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Ye J, Weng Q, Wang Y, Cheng W, Gu J, Zhang Q, Zhu B, Liu Q, Jia X, Wang J, Wang H. Magnesium Regulation Increases the Content of Characteristic Volatile Compounds and Enhances the Intensity of Odor Characteristics in Tea Tree Leaves. Foods 2025; 14:1043. [PMID: 40232065 PMCID: PMC11941848 DOI: 10.3390/foods14061043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2025] [Revised: 03/14/2025] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Magnesium plays an important role in regulating the growth and quality of tea trees. However, the effect of magnesium regulation on changes in the aroma quality of tea tree leaves remains unknown. In this study, the volatile compounds of tea leaves under different magnesium concentrations were determined to obtain the characteristic volatile compounds that changed significantly and their odor characteristics and to explore the effect of magnesium regulation on the aroma quality of tea leaves. The results showed that magnesium significantly enhanced the content of 15 characteristic volatile compounds in tea tree leaves, especially heptyl formate and t-geraniol. The 15 characteristic volatile compounds mainly showed five kinds of odor characteristics, such as fruity, green, floral, pungent, woody, and burnt; magnesium regulation critically increased floral, fruity, and green odor characteristics. This study lays an important foundation for the application of exogenous magnesium ions to regulate tea aroma quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Ye
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (J.Y.)
| | - Qiqi Weng
- College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Weiting Cheng
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (J.Y.)
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junbin Gu
- College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (J.Y.)
| | - Bitong Zhu
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (J.Y.)
| | - Qiyan Liu
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (J.Y.)
| | - Xiaoli Jia
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (J.Y.)
| | - Juanying Wang
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (J.Y.)
- College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
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Feng Z, Li Z, Yan R, Yang N, Liu M, Bai Y, Mao Y, Zhou C, Guo Y, Zeng Y, Ji Y, Lin Y, Chen J, Gao S. Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Effect of Magnesium Treatment on EGCG Biosynthesis in Tea Shoots ( Camellia sinensis). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 14:684. [PMID: 40094619 PMCID: PMC11901942 DOI: 10.3390/plants14050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2025] [Accepted: 02/21/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) is an important ingredient that indicates tea quality and has healthcare functions. Magnesium nutrition can improve the quality and yield of tea plants, but its regulatory role in the biosynthesis of EGCG in tea plants has not been clarified. Herein, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the metabolomics and transcriptomics of the shoots of 'Huangdan' at five magnesium concentrations: L1-L5 (0, 0.15, 0.45, 0.6, and 0.9 mmol/L mg2+, respectively). The results showed that the EGCG content of tea shoots treated with low magnesium concentrations was higher compared to those treated with high magnesium concentrations. The contents of related metabolites such as p-coumaric acid and cyanide in the EGCG synthesis pathway increased in the L4 and L5 treatment groups, while those of dihydroquercetin, dinnamic acid, and epicatechin increased significantly in the L2 and L3 treatment groups. Under the influence of magnesium treatment, the biosynthesis of EGCG was affected by a series of structural genes: CsPAL (HD.01G0005520), HD.02G0024350), Cs4CL (HD.15G0008250, HD.13G0010220), CsDFR (HD.04G0026220), CsANS(HD.12G0016700) with CsaroDE (HD.03G0002480)-positive regulation, and CsPAL (HD.13G0009900, HD.06G0008610), CsC4H (HD.06G0017130), Cs4CL (HD.02G0027390, HD.04G0003270), CsCHS (HD.10G0022640), CsCHI (HD.01G0011100), CsF3'H (HD.15G0015490), CsF3'5'H (HD.13G0004300), CsANS (HD.07G0023630), and Csaro B (HD.01G0028400) with CsSCPL (HD.01G0041070)-negative regulation. Transcription factors MYB 44 and WRKY 17 may play a key role in EGCG biosynthesis, which is significantly induced by magnesium nutrition in tea tree shoots. This study elucidates the effect of magnesium nutrition on EGCG biosynthesis in tea plants and provides key candidate transcription factors to provide a reference for further research on high-EGCG tea varieties to improve tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Feng
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Cultivation and Processing of Tea Tree in Colleges and Universities, Quanzhou 362406, China
| | - Zhuan Li
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Cultivation and Processing of Tea Tree in Colleges and Universities, Quanzhou 362406, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Cultivation and Processing of Tea Tree in Colleges and Universities, Quanzhou 362406, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Meichen Liu
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yueting Bai
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yuyuan Mao
