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Additional Insights into the Design of Cr(III) Phosphorescent Emitters Using 6-Membered Chelate Ring Bis(imidazolyl) Didentate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3617-3629. [PMID: 38206181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The interest in Cr(III) complexes has been renewed over the past decades for building practical guidelines in the design of efficient earth-abundant phosphorescent near-infrared emitters. In that context, we report the first family of homoleptic tri(didentate) Cr(III) complexes [CrL3]3+ based on polyaromatic ligands inducing 6-membered chelate rings, namely, the bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)ketone (L = bik), bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methane (L = bim), and bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)ethane (L = bie) ligands. The programmed close-to-perfect octahedral microsymmetry of {CrIIIN6} chromophores found in [Cr(bik)3](OTf)3 (1), [Cr(bim)3](OTf)3 (2), and [Cr(bie)3](BF4)3 (3) ensures a ligand-field strength large enough to induce intense and long-lived Cr-based phosphorescence. Impressive excited-state lifetimes (5.0-8.2 ms) were obtained at low temperatures for the [Cr(L)3]3+ series. Additionally, the photoluminescent quantum yield climbs to 0.8% for compound 1 in deaerated solutions. Moreover, the photophysical features of the three homoleptic complexes are barely influenced by the presence of dioxygen presumably because of the poor overlap between the Cr-based phosphorescence spectra (ca. 14100 cm-1) and the 1Σg+ ← 3Σg- transition in the absorption spectrum of dioxygen (13100 cm-1). The multiredox electrochemical pattern of 1 is evidenced by cyclic voltammetry as well as its strong photooxidant behavior. The pH sensitivity of 2 and 3 luminescence is discussed, along with the reactivity of their β-diketiminate derivatives.
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Modulating Resonance Energy Transfer with Supramolecular Control in a Layered Hybrid Perovskite and Chromium Photosensitizer Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:25148-25160. [PMID: 35944204 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the low-dimensional organic-inorganic halide perovskites (OIHP) have been exploited heavily for their favorable exciton dynamics, broad-band emission, remarkable stability, and tunable band-edge excited-state energy compared to their 3D counterparts for potential optoelectronic applications. Low-dimensional perovskites are generally good candidates for utilization as room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) materials. Further, doping divalent transition metals like Mn2+ into OIHP is expected to introduce a 4T1-6A1-based low-energy luminescence emission around 600 nm; an optical property that is favorable for biomedical optoelectronics. Doping Mn2+ in the perovskite lattice is also expected to induce the generation of cytotoxic singlet oxygen species (1O2), a ROS that is being exploited for various therapeutic applications. To integrate these optical and therapeutic properties of a 2D (PEA)2PbBr4 (Pb PeV; PEA = phenylethylammonium cation) perovskite alloyed with Mn2+ ions (Mn:PbPeV) and the option for a photoinduced energy transfer process involving a Cr(III)-based 1O2 generating photosensitizer (CrPS), we designed a unique purpose-built nanoassembly (Mn:PbPeV@PCD) using the encapsulation properties of a water-soluble polymer derived from β-cyclodextrin (PCD). Here the PCD is observed to modulate the classical internal energy transfer of Pb2+ exciton to alloyed Mn2+ orange emission, resulting in the emergence of a new blue emission. The addition of CrPS into the Mn:PbPeV@PCD to generate the CrPS@Mn:PbPeV@PCD assembly results in restoring perovskite luminescence followed by the external energy transfer to CrPS. We have elucidated the mechanism of these cascade energy transfer processes between multiple components using steady-state and time-resolved luminescence techniques. Efficient ROS generation and its potential to induce an oxidation reaction of a biomolecule are realized using guanine as the target molecule. Further photoinduced cleavage studies with biomolecules confirmed the efficacy of the nanoassembly in inducing the cleavage of guanine-rich DNA. The study opens up a new direction in the field of perovskite for biomedical applications.
