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Zhang L, Huang Y, Duan X, Si H, Luo H, Chen S, Liu L, He H, Wang Z, Liao S. Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Camphor Derivatives against Rhizoctonia solani: A Promising Alternative Antifungal Agent for Rice Sheath Blight. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:11415-11428. [PMID: 38727515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, poses a significant threat to rice cultivation globally. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of action of camphor derivatives against R. solani. Compound 4o exhibited superior fungicidal activities in vitro (EC50 = 6.16 mg/L), and in vivo curative effects (77.5%) at 500 mg/L were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the positive control validamycin·bacillus (66.1%). Additionally, compound 4o exhibited low cytotoxicity and acute oral toxicity for adult worker honeybees of Apis mellifera L. Mechanistically, compound 4o disrupted mycelial morphology and microstructure, increased cell membrane permeability, and inhibited both PDH and SDH enzyme activities. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics analyses indicated a tight interaction of compound 4o with PDH and SDH active sites. In summary, compound 4o exhibited substantial antifungal efficacy against R. solani, serving as a promising lead compound for further optimization of antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Super Rice Engineering Technology Research Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yizhong Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang 330032, China
| | | | - Hongyan Si
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hai Luo
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shangxing Chen
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | | | - Haohua He
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Super Rice Engineering Technology Research Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zongde Wang
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shengliang Liao
- College of Forestry, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Hu ZX, Zhang J, Zhang T, Tian CY, An Q, Yi P, Yuan CM, Zhang ZK, Zhao LH, Hao XJ. Aloperine-Type Alkaloids with Antiviral and Antifungal Activities from the Seeds of Sophora alopecuroides L. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:8225-8236. [PMID: 38557068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
As a continuous flow investigation of novel pesticides from natural quinolizidine alkaloids, the chemical compositions of the seeds of Sophora alopecuroides were thoroughly researched. Fifteen new aloperine-type alkaloids (1-15) as well as six known aloperine-type alkaloids (16-21) were obtained from the extract of S. alopecuroides. The structures of 1-21 were confirmed via HRESIMS, NMR, UV, IR, ECD calculations, and X-ray diffraction. The antiviral activities of 1-21 against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were detected following the improved method of half-leaf. Compared with ningnanmycin (protective: 69.7% and curative: 64.3%), 15 exhibited excellent protective (71.7%) and curative (64.6%) activities against TMV. Further biological studies illustrated that 15 significantly inhibited the transcription of the TMV-CP gene and increased the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The antifungal activities of 1-21 against Phytophythora capsica, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, and Gibberella zeae were screened according to a mycelial inhibition test. Compound 13 displayed excellent antifungal activity against B. cinerea (EC50: 7.38 μg/mL). Moreover, in vitro antifungal mechanism studies displayed that 13 causes accumulation of reactive oxygen species and finally leads to mycelia cell membrane damage and cell death in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Xing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Cai-Yan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Qiao An
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Ping Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Chun-Mao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Zhang
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhao
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
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Jian JY, Fan YM, Jin J, He XY, Yi P, Yuan CM, Gu W, Hu ZX, Huang LJ, Hao XJ. Isolating Antipathogenic Fungal Coumarins from Coriaria nepalensis and Determining Their Primary Mechanism In Vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:6711-6722. [PMID: 38491973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Through bioassay-guided isolation, eight undescribed coumarins (1-8), along with six reported coumarins (9-14), were obtained from Coriaria nepalensis. The new structures were determined by using IR, UV, NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD calculations. The results of the biological activity assays showed that compound 9 exhibited broad spectrum antifungal activities against all tested fungi in vitro and a significant inhibitory effect on Phytophthora nicotianae with an EC50 value of 3.00 μg/mL. Notably, compound 9 demonstrated greater curative and protective effects against tobacco balack shank than those of osthol in vivo. Thus, 9 was structurally modified to obtain new promising antifungal agents, and the novel derivatives (17b, 17j, and 17k) exhibited better effects on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum than did lead compound 9. Preliminary mechanistic exploration illustrated that 9 could enhance cell membrane permeability, destroy the morphology and ultrastructure of cells, and reduce the exopolysaccharide content of P. nicotianae mycelia. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity results revealed that compound 9 exhibited relatively low cytotoxicity against HEK293 cell lines with an inhibition rate of 33.54% at 30 μg/mL. This research is promising for the discovery of new fungicides from natural coumarins with satisfactory ecological compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-You Jian