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Cultivation and Processing of Tea Tree in Colleges and Universities, Quanzhou 362406, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Cultivation and Processing of Tea Tree in Colleges and Universities, Quanzhou 362406, China
| | - Yuqiong Guo
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Cultivation and Processing of Tea Tree in Colleges and Universities, Quanzhou 362406, China
| | - Yulin Zeng
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yuhang Ji
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yangshun Lin
- Quanzhou Special Talent Innovation Laboratory of Fujian Richun Industrial Co., Ltd., Quanzhou 362000, China;
| | - Jiayong Chen
- Anxi County Tea Industry Development Center, Quanzhou 362300, China;
| | - Shuilian Gao
- Anxi College of Tea Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (R.Y.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.B.); (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Cultivation and Processing of Tea Tree in Colleges and Universities, Quanzhou 362406, China
- Quanzhou Special Talent Innovation Laboratory of Fujian Richun Industrial Co., Ltd., Quanzhou 362000, China;
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Xiang P, Marat T, Huang J, Cheng B, Liu J, Wang X, Wu L, Tan M, Zhu Q, Lin J. Response of photosynthetic capacity to ecological factors and its relationship with EGCG biosynthesis of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2025; 25:199. [PMID: 39953393 PMCID: PMC11827184 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-025-06106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/17/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) imparts unique health benefits and flavour to tea. Photosynthesis plays a crucial role in modulating secondary metabolite production in plants, and this study investigated its impact on the biosynthesis of EGCG in tea plants under different ecological conditions. RESULTS Enhanced photosynthetic activity and the increased EGCG content, total esterified catechins (TEC), total catechins (TC) responded synchronously to changes in ecological factors. The photosynthetic capacity of tea plants and the EGCG content fit surface model equations (Extreme 2D and Polynomial 2D) and multiple regression equations (R2 > 70%). Additionally, logistic regression and ROC curves revealed that photosynthetic capacity was related to EGCG accumulation patterns in response to ecological variations. Upon perceiving ecological changes, the response of photosynthesis-related genes (CspsaA from photosystem I, CspsbB, CspsbC from photosystem II, and CsLHCB3 from the antenna protein pathway) was associated to carbon cycle-related genes (CsALDO, CsACOX, CsICDH, Csrbcs), which mediated the expression of CsPAL in the phenylalanine pathway; CsaroDE in the shikimate pathway; and CsCHS, CsF3H, CsF3'H, and CsANS in the flavonoid pathway. Eventually, this influenced the accumulation of EGCG and its precursors (gallic acid and epigallocatechin) in tea plants. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the effects of photosynthesis on EGCG biosynthesis in response to ecological factors, providing insights for optimizing tea cultivation and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tukhvatshin Marat
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Bosi Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianghong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xingjian Wang
- Institute of Photobiological Industry, Fujian Sanan Sino-Science Photobiotech Co., Ltd, Xiamen, 361008, China
| | - Liangyu Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Meng Tan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiufang Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jinke Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Wang Q, Yu J, Lin W, Ahammed GJ, Wang W, Ma R, Shi M, Ge S, Mohamed AS, Wang L, Li Q, Li X. L-Theanine Metabolism in Tea Plants: Biological Functions and Stress Tolerance Mechanisms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 14:492. [PMID: 39943054 PMCID: PMC11820798 DOI: 10.3390/plants14030492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2025] [Revised: 02/01/2025] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025]
Abstract
L-theanine, a unique non-protein amino acid predominantly found in tea plants (Camellia sinensis), plays a pivotal role in plant responses to abiotic stress and significantly influences tea quality. In this review, the metabolism and transport mechanisms of L-theanine are comprehensively discussed, highlighting its spatial distribution in tea plants, where it is most abundant in young leaves and less so in roots, stems, and older leaves. The biosynthesis of L-theanine occurs through the enzymatic conversion of glutamate and ethylamine, catalyzed by theanine synthase, primarily in the roots, from where it is transported to aerial parts of the plant for further catabolism. Environmental factors such as temperature, light, drought, elevated CO2, nutrient unavailability, and heavy metals significantly affect theanine biosynthesis and hydrolysis, with plant hormones and transcription factors playing crucial regulatory roles. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that applying L-theanine exogenously improves other crops' resistance to a range of abiotic stresses, suggesting its potential utility in improving crop resilience amid climate change. This review aims to elucidate the physiological mechanisms and biological functions of L-theanine metabolism under stress conditions, providing a theoretical foundation for enhancing tea quality and stress resistance in tea cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 310007, China; (Q.W.); (M.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (J.Y.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (R.M.); (S.G.); (A.S.M.); (L.W.)
