyclic fashion, but the coordination environment and number are highly dependent on the group 14 ion, the macrocyclic ring size, and the number of S-donor atoms it presents. Solution NMR spectroscopic data suggest that the metal-macrocycle coordination is retained in solution but that the triflate anions are extensively dissociated on the NMR timescale. Density functional theory calculations on the [M([9]aneS3)]2+ and [M([12]aneS4)]2+ (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) dications reveal that the HOMO is centered on the group 14 atom as a directional "lone pair"; it also retains a significant amount of positive charge.
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Cairns KR, King RP, Levason W, Reid G. Self-assembly of [Sn(OPMe 3) 3(CF 3SO 3) 2] 6 metallocyclic Sn( ii) hexamer stacks with CF 3-lined channel interiors. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce01029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation, spectroscopic and structural characterisation of a [Sn(OPMe3)3(CF3SO3)2]6, a Sn(ii)-based metallocyclic hexamer, containing hydrophobic CF3-lined 8.0 Å diameter channels is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R. Cairns
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Rhys P. King
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - William Levason
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gillian Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Bhakhoa H, Rhyman L, Lee EP, Mok DKW, Ramasami P, Dyke JM. A study of the Group 1 metal tetra-aza macrocyclic complexes [M(Me 4cyclen)(L)] + using electronic structure calculations. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:15301-15310. [PMID: 29068443 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal-cyclen complexes have a number of important applications. However, the coordination chemistry between metal ions and cyclen-based macrocycles is much less well studied compared to their metal ion-crown ether analogues. This work, which makes a contribution to address this imbalance by studying complex ions of the type [M(Me4cyclen)(L)]+, was initiated by results of an experimental study which prepared some Group 1 metal cyclen complexes, namely [Li(Me4cyclen)(H2O)][BArF] and [Na(Me4cyclen)(THF)][BArF] and obtained their X-ray crystal structures [J. M. Dyke, W. Levason, M. E. Light, D. Pugh, G. Reid, H. Bhakhoa, P. Ramasami, and L. Rhyman, Dalton Trans., 2015, 44, 13853]. The lowest [M(Me4cyclen)(L)]+ minimum energy structures (M = Li, Na, K, and L = H2O, THF, DEE, MeOH, DCM) are studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The geometry of each [M(Me4cyclen)(L)]+ structure and, in particular, the conformation of L are found to be mainly governed by steric hindrance which decreases as the size of the ionic radius increases from Li+ → Na+ → K+. Good agreement of computed geometrical parameters of [Li(Me4cyclen)(H2O)]+ and [Na(Me4cyclen)(THF)]+ with the corresponding geometrical parameters derived from the crystal structures [Li(Me4cyclen)(H2O)]+[BArF]- and [Na(Me4cyclen)(THF)]+[BArF]- is obtained. Bonding analysis indicates that the stability of the [M(Me4cyclen)(L)]+ structures originates mainly from ionic interaction between the Me4cyclen/L ligands and the M+ centres. The experimental observation that [M(Me4cyclen)(L)]+[BArF]- complexes could be prepared in crystalline form for M+ = Li+ and Na+, but that experiments aimed at synthesising the corresponding K+, Rb+, and Cs+ complexes failed resulting in formation of [Me4cyclenH][BArF] is investigated using DFT and explicitly correlated calculations, and explained by considering production of [Me4cyclenH]+ by a hydrolysis reaction, involving traces of water, which competes with [M(Me4cyclen)(L)]+ formation. [Me4cyclenH]+ formation dominates for M+ = K+, Rb+, and Cs+ whereas formation of [M(Me4cyclen)(L)]+ is energetically favoured for M+ = Li+ and Na+. The results indicate that the number and type of ligands, play a key role in stabilising the [M(Me4cyclen)]+ complexes and it is hoped that this work will encourage experimentalists to prepare and characterise other [M(Me4cyclen)(L)]+ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanusha Bhakhoa
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius.