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guiyang 550025, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Yi-Min Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Jun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Xi-Yue He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Ping Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Chun-Mao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Wei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Zhan-Xing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Lie-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550002, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, PR China
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He HW, Xu D, Wu KH, Lu ZY, Liu X, Xu G. Discovery of novel salicylaldehyde derivatives incorporating an α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone moiety as fungicidal agents. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:5015-5028. [PMID: 37544900 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes pose a serious threat to ensuring crop yield and quality. Finding novel fungicidal candidates based on natural products is one of the critical methods for developing effective and environmentally friendly pesticides. In this study, a series of salicylaldehyde derivatives containing an α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone moiety were designed, synthesized, and their fungicidal activities were evaluated. RESULTS The bioassay studies indicated that compound C3 displayed an excellent in vitro activity against Rhizoctonia solani with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) value of 0.65 μg/mL, higher than that of pyraclostrobin (EC50 = 1.44 μg/mL) and comparable to that of carbendazim (EC50 = 0.33 μg/mL). For Valsa mali and Phytophthora capsici, compound C3 also showed good fungicidal activities with EC50 values of 0.91 and 1.33 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, compound C3 exhibited promising protective in vivo activity against R. solani (84.1%) at 100 μg/mL, which was better than that of pyraclostrobin (78.4%). The pot experiment displayed that compound C3 had 74.8% protective efficacy against R. solani at 200 μg/mL, which was comparable to that of validamycin (78.2%). The antifungal mode of action research indicated that compound C3 could change the mycelial morphology and ultrastructure, increase cell membrane permeability, affect respiratory metabolism by binding to complex III, and inhibit the germination and formation of sclerotia, thereby effectively controlling the disease. CONCLUSION The present study provides support for the application of these salicylaldehyde derivatives as promising potential pesticides with remarkable and broad-spectrum fungicidal activities against phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes in crop protection. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Ke-Huan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Gong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
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Tang J, Wu L, Tang XF, Liu WB, Chen C, Li JL, Long YH. A new alkaloid from Thespesia populnea endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. TM-Y1-1. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2023; 25:905-911. [PMID: 36583379 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2022.2162887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new alkaloid (3), together with three known compounds, were isolated from the Thespesia populnea endophytic fungus TM-Y1-1. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods. The absolute configuration of compound 3 was determined for the first time by ECD calculation and DP4+ analysis. All compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. The results showed that compounds 1 and 2 both exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against banana Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with MIC value of 31.25 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Xin-Fan Tang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jia-Lin Li
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yu-Hua Long
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510000, China
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Li M, Wang W, Cheng X, Wang Y, Chen Y, Gong J, Chang X, Lv X. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Antifungal Bioactivity of Novel Pyrazole Carboxamide Thiazole Derivatives as SDH Inhibitors. J Agric Food Chem 2023. [PMID: 37463492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural production is seriously threatened by plant pathogens. The development of new fungicides with high efficacy and low toxicity is urgently needed. In this study, a series of pyrazole carboxamide thiazole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antifungal activities against nine plant pathogens in vitro. Bioassay results showed that most compounds (3i, 5i, 6i, 7i, 9i, 12i, 16i, 19i, and 23i) exhibited good antifungal activities against Valsa mali. In particular, compounds 6i and 19i exhibited better antifungal activities against Valsa mali with EC50 values of 1.77 and 1.97 mg/L, respectively, than the control drug boscalid (EC50 = 9.19 mg/L). Additionally, compound 23i exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against Rhizoctonia solani, with an EC50 value of 3.79 mg/L. Compound 6i at 40 mg/L showed a satisfactory in vivo protective effect against Valsa mali. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed that compound 6i could significantly damage the surface morphology to interfere with the growth of Valsa mali. In molecular docking, the results showed that compound 6i interacts with TRP O: 173, SER P: 39, TYR Q: 58, and ARG P: 43 of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) through hydrogen bonding and σ-π interaction, and its binding mode is similar to that of boscalid and SDH. The enzyme activity experiment also further verified its action mode. Our studies suggested that pyrazole carboxamide thiazole derivative 6i provided a valuable reference for the further development of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yunxiao Wang