| | - Jingbo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (J.Y.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (R.M.); (S.G.); (A.S.M.); (L.W.)
| | - Wenchao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (J.Y.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (R.M.); (S.G.); (A.S.M.); (L.W.)
- Nanping Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Nanping 353199, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (J.Y.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (R.M.); (S.G.); (A.S.M.); (L.W.)
| | - Ruihong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (J.Y.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (R.M.); (S.G.); (A.S.M.); (L.W.)
| | - Mengyao Shi
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 310007, China; (Q.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Shibei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (J.Y.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (R.M.); (S.G.); (A.S.M.); (L.W.)
| | - Ahmed S. Mohamed
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (J.Y.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (R.M.); (S.G.); (A.S.M.); (L.W.)
- Horticultural Crops Technology Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (J.Y.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (R.M.); (S.G.); (A.S.M.); (L.W.)
| | - Qingyun Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 310007, China; (Q.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (J.Y.); (W.L.); (W.W.); (R.M.); (S.G.); (A.S.M.); (L.W.)
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Li J, Wen T, Zhang R, Hu X, Guo F, Zhao H, Wang P, Wang Y, Ni D, Wang M. Metabolome profiling and transcriptome analysis unveiling the crucial role of magnesium transport system for magnesium homeostasis in tea plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae152. [PMID: 38994447 PMCID: PMC11237192 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is a crucial nutrient for the growth and development of Camellia sinensis and is closely related to the quality of tea. However, the underlying mechanisms responding to low-Mg 2+ stress in tea plants remain largely unknown. In this study, photosynthetic parameters, metabolomics, and transcriptomics were utilized to explore the potential effects of low Mg2+ on the growth and metabolism of C. sinensis. Low-Mg2+ treatment increased the ratio of shoot dry weight to root dry weight but decreased the photosynthesis of C. sinensis. Forty and thirty metabolites were impacted by Mg2+ shortage in C. sinensis shoots and roots, respectively. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed the possible reasons for the decreased contents of chlorophyll and catechins and the increased theanine content in C. sinensis roots. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis indicated that the Mg2+ transport system was essential in the regulation of Mg2+ homeostasis in C. sinensis, in which CsMGT5 was identified to be the key regulator according to CsMGT5-overexpressing and complementary assays in Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, silencing of CsMGT5 in vivo reduced the content of chlorophyll in C. sinensis shoots. In addition, CsMGT5 might collaborate with ammonium transporters to keep the amino acid content steady, suggesting its potential application for tea quality improvement. All these findings demonstrate the key roles of CsMGTs for Mg2+ homeostasis in C. sinensis, providing a theoretical basis for Mg2+ efficient utilization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Wen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruiming Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinlong Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pu Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingle Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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6
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Fu Y, Gao T, Wu Q, Qi M, Wang Z, Liu C. Mechanism of zinc stress on magnesium deficiency in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.): Insights from magnesium isotopes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171463. [PMID: 38447719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) are essential nutrients for plants. Mg deficiency often occurs in rice plants grown in Zn-polluted soil. However, the mechanism for this correlation is unclear. Here, we performed culture experiments on rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) and used Mg isotopes to investigate mechanisms of Zn stress on plant Mg deficiency. Our results show that excess Zn can significantly reduce the uptake of Mg in rice tissues. The root displays positive Δ26Mgplant-nutrient values (δ26Mgplant-δ26Mgnutrient; 1.90 ‰ to 2.06 ‰), which suggests that Mg enters the root cells mainly via Mg-specific transporters rather than non-selective diffusion. The decreased Δ26Mgplant-nutrient values with increasing Zn supply can be explained by the competition between Zn and Mg, both of which combine with same transporters in roots. In contrast, the shoots (stem and leaf) display much lower δ26Mg values than roots, which suggests that the transport of Mg from roots to aerial biomass is mainly via free Mg ions, during which Zn cannot competitively inhibit the movement of Mg. Our study suggests that the Mg deficiency in rice plants can be caused by high Zn-levels in soils and highlights the necessity of soil Zn-remediation in solving Mg deficiency problems in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qiqi Wu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Meng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengrong Wang