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Direct Determination of the Rate of Intersystem Crossing in a Near-IR Luminescent Cr(III) Triazolyl Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37224437 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the dynamics of photoinduced processes occurring in the electronic excited state is essential in informing the rational design of photoactive transition-metal complexes. Here, the rate of intersystem crossing in a Cr(III)-centered spin-flip emitter is directly determined through the use of ultrafast broadband fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy (FLUPS). In this contribution, we combine 1,2,3-triazole-based ligands with a Cr(III) center and report the solution-stable complex [Cr(btmp)2]3+ (btmp = 2,6-bis(4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl-methyl)pyridine) (13+), which displays near-infrared (NIR) luminescence at 760 nm (τ = 13.7 μs, ϕ = 0.1%) in fluid solution. The excited-state properties of 13+ are probed in detail through a combination of ultrafast transient absorption (TA) and femtosecond-to-picosecond FLUPS. Although TA spectroscopy allows us to observe the evolution of phosphorescent excited states within the doublet manifold, more significantly and for the first time for a complex of Cr(III), we utilize FLUPS to capture the short-lived fluorescence from initially populated quartet excited states immediately prior to the intersystem crossing process. The decay of fluorescence from the low-lying 4MC state therefore allows us to assign a value of (823 fs)-1 to the rate of intersystem crossing. Importantly, the sensitivity of FLUPS to only luminescent states allows us to disentangle the rate of intersystem crossing from other closely associated excited-state events, something which has not been possible in the spectroscopic studies previously reported for luminescent Cr(III) systems.
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Complex-as-Ligand Strategy as a Tool for the Design of a Binuclear Nonsymmetrical Chromium(III) Assembly: Near-Infrared Double Emission and Intramolecular Energy Transfer. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11023-11031. [PMID: 35820089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chromium(III) polypyridyl complexes are appealing for their long-lived near-infrared (NIR) emission reaching the millisecond range and for the strong circularly polarized luminescence of their isolated enantiomers. However, harnessing those properties in functional polynuclear CrIII devices remains mainly inaccessible because of the lack of synthetic methods for their design and functionalization. Even the preparation and investigation of most basic nonsymmetrical CrIII dyads exhibiting directional intramolecular intermetallic energy transfer remain unexplored. Taking advantage of the inertness of heteroleptic chromium(III) polypyridyl building blocks, we herein adapt the "complex-as-ligand" strategy, largely used with precious 4d and 5d metals, for the preparation of a binuclear nonsymmetrical CrIII complex (3d metal). The resulting [(phen)2Cr(L)Cr(tpy)]6+ dyad shows dual long-lived NIR emission and a directional intermetallic energy transfer that is controlled by the specific arrangements of the different coordination spheres. This strategy opens a route for building predetermined polynuclear assemblies with this earth-abundant metal.
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Abstract
Bis-terdentate (N^N^N) ligands coordinated to Cr(III) yield complexes that display near-IR emission under aerated solvent conditions at room temperature.
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Abstract
In molecular photochemistry, charge-transfer emission is well understood and widely exploited. In contrast, luminescent metal-centered transitions only came into focus in recent years. This gave rise to strongly phosphorescent CrIII complexes with a d3 electronic configuration featuring luminescent metal-centered excited states which are characterized by the flip of a single spin. These so-called spin-flip emitters possess unique properties and require different design strategies than traditional charge-transfer phosphors. In this review, we give a brief introduction to ligand field theory as a framework to understand this phenomenon and outline prerequisites for efficient spin-flip emission including ligand field strength, symmetry, intersystem crossing and common deactivation pathways using CrIII complexes as instructive examples. The recent progress and associated challenges of tuning the energies of emissive excited states and of emerging applications of the unique photophysical properties of spin-flip emitters are discussed. Finally, we summarize the current state-of-the-art and challenges of spin-flip emitters beyond CrIII with d2, d3, d4 and d8 electronic configuration, where we mainly cover pseudooctahedral molecular complexes of V, Mo, W, Mn, Re and Ni, and highlight possible future research opportunities.
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Abstract
The combination of π-donating amido with π-accepting pyridine coordination units in a tridentate chelate ligand causes a strong nephelauxetic effect in a homoleptic CrIII complex, which shifts its luminescence to the NIR-II spectral range. Previously explored CrIII polypyridine complexes typically emit between 727 and 778 nm (in the red to NIR-I spectral region), and ligand design strategies have so far concentrated on optimizing the ligand field strength. The present work takes a fundamentally different approach and focusses on increasing metal-ligand bond covalence to shift the ruby-like 2 E emission of CrIII to 1067 nm at 77 K.