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jiexiu Gong
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xihao Chang
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xianhai Lv
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Camaioni L, Lambert D, Sendid B, Billamboz M, Jawhara S. Antifungal Properties of Hydrazine-Based Compounds against Candida albicans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1043. [PMID: 37370362 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, an opportunistic yeast, is the most common cause of fungal infection. In the past decade, there has been an increase in C. albicans resistance to existing antifungal drugs, which has necessitated the development of new antifungal agents. In the present study, screening 60 compounds from the JUNIA chemical library enabled us to explore an additional 11 hybrid compounds that contain pyrrolidinone rings and hydrazine moieties for their potential antifungal activities. This chemical series was identified with fair to excellent antifungal activities. Among this series, three molecules (Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl) significantly reduced C. albicans viability, with rapid fungicidal activity. In addition, these three compounds exhibited significant antifungal activity against clinically isolated fluconazole- or caspofungin-resistant C. albicans strains. Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl did not show any cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines up to a concentration of 50 µg/mL and decreased Candida biofilm formation, with a significant reduction of 60% biofilm formation with Hyd.OCH3. In an infection model of Caenorhabditis elegans with C. albicans, hydrazine-based compounds significantly reduced nematode mortality. Overall, fungicidal activity was observed for Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl against C. albicans, and these compounds protected C. elegans from C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Camaioni
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, INSERM U1285, F-59000 Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Dylan Lambert
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, INSERM U1285, F-59000 Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Boualem Sendid
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, INSERM U1285, F-59000 Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Muriel Billamboz
- INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- JUNIA, Health and Environment, Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry and Health, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Samir Jawhara
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, INSERM U1285, F-59000 Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
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Li-Zhulanov NS, Zaikova NP, Sari S, Gülmez D, Sabuncuoğlu S, Ozadali-Sari K, Arikan-Akdagli S, Nefedov AA, Rybalova TV, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF. Rational Design of New Monoterpene-Containing Azoles and Their Antifungal Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050818. [PMID: 37237723 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Azole antifungals, including fluconazole, have long been the first-line antifungal agents in the fight against fungal infections. The emergence of drug-resistant strains and the associated increase in mortality from systemic mycoses has prompted the development of new agents based on azoles. We reported a synthesis of novel monoterpene-containing azoles with high antifungal activity and low cytotoxicity. These hybrids demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against all tested fungal strains, with excellent minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against both fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida spp. Compounds 10a and 10c with cuminyl and pinenyl fragments demonstrated up to 100 times lower MICs than fluconazole against clinical isolates. The results indicated that the monoterpene-containing azoles had much lower MICs against fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida parapsilosis than their phenyl-containing counterpart. In addition, the compounds did not exhibit cytotoxicity at active concentrations in the MTT assay, indicating potential for further development as antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai S Li-Zhulanov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda P Zaikova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Suat Sari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Dolunay Gülmez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Suna Sabuncuoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Keriman Ozadali-Sari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Sevtap Arikan-Akdagli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Andrey A Nefedov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Rybalova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin P Volcho
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Li T, Lv M, Wen H, Du J, Wang Z, Zhang S, Xu H. Natural products in crop protection: thiosemicarbazone derivatives of 3-acetyl-N-benzylindoles as antifungal agents and their mechanism of action. Pest Manag Sci 2023. [PMID: 36929618 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytopathogenic fungi can cause a direct loss in economic value of agriculture. Especially Valsa mali Miyabe et Yamada, a devastating phytopathogenic disease especially threatening global apple production, is very difficult to control and manage. To discover new potential antifungal agents, a series of thiosemicarbazone derivatives of 3-acetyl-N-benzylindoles were prepared. Their antifungal activities were first tested against six typically phytopathogenic fungi including Curvularia lunata, Valsa mali, Alternaria alternate, Fusarium graminearum, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium solani. Then their mechanism of action against V. mali was investigated. RESULTS Derivatives displayed potent antifungal activity against V. mali. Notably, 