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Amouri H. Luminescent Complexes of Platinum, Iridium, and Coinage Metals Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Design, Structural Diversity, and Photophysical Properties. Chem Rev 2023; 123:230-270. [PMID: 36315851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The employment of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to design luminescent metal compounds has been the focus of recent intense investigations because of the strong σ-donor properties, which bring stability to the whole system and tend to push the d-d dark states so high in energy that they are rendered thermally inaccessible, thereby generating highly emissive complexes for useful applications such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), or featuring chiroptical properties, a field that is still in its infancy. Among the NHC complexes, those containing organic chromophores such as naphthalimide, pyrene, and carbazole exhibit rich emission behavior and thus have attracted extensive interest in the past five years, especially carbene coinage metal complexes with carbazolate ligands. In this review, the design strategies of NHC-based luminescent platinum and iridium complexes with large spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) are described first. Subsequent paragraphs illustrate the recent advances of luminescent coinage metal complexes with nucleophilic- and electrophilic-based carbenes based on silver, gold, and copper metal complexes that have the ability to display rich excited state emissions in particular via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The luminescence mechanism and excited state dynamics are also described. We then summarize the advance of NHC-metal complexes in the aforementioned fields in recent years. Finally, we propose the development trend of this fast-growing field of luminescent NHC-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Amouri
- CNRS, IPCM (UMR 8232), Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénerie Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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2
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Enantiopure Cyclometalated Rh(III) and Ir(III) Complexes Displaying Rigid Configuration at Metal Center: Design, Structures, Chiroptical Properties and Role of the Iodide Ligand. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantiopure N-heterocyclic carbene half-sandwich metal complexes of the general formula [Cp*M(C^C:)I] (M = Rh, Ir; C^C: = NI-NHC; NI-H = Naphthalimide; NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) are reported. The rhodium compound was obtained as a single isomer displaying six membered metallacycle and was resolved on chiral column chromatography to the corresponding enantiomers (S)-[Cp*Rh(C^C:)I] (S)-2 and (R)-[Cp*Rh(C^C:)I] (R)-2. The iridium congener, however, furnishes a pair of regioisomers, which were resolved into (S)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (S)-3 and (R)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (R)-3 and (S)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (S)-4 and (R)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (R)-4. These regioisomers differ from each other, only by the size of the metallacycle; five-membered for 3 and six-membered for 4. The molecular structures of (S)-2 and (S)-4 are reported. Moreover, the chiroptical properties of these compounds are presented and discussed. These compounds display exceptional stable configurations at the metal center in solution with enantiomerization barrier ΔG≠ up to 124 kJ/mol. This is because the nature of the naphthalimide-NHC clamp ligand and the iodide ligand contribute to their configuration’s robustness. In contrast to related complexes reported in the literature, which are often labile in solution.
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3
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Naphthalimide-NHC complexes: Synthesis and properties in catalytic, biological and photophysical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chen X, Yao S, Li L, Ye B. Diastereoselective Photoreaction of Ir(
III
) Amine Complexes for Generation of New Multidentate Ligands
in situ
via a Postcoordinated
Interligand‐Coupling
Strategy. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing‐Yang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
| | - Su‐Yang Yao
- Department of Chemistry Guangdong University of Education Guangzhou Guangdong 510303 China
| | - Li‐Ping Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
| | - Bao‐Hui Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
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Peng HL, Li Y, Chen XY, Li LP, Ke Z, Ye BH. Visible-Light-Induced Amination of Quinoline at the C8 Position via a Postcoordinated Interligand-Coupling Strategy under Mild Conditions. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:908-918. [PMID: 33393292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The postcoordinated interligand-coupling strategy provides a useful and complementary protocol for synthesizing polydentate ligands. Herein, diastereoselective photoreactions of Λ-[Ir(pq)2(d-AA)] (Λ-d) and Λ-[Ir(pq)2(l-AA)] (Λ-l, where pq is 2-phenylquinoline and AA is an amino acid) are reported in the presence of O2 under mild conditions. Diastereomer Λ-d is dehydrogenatively oxidized into an imino acid complex, while diastereomer Λ-l mainly occurs via interligand C-N cross-dehydrogenative coupling between quinoline at the C8 position and AA ligands at room temperature, affording Λ-[Ir(pq)(l-pq-AA)]. Furthermore, the photoreaction of diastereomer Λ-l is temperature-dependent. Mechanistic experiments reveal the ligand-radical intermediates may be involved in the reaction. Density functional theory calculations were used to eluciate the origin of diastereoselectivity and temperature dependence. This will provide a new protocol for the amination of quinoline at the C8 position via the postcoordinated interligand C-N cross-coupling strategy under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Long Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinwu Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing-Yang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Ping Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Bao-Hui Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