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York 10031, USA
| | - Chengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
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Uranishi R, Aedla R, Alsaadi DHM, Wang D, Kusakari K, Osaki H, Sugimura K, Watanabe T. Evaluation of Environmental Factor Effects on the Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of Chrysanthemum indicum L. and Its Habitat Suitability Prediction Mapping. Molecules 2024; 29:927. [PMID: 38474439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Chrysanthemum indicum L. are known to have various bioactive compounds; however, industrial use is extremely limited. To overcome this situation by producing high-quality leaves with high bioactive content, this study examined the environmental factors affecting the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity using C. indicum leaves collected from 22 sites in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Total phenolic and flavonoid content in the dry leaves ranged between 15.0 and 64.1 (mg gallic acid g-1) and 2.3 and 11.4 (mg quercetin g-1), while the antioxidant activity (EC50) of the 50% ethanol extracts ranged between 28.0 and 123.2 (µg mL-1) in 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Among the identified compounds, chlorogenic acid and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were the main constituents in C. indicum leaves. The antioxidant activity demonstrated a positive correlation with 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (R2 = 0.62) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (R2 = 0.77). The content of chlorogenic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers varied significantly according to the effects of exchangeable magnesium, cation exchange capacity, annual temperature, and precipitation, based on analysis of variance. The habitat suitability map using the geographical information system and the MaxEnt model predicted very high and high regions, comprising 3.2% and 10.1% of the total area, respectively. These findings could be used in future cultivation to produce high-quality leaves of C. indicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Uranishi
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Raju Aedla
- BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women, Nizampet Rd, Hyderabad 500090, Telangana, India
- Global Center for Natural Resources Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Doaa H M Alsaadi
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Dongxing Wang
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ken Kusakari
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Osaki
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Koji Sugimura
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Global Center for Natural Resources Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Global Center for Natural Resources Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Ahmed N, Zhang B, Bozdar B, Chachar S, Rai M, Li J, Li Y, Hayat F, Chachar Z, Tu P. The power of magnesium: unlocking the potential for increased yield, quality, and stress tolerance of horticultural crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1285512. [PMID: 37941670 PMCID: PMC10628537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1285512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is pivotal for the vitality, yield, and quality of horticultural crops. Central to plant physiology, Mg2+ powers photosynthesis as an integral component of chlorophyll, bolstering growth and biomass accumulation. Beyond basic growth, it critically affects crop quality factors, from chlorophyll synthesis to taste, texture, and shelf life. However, Mg2 + deficiency can cripple yields and impede plant development. Magnesium Transporters (MGTs) orchestrate Mg2+ dynamics, with notable variations observed in horticultural species such as Cucumis sativus, Citrullus lanatus, and Citrus sinensis. Furthermore, Mg2+ is key in fortifying plants against environmental stressors and diseases by reinforcing cell walls and spurring the synthesis of defense substances. A burgeoning area of research is the application of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs), which, owing to their nanoscale size and high reactivity, optimize nutrient uptake, and enhance plant growth and stress resilience. Concurrently, modern breeding techniques provide insights into Mg2+ dynamics to develop crops with improved Mg2+ efficiency and resilience to deficiency. Effective Mg2+ management through soil tests, balanced fertilization, and pH adjustments holds promise for maximizing crop health, productivity, and sustainability. This review unravels the nuanced intricacies of Mg2+ in plant physiology and genetics, and its interplay with external factors, serving as a cornerstone for those keen on harnessing its potential for horticultural excellence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Ahmed