3-acetyl-N-benzylindole thiosemicarbazone (IV-1: EC50 : 0.59 μg mL-1 ), whose activity was comparable to that of a commercial fungicide carbendazim (EC50 : 0.33 μg mL-1 ), showed greater than 98-fold antifungal activity of the precursor indole. Moreover, compound IV-1 displayed good protective and therapeutic effects on apple Valsa canker disease. By scanning electron microscope (SEM) and RNA-Seq analysis, it was demonstrated that compound IV-1 can destroy the hyphal structure and regulate the homeostasis of metabolism of V. mali via the ergosterol biosynthesis and autophagy pathways. CONCLUSION 3-Acetyl-N-(un)substituted benzylindoles thiosemicarbazones (IV-1-IV-5) can be studied as leads for further structural modification as antifungal agents against V. mali. Particularly, these ergosterol biosynthesis and autophagy pathways can be used as target receptors for design of novel green pesticides for management of congeneric phytopathogenic fungi. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Min Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Houpeng Wen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiawei Du
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shaoyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Chen S, Wang M, Yu L, Shi J, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Li L, Zhu X, Li J. Rhein-Amino Acid Ester Conjugates as Potential Antifungal Agents: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36903319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for crop protectants, amino acid ester conjugates have been widely investigated as potential antifungal agents. In this study, a series of rhein-amino acid ester conjugates were designed and synthesized in good yields, and their structures were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS. The bioassay results revealed that most of the conjugates exhibited potent inhibitory activity against R. solani and S. sclerotiorum. In particular, conjugate 3c had the highest antifungal activity against R. solani with an EC50 value of 0.125 mM. For S. sclerotiorum, conjugate 3m showed the highest antifungal activity with an EC50 value of 0.114 mM. Satisfactorily, conjugate 3c exhibited better protective effects than that of the positive control, physcion, against powdery mildew in wheat. This research supports the role of rhein-amino acid ester conjugates as potential antifungal agents for plant fungal diseases.
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Zeng R, Zou X, Huang C, Si H, Song J, Zhang J, Luo H, Wang Z, Wang P, Fan G, Rao X, Liao S, Chen S. Novel Design of Citral-Thiourea Derivatives for Enhancing Antifungal Potential against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:3173-3183. [PMID: 36760014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although much progress has been made in developing botanical fungicides to combat fungal diseases in crops, there remains a great need to improve the efficiency and long-term safety of these fungicides. This study proposes a novel strategy for designing citral-thiourea derivatives that feature such desirable properties. The motivation of the work herein was to enhance the antifungal activity of citral against C. gloeosprioides by exploiting the synergistic effect that arises from combining citral and thiourea compounds, thereby producing citral-thiourea derivatives that exhibit good long-term safety. The results revealed that the generated compounds e1, e3, e6, e18, and g showed remarkable antifungal activities against C. gloeosprioides, with corresponding EC50 values reaching 0.16, 1.66, 1.37, 4.76, and 4.60 mg/L, respectively, showing that the compounds significantly outperformed both the positive control kresoxim-methyl and the commercially available fungicide carbendazim. Furthermore, compound g showed stronger protective efficacy against C. gloeosprioides than carbendazim on mango fruit at 25 mg/L. Investigating the preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the compounds also revealed that the citral-thiourea derivatives exhibited higher antifungal activities against C. gloeosprioides compared to citral and thiourea compounds. This reinforcement of antifungal activity observed in the derivatives was found to be attributable to the two characteristics of low molecular size and the presence of a fluorine atom in the meta-position of the benzene ring. Beyond this, it was determined from QSAR that two molecular descriptors (the Kier-Hall index (order 3) and Tot dipole of the molecules) were negatively related to the antifungal activity of the citral-thiourea derivatives, while one other (the maximum resonance energy of a C-H bond) was positively related to their antifungal activity. More importantly, the citral-thiourea derivatives with high antifungal activities (i.e., compounds e1, e3, e6, e14, e15, e18, and g) exhibited negligible cytotoxicity to LO2 and HEK293T cell lines. The antifungal mechanism of the generated citral-thiourea derivatives was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and relative conductivity. The derivatives were found to affect mycelial morphology and increase fungal cell membrane permeability, thereby resulting in the destruction of fungal cell membranes. These promising results provide novel insights into the study and potential application value of citral-thiourea derivatives as high-efficiency antifungal agents against C. gloeosprioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zeng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Zou
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Huang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Si
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Flint, 303E Kearsley, Flint, Michigan 48502, United States
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Luo
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongde Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorong Fan
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Rao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengliang Liao
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangxing Chen
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
