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Mahmoud MAA, Zhang Y. Enhancing Odor Analysis with Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O): Recent Breakthroughs and Challenges. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9523-9554. [PMID: 38640191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) has made significant advancements in recent years, with breakthroughs in its applications and the identification of its limitations. This technology is widely used for analyzing complex odor patterns. The review begins by explaining the principles of GC-O, including sample preparation, separation methods, and olfactory evaluation techniques. It then explores the diverse range of applications where GC-O has found success, such as food and beverage industries, environmental monitoring, perfume and aroma development, and forensic analysis. One of the major breakthroughs in GC-O analysis is the improvement in separation power and resolution of odorants. Techniques like rapid GC, comprehensive two-dimensional GC, and multidimensional GC have enhanced the identification and quantification of odor-active chemicals. However, GC-O also has limitations. These include the challenges in detecting and quantifying trace odorants, dealing with matrix effects, and ensuring the repeatability and consistency of results across laboratories. The review examines these limitations closely and discusses potential solutions and future directions for improvement in GC-O analysis. Overall, this review presents a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in GC-O, covering breakthroughs, applications, and limitations. It aims to promote the wider usage of GC-O analysis in odor analysis and related industries. Researchers, practitioners, and anyone interested in leveraging the capabilities of GC-O in analyzing complex odor patterns will find this review a valuable resource. The article highlights the potential of GC-O and encourages further research and development in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A A Mahmoud
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shobra, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
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Chen L, De Longhi E, Pons A, Buffeteau T, Daugey N, Redon P, Shinkaruk S, Darriet P. Identification, Quantitation, and Sensory Evaluation of Thiols in Bordeaux Red Wine with Characteristic Aging Bouquet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16248-16259. [PMID: 37862129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Great Bordeaux red wines are known for their distinctive aging bouquet. However, the nature of volatile chemicals underpinning this sensory expression is not fully understood. This work investigated the empyreumatic aging bouquet of a collection of premium Bordeaux red wines using silver-ion (Ag+) solid-phase extraction, cryogenic heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry/olfactometry, and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In doing so, a substantial number of "meaty" odors were revealed. Three detected "meaty" notes were tentatively or unequivocally attributed to furan thiols. Among them, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-thiol (1) with a pleasant "meaty" aroma was reported in wine for the first time. Its trans isomer (trans-1a) was resolved from its racemate by chemical modification, which confirmed its presence in wine. The odor detection threshold of trans-1a in the model wine was determined at 55 ng/L. Moreover, an additive effect between 1 and literature-known 2-methyl-3-furanthiol was observed. By a new ultra high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry method, the concentration of trans-1a, in addition to those of 2-methyl-3-furanthiol and 2-furfuryl thiol, was measured in the wines at ng/L levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Emilio De Longhi
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33170 Gradignan, France
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse, 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Alexandre Pons
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33170 Gradignan, France
- Seguin Moreau France, Z.I. Merpins, BP 94, 16103 Cognac, France
| | - Thierry Buffeteau
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Nicolas Daugey
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Pascaline Redon
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Svitlana Shinkaruk
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33170 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33170 Gradignan, France
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Nolvachai Y, Amaral MSS, Marriott PJ. Foods and Contaminants Analysis Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography: An Update of Recent Studies, Technology, and Applications. Anal Chem 2023; 95:238-263. [PMID: 36625115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michelle S S Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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