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Levason W, Pugh D, Reid G. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids with large weakly coordinating anions. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03674k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An investigation into the intramolecular interactions in a series of imidazolium salts with weakly coordinating anions reveals that it is possible to control the strength and location of hydrogen bonding by varying the substituents on the imidazolium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Pugh
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
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Chang YP, Levason W, Reid G. Developments in the chemistry of the hard early metals (Groups 1–6) with thioether, selenoether and telluroether ligands. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:18393-18416. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03409h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Key developments in the coordination chemistry of the soft, neutral chalcogenoether ligands towards hard s-, f- and early d-block ions, and their prospects for various applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Pang Chang
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | - William Levason
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | - Gillian Reid
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
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Levason W, Pugh D, Purkis JM, Reid G. Complexes of Group 2 dications with soft thioether- and selenoether-containing macrocycles. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:7900-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new route to cationic complexes of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba with 18-membered ring O4S2, O4Se2and O2S4donor macrocycles from metal acetonitrile complexes with weakly coordinating [BArF]−anions is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Pugh
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Highfield
- UK
| | | | - Gillian Reid
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Highfield
- UK
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Champion MJD, Levason W, Pugh D, Reid G. Neutral thioether and selenoether macrocyclic coordination to Group 1 cations (Li-Cs) - synthesis, spectroscopic and structural properties. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:18748-59. [PMID: 26352458 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02583d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The complexes [M(L)][BAr(F)] (BAr(F) = tetrakis{3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl}borate), L = [18]aneO4S2 (1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-dithiacyclooctadecane): M = Li-Cs; L = [18]aneO2S4 (1,10-dioxa-4,7,13,16-tetrathiacyclooctadecane): M = Li, Na, K; L = [18]aneO4Se2 (1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diselenacyclooctadecane): M = Na, K, as well as [Na(18-crown-6)][BAr(F)], are obtained in good yield as crystalline solids by reaction of M[BAr(F)] with the appropriate macrocycle in dry CH2Cl2. X-ray crystallographic analyses of [Li([18]aneO4S2)][BAr(F)] and [Li([18]aneO2S4)][BAr(F)] show discrete distorted octahedral cations with hexadentate coordination to the macrocycle. The heavier alkali metal complexes all contain hexadentate coordination of the heterocrown, supplemented by MF interactions via the anions, producing extended structures with higher coordination numbers; Na: CN = 7 or 8; K: CN = 8; Rb: CN = 9; Cs: CN = 8 or 10. Notably, all of the structures exhibit significant M-S/Se coordination. The crystal structures of the potassium and rubidium complexes show two distinct [M(heterocrown)](+) cations, one with MF interactions to two mutually cis [BAr(F)](-) anions, and the other with mutually trans [BAr(F)](-) anions, giving 1D chain polymers. Solution multinuclear ((1)H, (13)C, (7)Li, (23)Na, (133)Cs) NMR data show that the macrocyclic coordination is retained in CH2Cl2 solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Levason
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David Pugh
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Gillian Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Kang DH, Choi KS. Syntheses and Crystal Structures of a Novel 20-Membered N 3O 2-Donor Macrocycle and Its Disilver(I) Bis(Macrocycle) and Monocadmium(II) Complexes. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hee Kang
- Department of Chemistry Education; Kyungnam University; Changwon 631-701 South Korea
| | - Kyu Seong Choi
- Department of Chemistry Education; Kyungnam University; Changwon 631-701 South Korea
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Carravetta M, Concistre M, Levason W, Reid G, Zhang W. Unique Group 1 cations stabilised by homoleptic neutral phosphine coordination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9555-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03184b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A unique series of distorted octahedral Li+ and Na+ complexes with homoleptic coordination via three chelating neutral diphosphines is described, together with their crystallographic characterisation and solid state and solution multinuclear NMR properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
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