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Pan T, Ye J, Li J, Gui K, Li J, Feng J, Ma Z, Lei P, Gao Y. Discovery of Terpene-Derived Quaternary Ring Compounds Containing an Oxime Moiety as Potential Fungicides. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:3164-3172. [PMID: 36748863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpene-derived quaternary ring compounds with an oxime moiety were designed and prepared to create fungicides from natural products. A preliminary assessment of their antifungal activity against seven common pathogenic fungi was conducted, and the median effective concentration (EC50) values against Rhizoctonia solani were obtained. The effects of compound 6a19 (3-bromothiophene-containing), which had an outstanding EC50 value (1.62 μg/mL), on the morphology, ultrastructure, reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane potential, nuclear morphology, and defense-related and respiration-related enzyme activities of mycelia were evaluated. The test compound was speculated to obstruct the bio-oxidative process, inhibiting mycelial growth. Compound 6a19 exhibited a satisfactory in vivo control effect on leaf sheath-infected rice plants. After treating rice plants with 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL 6a19, the protective and therapeutic efficacy values were 48.3 and 70.3%, 58.6 and 75.7%, and 69.0 and 81.1%, respectively. Moreover, a linear quantitative structure-activity relationship (R2 = 0.932, F = 61.3, and S2 = 0.020) was established using density functional theory calculations. Four chemical descriptors that were crucial to the antifungal activity were analyzed: the number of occupied electronic levels of atoms, the minimum atomic orbital electronic population, maximum net atom charge for a H atom, and minimum net atomic charge. In overall consideration of experimental results, it was speculated that the target compounds satisfactorily inhibited R. solani by interfering with biological oxidation pathways, which provided an insight into the future intensive and systematic action mechanism. This research is promising for the invention of novel fungicides from natural terpenes with multiple potential targets and satisfactory ecological compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingmin Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuhui Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiening Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo Gui
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntao Feng
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lei
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Duan X, Zhang L, Si H, Song J, Wang P, Chen S, Luo H, Rao X, Wang Z, Liao S. Synthesis, Antifungal Activity, Cytotoxicity and QSAR Study of Camphor Derivatives. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080762. [PMID: 35893130 PMCID: PMC9332567 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of fungal phytopathogens affecting crops and woodlands is an important goal in environmental management and the maintenance of food security. This work describes the synthesis of 37 camphor derivatives, of which 27 were new compounds. Their antifungal effects on six fungi were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 3a, 4a and 5k showed strong antifungal activity against Trametes versicolor, with EC50 values of 0.43, 6.80 and 4.86 mg/L, respectively, which were better than that of tricyclazole (EC50 118.20 mg/L) and close to or better than that of carbendazim (EC50 1.20 mg/L). The most potent compound, 3a, exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity towards six fungi with EC50 values within the range of 0.43–40.18 mg/L. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that compounds 3a, 4a and 5k gave irregular growth and shriveling of the mycelia. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that the tested camphor derivatives had mild or no cytotoxicity for LO2 and HEK293T cell lines. Quantitative structure−activity relationship (QSAR) analysis revealed that the number of F atoms, relative molecular weight, the atomic orbital electronic population and total charge on the positively charged surfaces of the molecules of camphor derivatives have effects on antifungal activity. The present study may provide a theoretical basis for a high-value use of camphor and could be helpful for the development of novel potential antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Duan
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.D.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (P.W.); (S.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Li Zhang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.D.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (P.W.); (S.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongyan Si
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.D.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (P.W.); (S.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Flint, 303E Kearsley, Flint, MI 48502, USA;
| | - Peng Wang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.D.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (P.W.); (S.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Shangxing Chen
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.D.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (P.W.); (S.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Hai Luo
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.D.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (P.W.); (S.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiaoping Rao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Zongde Wang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.D.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (P.W.); (S.C.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-0791-83813243 (S.L.)
| | - Shengliang Liao
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.D.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (P.W.); (S.C.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-0791-83813243 (S.L.)
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