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The Response of Thiols to Cadmium Stress in Spinach ( Spinacia Oleracea L.). TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080429. [PMID: 36006108 PMCID: PMC9415539 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the thiol species for the high cadmium (Cd) tolerance of spinach and provide information for the improvement of soil utilization. The spinach was cultured in aqueous solution with concentrations of Cd ranging from 1 to 9 mg/L. The time responses of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs, PC2-PC4) in the tissues of spinach were monitored via HPLC−MS/MS, and the concentrations of Cd in the roots, shoots and leaves were detected by ICP−OES. Data were analyzed via one-way ANOVA and Spearman correlation to assess the relationships among the types of thiols and the changes between types of thiols and Cd. As Cd stress increased, Cd concentrations in tissues also increased. The total thiol contents responded to Cd stresses with correlations r ranging from 0.394 (root), 0.520 (shoot) to 0.771 (leaf) (p < 0.01). GSH and PC3 were dominant on most of the days under Cd stress. The correlation r between improvements in GSH and increments of Cd concentration in roots was −0.808 (p < 0.01), and r between changes in PC3 and changes in Cd concentrations in leaves was −0.503 (p < 0.01). No correlation can be found between GSH and the subtypes of PCs in shoots, but strong positive correlations within the subtypes of PCs. Thiols can be produced in different tissues of spinach, while the shoots are only a transport tissue for GSH.
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Gao Y, Li H, Song Y, Zhang F, Yang Z, Yang Y, Grohmann T. Response of glutathione pools to cadmium stress and the strategy to translocate cadmium from roots to leaves (Daucus carota L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153575. [PMID: 35114244 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carrots are one of the most highly consumed vegetables in the world. Due to the large area of cadmium (Cd) contaminated farmland, to abate the impact of Cd contamination on carrot quality and safety, a novel strategy is required to drive Cd translocation from the soil to the overground leafy tissues of carrots to protect the edible roots and thus ensure food security. To this end, this article presents an experimental study with mathematical models to assess the tolerance and accumulation capacity of Cd in inedible carrot leaves, as well as the regulatory factors affecting Cd distribution in carrots. The glutathione (GSH) pools were examined in carrot leaves in response to the oxidation stress induced by Cd exposures, and it was found that under low Cd stress (1 and 3 mg/L) the changes of GSH pools were dominated by the variation of GSH, showing higher GSH content and low levels of oxidized GSH content (GSSG). In contrast, both of these two indicator variables as well as the GSH/GSSG ratio all decreased under high Cd stress (5 and 9 mg/L). Combining this information with Cd concentrations in leaves, a model was established to predict the Cd accumulation capacity of leaves. The data showed that the potential Cd accumulation in carrot leaves could be as high as 514 μg/kg dry weight. Furthermore, the factors and primary physiological indicators affecting and regulating GSH pools by multiple stepwise regression were analyzed. The results showed that increasing chlorophyll a/b ratio and γ-glutamylcyclotransferase activity while inhibiting phytochelatin synthase activity could expand the tolerance of carrot leaves to Cd. These findings suggest a possible strategy for regulating the distribution of toxic metals in plants through a molecular-based approach and provide some important information that could be conducive to achieving food safety and phytoremediation of contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Yang Song
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Ying Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Teresa Grohmann
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Kang Y, Liu J, Yang L, Li N, Wang Y, Ao T, Chen W. Foliar application of flavonoids (rutin) regulates phytoremediation efficiency of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. by altering the permeability of cell membranes and immobilizing excess Cd in the cell wall. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127875. [PMID: 34902722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The gap between the current serious soil heavy metal (HM) contamination and the low efficiency of soil remediation threatens human health. The aim of this study was to propose a method to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation by exogenous rutin application and explain the potential mechanism. A series of rutin treatments were designed to evaluate the biomass, cadmium (Cd) accumulation and physiological and biochemical responses of Amaranthus hypochondriacus under different Cd stresses. The results showed a decline in cell membrane damage with rutin application, and more Cd ions were immobilized in the cell wall than in the vacuole, resulting in an increase in Cd tolerance in plants. The addition of rutin caused significant effects on the synthesis of glutathione (GSH), including the advancement of the conversion of GSH to phytochelatins (PCs). Among them, PC2 and PC3 in the leaves contributed the most to the high accumulation of Cd. Overall, the phytoremediation efficiency and phytoextraction amount of Amaranthus hypochondriacus with rutin application were improved maximumly by 219.48% and 260.00%, respectively. This study provides a constructive approach for improving the efficiency of phytoremediation by foliar application of flavonoids and contributes to the further development of soil remediation in Cd-contaminated fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Kang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Li Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yuhao Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Tianqi Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Wenqing Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Zeng X, Chen W, Liu C, Yin J, Yang GF. Fluorescence Probes for Reactive Sulfur Species in Agricultural Chemistry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13700-13712. [PMID: 34752105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an element that is indispensable throughout the growth of plants. In plant cells, reactive sulfur species (RSS) play a vital role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and signal transduction. There is demand accordingly for a simple, highly selective, and sensitive method of RSS detection and imaging for monitoring dynamic changes and clarifying the biological functions of RSS in plant systems. Fluorescent analysis based on organic small-molecule fluorescent probes is an effective and specific approach to tracking plant RSS characteristics. This perspective summarizes the recent progress regarding organic small-molecule fluorescent probes for RSS monitoring, including small-molecule biological thiols, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfane sulfurs, in plants; it also discusses their response mechanism toward RSS and their imaging applications in plants across the agricultural chemistry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
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Yang L, Kang Y, Liu J, Li N, Sun H, Ao T, Chen W. Foliar spray with rutin improves cadmium remediation efficiency excellently by enhancing antioxidation and phytochelatin detoxification of Amaranthus hypochondriacus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2021; 24:1060-1070. [PMID: 34779332 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2021.1999902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rutin is a flavonoid with strong antioxidative effects on plant metabolism that facilitates resistance to environmental stress. The effect of foliar rutin on cadmium (Cd) uptake in Amaranthus hypochondriacus (K472) was studied. The results showed that a foliar spray of rutin alleviated Cd toxicity, promoted plant growth, improved Cd transfer to and storage in aerial plant parts and Cd accumulation with positive effects over time. A rutin concentration of 1.5 mg/mL showed the strongest promotion effect: the biomass and Cd content were increased at 13 days by 68.62% and 405.54% compared to 3 days, respectively, whereas a high concentration of rutin (5 mg/mL) inhibited plant growth and hindered Cd absorption. Two stages of Cd detoxification were identified in K472 after appropriate rutin application. First, an antioxidant system including an enzymatic antioxidant (superoxide dismutase [SOD]) and nonenzymatic antioxidants (glutathione [GSH] and flavonoids) was activated to enhance plant stress resistance. Quercetin and phytochelatin (PC) synthesis were then enhanced to perform detoxification synergistically with the antioxidant system to improve stress tolerance and achieve stable Cd detoxification. The results demonstrated that appropriately prolonging the application time of exogenous rutin to K472 is an effective way to improve the Cd remediation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchen Kang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianqi Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqing Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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