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baige Zhang
- Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetable, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bilquees Bozdar
- Department of Crop Physiology, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Sadaruddin Chachar
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mehtab Rai
- Department of Crop Physiology, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Juan Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongquan Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Faisal Hayat
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zaid Chachar
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Panfeng Tu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Lin S, Chen M, Cheng P, Du M, Jia X, Ye J, Wang H. Study on the effect of magnesium on leaf metabolites, growth and quality of tea tree. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1192151. [PMID: 37746019 PMCID: PMC10514580 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1192151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is one of the essential elements for the growth of tea trees. In this study, we investigated changes in metabolites, photosynthetic fluorescence parameters and quality indexes of tea leaves under different concentrations of magnesium treatment, and the results showed that there were no significant differences in the quantity and total content of metabolites in tea leaves under different Mg concentrations. The results of volcano map analysis showed that the content of 235 metabolites in tea leaves showed an increasing trend and the content of 243 metabolites showed a decreasing trend with the increase of Mg concentration. The results of the combined analysis of the OPLS-DA model and bubble map showed that 45 characteristic metabolites were screened at different concentrations of Mg. Among these, the content of 24 characteristic metabolites showed an increasing trend and 21 characteristic metabolites showed a decreasing trend with the increase of Mg concentrations. The results of KEEG pathway enrichment showed that 24 characteristic metabolites with a upward trend were significantly enriched in saccharides metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism and vitamin metabolism, while the 21 characteristic metabolites with a downward trend were enriched in the synthesis of plant secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of terpenoids, synthesis and metabolism of alkaloids, and synthesis and metabolism of amino acids. It can be inferred that Mg regulation was beneficial to enhance the photosynthetic capacity of tea trees, improve the accumulation and metabolism of carbohydrate substances in tea trees, and thus promoted the growth of tea trees, but was not conducive to the synthesis of secondary metabolites and amino acids related to tea quality. The results of photosynthetic fluorescence parameters and quality indexes of the tea tree confirmed the conclusion predicted by metabolomics. This study provided a reference for regulating of the growth and quality of tea trees with Mg fertilizer in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaoxiong Lin
- College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Meihui Chen
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Cheng
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengru Du
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
| | - Xiaoli Jia
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
| | - Jianghua Ye
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
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10
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Tang L, Xiao L, Chen E, Lei X, Ren J, Yang Y, Xiao B, Gong C. Magnesium transporter CsMGT10 of tea plants plays a key role in chlorosis leaf vein greening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107842. [PMID: 37352698 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+), as the central atom of chlorophyll, is the most abundant divalent cation for plant growth and development in living cells. MRS2/MGT magnesium transporters play important roles in coping with magnesium stress, chloroplast development and photosynthesis. However, the molecular mechanism of MGT influencing tea plant leaf vein color remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CsMGT10 may be a potential transporter influencing leaf vein color. CsMGT10 belongs to Clade A member of MRS2/MGT family. CsMGT10 has the highest expression level in leaves of tea plants. And it is mainly expressed in aboveground parts, especially in vascular bundles. Moreover, CsMGT10 localizes to the chloroplast envelope of tea plants with a high affinity to Mg2+. And the GMN motif is required for its magnesium transport function. Ectopic expression of CsMGT10 in Arabidopsis leaf variegation mutant var5-1 can restore green color of chlorosis leaf veins, and the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid change significantly, proving its essential role in leaf vein greening. Furthermore, the chlorophyll and carotenoid of tea leaves treated with CsMGT10 antisense oligonucleotides also decrease significantly. Our findings indicate that CsMGT10 mainly acts as Mg2+ transporter in chloroplast envelope of leaf veins, which may play a key role in leaf vein greening of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Luodan Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Yibin Research Institute of Tea Industry, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Enxiang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingyu Lei