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Adenine Radical Cation Formation by a Ligand-Centered Excited State of an Intercalated Chromium Polypyridyl Complex Leads to Enhanced DNA Photo-oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14766-14779. [PMID: 34464120 PMCID: PMC8447253 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
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Assessment of the
DNA photo-oxidation and synthetic photocatalytic
activity of chromium polypyridyl complexes is dominated by consideration
of their long-lived metal-centered excited states. Here we report
the participation of the excited states of [Cr(TMP)2dppz]3+ (1) (TMP = 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline;
dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine) in DNA photoreactions. The interactions of
enantiomers of 1 with natural DNA or with oligodeoxynucleotides
with varying AT content (0–100%) have been studied by steady
state UV/visible absorption and luminescence spectroscopic methods,
and the emission of 1 is found to be quenched in all
systems. The time-resolved infrared (TRIR) and visible absorption
spectra (TA) of 1 following excitation in the region
between 350 to 400 nm reveal the presence of relatively long-lived
dppz-centered states which eventually yield the emissive metal-centered
state. The dppz-localized states are fully quenched when bound by
GC base pairs and partially so in the presence of an AT base-pair
system to generate purine radical cations. The sensitized formation
of the adenine radical cation species (A•+T) is identified by assigning the TRIR spectra with help of
DFT calculations. In natural DNA and oligodeoxynucleotides containing
a mixture of AT and GC of base pairs, the observed time-resolved spectra
are consistent with eventual photo-oxidation occurring predominantly
at guanine through hole migration between base pairs. The combined
targeting of purines leads to enhanced photo-oxidation of guanine.
These results show that DNA photo-oxidation by the intercalated 1, which locates the dppz in contact with the target purines,
is dominated by the LC centered excited state. This work has implications
for future phototherapeutics and photocatalysis.
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Chiral Chromium(III) Complexes as Promising Candidates for Circularly Polarized Luminescence. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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2,6-bis(E)-4-methylbenzylidine)-cyclohexan-1-one as a Fluorescent-on Sensor for Ultra Selective Detection of Chromium Ion in Aqueous Media. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1759-1770. [PMID: 34495468 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ligand 2,6-bis(E)-4-methylbenzylidine)-cyclohexan-1-one sensor has been synthesized as a fluorescence-on sensor/probe for the trace level detection of chromium III ion. The synthesized ligand was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and fluorimetery. The sensor exhibited an ultra-selective response to chromium among the tested heavy metal ions. Different parameters were optimized like pH, effect of concentration of sensor C, metal ion and contact time. The binding stoichiometry of C:Cr3+ was calculated to be 2:1 (Job's plot) with a significantly low detection limit of 2.3 × 10- 9 M. Sensor C were practically employed for detection of chromium in spiked water samples.
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Electronic Structures of Cr(III) and V(II) Polypyridyl Systems: Undertones in an Isoelectronic Analogy. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12823-12834. [PMID: 34382400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A recently reported description of the photophysical properties of V2+ polypyridyl systems has highlighted several distinctions between isoelectronic, d3, Cr3+, and V2+ tris-homoleptic polypyridyl complexes of 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen). Here, we combine theory and experimental data to elucidate the differences in electronic structures. We provide the first crystallographic structures of the V2+ complexes [V(bpy)3](BPh4)2 (V-1B) and [V(phen)3](OTf)2 (V2) and observe pronounced trigonal distortion relative to analogous Cr3+ complexes. We use electronic absorption spectroscopy in tandem with TD-DFT computations to assign metal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) properties of V-1B and V2 that are unique from the intraligand transitions, 4(3IL), solely observed in Cr3+ analogues. Our newly developed natural transition spin density (NTρα,β) plots characterize both the Cr3+ and V2+ absorbance properties. A multideterminant approach to DFT assigns the energy of the 2E state of V-1B as stabilized through electron delocalization. We find that the profound differences in excited state lifetimes for Cr3+ and V2+ polypyridyls arise from differences in the characters of their lowest doublet states and pathways for intersystem crossing, both of which stem from trigonal structural distortion and metal-ligand π-covalency.
