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Schrenk D, Allemang A, Fahrer J, Harms H, Li X, Lin G, Mahony C, Mulder P, Peijnenburg A, Pfuhler S, Punt A, Sievers H, Troutman J, Widjaja F. Toxins in Botanical Drugs and Plant-derived Food and Feed - from Science to Regulation: A Workshop Review. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:219-242. [PMID: 38198805 DOI: 10.1055/a-2218-5667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In September 2022, the 3rd International Workshop on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and related phytotoxins was held on-line, entitled 'Toxins in botanical drugs and plant-derived food and feed - from science to regulation'. The workshop focused on new findings about the occurrence, exposure, toxicity, and risk assessment of PAs. In addition, new scientific results related to the risk assessment of alkenylbenzenes, a distinct class of herbal constituents, were presented. The presence of PAs and alkenylbenzenes in plant-derived food, feed, and herbal medicines has raised health concerns with respect to their acute and chronic toxicity but mainly related to the genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of several congeners. The compounds are natural constituents of a variety of plant families and species widely used in medicinal, food, and feed products. Their individual occurrence, levels, and toxic properties, together with the broad range of congeners present in nature, represent a striking challenge to modern toxicology. This review tries to provide an overview of the current knowledge on these compounds and indicates needs and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ashley Allemang
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, USA
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Henrik Harms
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Catherine Mahony
- Central Product Safety, Procter & Gamble Technical Centre, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, USA
| | - Ans Punt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - John Troutman
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, USA
| | - Frances Widjaja
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Chen X, Wei J, Li J, Jiao T, Wang L, Chen Q. Rapid detection of eugenol in perch utilizing electrochemical method by transition metal substituted polyoxometalates. Food Chem 2023; 426:136584. [PMID: 37329800 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Food safety concerns caused by the application of spice allergens to fish anaesthesia. In this paper, a chitosan-reduced graphene oxide/polyoxometalates/poly-l-lysine (CS-rGO/P2Mo17Cu/PLL) modified electrode was constructed by electrodeposition and successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of eugenol (EU). The detection limit was 0.4490 μM in the linear range of 2x10-6 M to 1.4x10-5 M. It was applied to the determination of EU residues in kidney, liver and meat tissues of perch with recoveries ranging from 85.43 to 93.60%. Besides, the electrodes demonstrate high stability (2.56% drop in current value after 70 days at room temperature), high reproducibility (RSD of 4.87% for 6 parallel electrodes) and extremely fast response time. This study provided a new material for the electrochemical detection of EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Jie Wei
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Tianhui Jiao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
| | - Quansheng Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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Myristicin and Elemicin: Potentially Toxic Alkenylbenzenes in Food. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131988. [PMID: 35804802 PMCID: PMC9265716 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkenylbenzenes represent a group of naturally occurring substances that are synthesized as secondary metabolites in various plants, including nutmeg and basil. Many of the alkenylbenzene-containing plants are common spice plants and preparations thereof are used for flavoring purposes. However, many alkenylbenzenes are known toxicants. For example, safrole and methyleugenol were classified as genotoxic carcinogens based on extensive toxicological evidence. In contrast, reliable toxicological data, in particular regarding genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity is missing for several other structurally closely related alkenylbenzenes, such as myristicin and elemicin. Moreover, existing data on the occurrence of these substances in various foods suffer from several limitations. Together, the existing data gaps regarding exposure and toxicity cause difficulty in evaluating health risks for humans. This review gives an overview on available occurrence data of myristicin, elemicin, and other selected alkenylbenzenes in certain foods. Moreover, the current knowledge on the toxicity of myristicin and elemicin in comparison to their structurally related and well-characterized derivatives safrole and methyleugenol, especially with respect to their genotoxic and carcinogenic potential, is discussed. Finally, this article focuses on existing data gaps regarding exposure and toxicity currently impeding the evaluation of adverse health effects potentially caused by myristicin and elemicin.
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Zou Y, Wang Y, Li K, Zhou M, Li J, Wang X, Tan R, Wu C, Liu Y, Li W, Zheng J. Metabolic Activation of Militarine In Vitro and In Vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:817-828. [PMID: 35476398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bletilla striata is consumed as food and herbal medicine. Militarine (MLT) is a major ingredient in B. striata. Previous studies demonstrated that MLT showed teratogenic toxicity to zebrafish embryos. The present study aimed to identify reactive metabolites possibly involved in the cytotoxicity of MLT and determine the metabolic pathways involved. MLT was found to be hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) by β-glucosidase and esterases. The resulting HBA further underwent spontaneous dehydration to form quinone methide. HBA was also metabolized to the corresponding sulfate, followed by departure of the sulfate to generate a quinone methide. The resultant quinone methide reacted with hepatic glutathione (GSH) and protein to form the corresponding GSH conjugate and protein adduction. Additionally, inhibition of sulfotransferases (SULTs) attenuated the susceptibility of hepatocytes to the toxicity of MLT. This study provides that the hydrolytic enzymes β-glucosidase, esterases, and SULTs participate in the metabolic activation of MLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Kunna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Mengyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Wuya of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Rong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Chutian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.,Wuya of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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