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiejie Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Bin Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chunmei Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Lin S, Chen M, Cheng P, Wang Y, Du M, Jia X, Wang H, Ye J. Effects of Magnesium on Transcriptome and Physicochemical Index of Tea Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091810. [PMID: 37176867 PMCID: PMC10181054 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is one of the essential elements for the growth of tea tree and is extremely important for its development. In this study, we investigated the effect of Mg on the transcriptome and physicochemical indexes of tea leaves, and the results showed that Mg could significantly affect the gene expression of tea leaves. The results of Orthogonal Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) model analysis showed that a total of 300 key genes (Variable Importance for the Projection, VIP > 1) were screened under different concentrations of Mg treatment, among which 140 genes were up-regulated and 160 genes were down-regulated. The bubble map was used to screen the characteristic genes from the above key genes, and a total of 121 representative characteristic genes were obtained, mainly involving 9 metabolic pathways. Among them, gene expression of three metabolic pathways, including porphyrin metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and photosynthesis, showed an increasing trend with the increase of Mg concentration, while gene expression of four metabolic pathways, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, anthocyanin biosynthesis, ABC transporters, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, showed a decreasing trend. The results of physiological index analysis showed that with the increase of Mg concentration, the photosynthetic physiological index, theanine and soluble sugar content of tea leaves showed an increasing trend, while the content of tea polyphenol, flavone and caffeine showed a decreasing trend. The results of TOPSIS analysis showed that the physiological indexes of tea trees most affected by Mg were chlorophyll, tea polyphenols and flavonoids, while the metabolic pathways most affected by Mg on gene expression were the metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. It can be seen that the effects of Mg on tea tree were mainly related to photosynthesis and synthesis of secondary metabolites, and Mg was beneficial for improving the photosynthetic capacity of tea tree, enhancing the accumulation of primary metabolites, and thus increasing tea yield. However, Mg was not conducive to the synthesis of secondary metabolites of tea tree and the accumulation of main quality indexes of tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shaoxiong Lin
- College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Meihui Chen
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Pengyuan Cheng
- College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mengru Du
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Xiaoli Jia
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Jianghua Ye
- College of Tea and Food, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
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12
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Zhao S, Cheng H, Xu P, Wang Y. Regulation of biosynthesis of the main flavor-contributing metabolites in tea plant ( Camellia sinensis): A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10520-10535. [PMID: 35608014 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the process of adapting to the environment, tea plants (Camellia sinensis) endow tea with unique flavor and health functions, which should be attributed to secondary metabolites, including catechins, L-theanine, caffeine and terpene volatiles. Since the content of these flavor-contributing metabolites are mainly determined by the growth of tea plant, it is very important to understand their alteration and regulation mechanisms. In the present work, we first summarize the distribution, change characteristics of the main flavor-contributing metabolites in different cultivars, organs and under environmental stresses of tea plant. Subsequently, we discuss the regulating mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites based on the existing evidence. Finally, we propose the remarks and perspectives on the future study relating flavor-contributing metabolites. This review would contribute to the acceleration of research on the characteristic secondary metabolites and the breeding programs in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Cheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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