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6
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Zhang WY, Banerjee S, Hughes GM, Bridgewater HE, Song JI, Breeze BG, Clarkson GJ, Coverdale JPC, Sanchez-Cano C, Ponte F, Sicilia E, Sadler PJ. Ligand-centred redox activation of inert organoiridium anticancer catalysts. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5466-5480. [PMID: 34094073 PMCID: PMC8159363 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00897d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organometallic complexes with novel activation mechanisms are attractive anticancer drug candidates. Here, we show that half-sandwich iodido cyclopentadienyl iridium(iii) azopyridine complexes exhibit potent antiproliferative activity towards cancer cells, in most cases more potent than cisplatin. Despite their inertness towards aquation, these iodido complexes can undergo redox activation by attack of the abundant intracellular tripeptide glutathione (GSH) on the chelated azopyridine ligand to generate paramagnetic intermediates, and hydroxyl radicals, together with thiolate-bridged dinuclear iridium complexes, and liberate reduced hydrazopyridine ligand. DFT calculations provided insight into the mechanism of this activation. GS- attack on the azo bond facilitates the substitution of iodide by GS-, and leads to formation of GSSG and superoxide if O2 is present as an electron-acceptor, in a largely exergonic pathway. Reactions of these iodido complexes with GSH generate Ir-SG complexes, which are catalysts for GSH oxidation. The complexes promoted elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human lung cancer cells. This remarkable ligand-centred activation mechanism coupled to redox reactions adds a new dimension to the design of organoiridium anticancer prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - George M Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ben G Breeze
- Spectroscopy Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | | | - Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria via Pietro Bucci 87036 Arcavacata di Rende Cs Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria via Pietro Bucci 87036 Arcavacata di Rende Cs Italy
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Mahato SK, Chatani N. The Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Direct C(sp2)– and C(sp3)–H Alkynylation of 2-Acylimidazoles with Various Alkynyl Bromides: Understanding the Full Catalytic Cycle. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit K. Mahato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ozcelik A, Peña-Gallego MDLÁ, Pereira-Cameselle R, Alonso-Gómez JL. Design and synthesis of chiral spirobifluorenes. Chirality 2020; 32:464-473. [PMID: 32053262 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chiroptical spectroscopic methods serve as a practical tool for the structural characterization of chiral systems based on the interaction with polarized light. The higher sensitivity of these methods, compared with their achiral counterparts, not only enables the determination of absolute configuration and conformational preferences, but also supramolecular interactions may be monitored. In order to expand the applicability of chiroptical systems, the development of functional materials exhibiting intense chiroptical responses is essential. As a proof of principle, we previously constructed chiroptical interfaces via thioacetate-derivatized allenes. Because of the photoisomerization issues associated with allenes, we have recently proposed their replacement by spirobifluorenes to achieve robust chiroptical systems. Thus, we hereby present the design and synthesis of chiral spirobifluorenes bearing thioacetates suitable for suface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Ozcelik
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Thirumoorthy K, Viji M, Pandey AP, Netke TG, Sekar B, Yadav G, Deshpande S, Thimmakondu VS. Many unknowns below or close to the experimentally known cumulene carbene – A case study of C9H2 isomers. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Li LP, Peng HL, Ye BH. Thermodynamic Resolution and Enantioselective Synthesis of C2-Symmetric Bis-sulfoxides Based on Chiral Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12245-12253. [PMID: 31483628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enantiopure Λ-[Ir(dfppy)2(MeCN)2](PF6) and Δ-[Ir(dfppy)2(MeCN)2](PF6) (where dfppy is (4,6-difluoropheny)pyridine) were demonstrated to preferentially react with (S,S)-1,2-bis(arylsulfinyl)ethane and (R,R)-1,2-bis(arylsulfinyl)ethane, respectively, under thermodynamic equilibrium. Sequential treatment of Λ-[Ir(dfppy)2(MeCN)2](PF6) and Δ-[Ir(dfppy)2(MeCN)2](PF6) with C2-symmetric bis-sulfoxides led to diastereoselective formation of the corresponding diastereomers Λ-[Ir(dfppy)2(R,R)-bis-sulfoxide)](PF6) in 90-92% and Δ-[Ir(dfppy)2(S,S)-bis-sulfoxide)](PF6) in 88-90%, respectively. The uncoordinated (R,S)-bis-sulfoxides were afforded in 45% with >97% de values. Enantiopure (S,S)-bis-sulfoxides and (R,R)-bis-sulfoxides were respectively obtained by the release of sulfoxide ligands from the corresponding complexes in the presence of glycine in yields of 20-21% with 97-99% ee values. The enantioreceptors Λ-[Ir(dfppy)2(MeCN)2](PF6) and Δ-[Ir(dfppy)2(MeCN)2](PF6) can be recycled and reused in the next reaction cycle. Moreover, a protocol for asymmetric oxidation of prochiral bis-sulfide into enantiopure C2 symmetric bis-sulfoxide was also developed in a high enantioselectivity. The absolute configurations at the metal centers and sulfur atoms were determined by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - He-Long Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Bao-Hui Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
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