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13
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A novel family of hepta-coordinated Cr(III) complexes with a planar pentadentate N3O2 Schiff base ligand: synthesis, structure and magnetism. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Heteroleptic trivalent chromium in coordination chemistry: Novel building blocks for addressing old challenges in multimetallic luminescent complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chromium(III) complexes based on phenoxy-imine ligands with pendant N- and O-donor groups as precatalysts for ethylene oligomerization: synthesis, characterization, and DFT studies. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Beyond Chiral Organic (p-Block) Chromophores for Circularly Polarized Luminescence: The Success of d-Block and f-Block Chiral Complexes. Front Chem 2020; 8:555. [PMID: 32850617 PMCID: PMC7399180 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral molecules are essential for the development of advanced technological applications in spintronic and photonic. The best systems should produce large circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) as estimated by their dissymmetry factor (g lum), which can reach the maximum values of -2 ≤ g lum ≤ 2 when either pure right- or left-handed polarized light is emitted after standard excitation. For matching this requirement, theoretical considerations indicate that optical transitions with large magnetic and weak electric transition dipole moments represent the holy grail of CPL. Because of their detrimental strong and allowed electric dipole transitions, popular chiral emissive organic molecules display generally moderate dissymmetry factors (10-5 ≤ g lum ≤ 10-3). However, recent efforts in this field show that g lum can be significantly enhanced when the chiral organic activators are part of chiral supramolecular assemblies or of liquid crystalline materials. At the other extreme, chiral EuIII- and SmIII-based complexes, which possess intra-shell parity-forbidden electric but allowed magnetic dipole transitions, have yielded the largest dissymmetry factor reported so far with g lum ~ 1.38. Consequently, 4f-based metal complexes with strong CPL are currently the best candidates for potential technological applications. They however suffer from the need for highly pure samples and from considerable production costs. In this context, chiral earth-abundant and cheap d-block metal complexes benefit from a renewed interest according that their CPL signal can be optimized despite the larger covalency displayed by d-block cations compared with 4f-block analogs. This essay thus aims at providing a minimum overview of the theoretical aspects rationalizing circularly polarized luminescence and their exploitation for the design of chiral emissive metal complexes with strong CPL. Beyond the corroboration that f-f transitions are ideal candidates for generating large dissymmetry factors, a special attention is focused on the recent attempts to use chiral CrIII-based complexes that reach values of g lum up to 0.2. This could pave the way for replacing high-cost rare earths with cheap transition metals for CPL applications.
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Magnetic field effect on the photochemistry of chromium complex. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Key Strategy for the Rational Incorporation of Long-Lived NIR Emissive Cr(III) Chromophores into Polymetallic Architectures. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1424-1435. [PMID: 31909978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The CrIIIN6 chromophores are particularly appealing for low-energy sensitization via energy transfer processes since they show extremely long excited state lifetimes reaching the millisecond range in the technologically crucial near-infrared domain. However, their properties were barely harnessed in multimetallic structures because of the lack of both monitoring methods and accessible synthetic pathways. We herein report a remedy to monitor and control the formation of CrIII-containing assemblies in solution via the design of a CrIIIN6 inert "complex-as-ligand" that can be included into polymetallic architectures. As a proof of concept, these CrN6 building blocks were reacted in solution with ZnII or FeII to give extended trinuclear linear Cr-M-Cr assemblies, the structure of which could be addressed by NMR spectroscopy despite the presence of two slowly relaxing CrIII paramagnetic centers. In addition to long CrIII excited state lifetimes and weak sensitivity to oxygen quenching, these polymetallic assemblies display controlled CrIII to MII energy transfers, which pave the way for use of the "complex-as-ligand" strategy for introducing photophysically active CrIII probes into light-converting polymetallic devices.
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Luminescent polypyridyl heteroleptic Cr III complexes with high quantum yields and long excited state lifetimes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13528-13532. [PMID: 32968750 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02872j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Implementing high quantum yields and long-lived excited state lifetimes within heteroleptic luminescent CrIII complexes is a keystone for the design of supramolecular energy-converting devices exploiting this cheap metal. In this contribution, we discuss the stepwise and rational optimization of these two limiting factors within a series of heteroleptic CrIII complexes.
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Luminescence and Light-Driven Energy and Electron Transfer from an Exceptionally Long-Lived Excited State of a Non-Innocent Chromium(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18075-18085. [PMID: 31600421 PMCID: PMC6916301 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoactive metal complexes employing Earth-abundant metal ions are a key to sustainable photophysical and photochemical applications. We exploit the effects of an inversion center and ligand non-innocence to tune the luminescence and photochemistry of the excited state of the [CrN6 ] chromophore [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ with close to octahedral symmetry (tpe=1,1,1-tris(pyrid-2-yl)ethane). [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ exhibits the longest luminescence lifetime (τ=4500 μs) reported up to date for a molecular polypyridyl chromium(III) complex together with a very high luminescence quantum yield of Φ=8.2 % at room temperature in fluid solution. Furthermore, the tpe ligands in [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ are redox non-innocent, leading to reversible reductive chemistry. The excited state redox potential and lifetime of [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ surpass those of the classical photosensitizer [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) enabling energy transfer (to oxygen) and photoredox processes (with azulene and tri(n-butyl)amine).
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Luminescence and Light‐Driven Energy and Electron Transfer from an Exceptionally Long‐Lived Excited State of a Non‐Innocent Chromium(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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The first tris-heteroleptic copper cage, ligated by germsesquioxanes, 2,2′-bipyridines and 3,5-dimethylpyrazolates. Synthesis, structure and unique catalytic activity in oxidation of alkanes and alcohols with peroxides. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Chiral Molecular Ruby [Cr(dqp)2]3+ with Long-Lived Circularly Polarized Luminescence. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13244-13252. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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