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Gao L, Song Y, Zhang F, Zhao Y, Hu H, Feng Y. Indolepropionic acid modulates the immune response in allergic rhinitis through the AKT/CEBPB/IL‑10 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2025; 32:204. [PMID: 40417918 PMCID: PMC12117527 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2025.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa, usually triggered by environmental allergens. Indolepropionic acid (IPA) can influence immune responses; however, the specific mechanisms underlying the effects of IPA on immune regulation in AR remain largely unexplored. In the present study, an experimental mouse model of AR was established by sensitizing and exposing the mice to allergens, followed by the administration of IPA via gavage. Nasal symptoms were assessed through behavioral scoring, histological examinations were conducted to evaluate changes in nasal mucosa, and cytokine levels were quantified using ELISA. The expression of key signaling molecules was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting. Additionally, the effects of IPA combined with an AKT inhibitor (HY‑10355) on signaling pathway‑related proteins in human nasal epithelial cells were evaluated using cellular immunofluorescence and western blotting. The results revealed that IPA treatment significantly reduced nasal inflammation, as indicated by decreased sneezing and mucus secretion. Histological analysis showed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and epithelial damage in IPA‑treated mice compared to controls. Furthermore, cytokine analysis revealed reduced levels of the pro‑inflammatory cytokines IL‑4, IL‑5, IL‑13 and immunoglobulin E, along with increased levels of the anti‑inflammatory cytokine IL‑10. Molecular investigations demonstrated that IPA can activate the AKT/CCAAT enhancer binding protein β pathway, leading to increased IL‑10 expression and reduced inflammation. In conclusion, these findings suggested that IPA may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for managing AR, pending further clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Fengyao Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Huixuan Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
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Murgiano M, Bartocci B, Puca P, di Vincenzo F, Del Gaudio A, Papa A, Cammarota G, Gasbarrini A, Scaldaferri F, Lopetuso LR. Gut Microbiota Modulation in IBD: From the Old Paradigm to Revolutionary Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:3059. [PMID: 40243712 PMCID: PMC11988433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26073059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2025] [Revised: 03/18/2025] [Accepted: 03/26/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders primarily comprising two main conditions: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The gut microbiota's role in driving inflammation in IBD has garnered significant attention, yet the precise mechanisms through which the microbiota influences IBD pathogenesis remain largely unclear. Given the limited therapeutic options for IBD, alternative microbiota-targeted therapies-including prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and symbiotics-have been proposed. While these approaches have shown promising results, microbiota modulation is still mainly considered an adjunct therapy to conventional treatments, with a demonstrated impact on patients' quality of life. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), already approved for treating Clostridioides difficile infection, represents the first in a series of innovative microbiota-based therapies under investigation. Microbial biotherapeutics are emerging as personalized and cutting-edge tools for IBD management, encompassing next-generation probiotics, bacterial consortia, bacteriophages, engineered probiotics, direct metabolic pathway modulation, and nanotherapeutics. This review explores microbial modulation as a therapeutic strategy for IBDs, highlighting current approaches and examining promising tools under development to better understand their potential clinical applications in managing intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Murgiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (P.P.); (F.d.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (A.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Bianca Bartocci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (P.P.); (F.d.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (A.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Pierluigi Puca
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (P.P.); (F.d.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (A.G.); (F.S.)
- Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica di Vincenzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (P.P.); (F.d.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (A.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Angelo Del Gaudio
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (P.P.); (F.d.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (A.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Alfredo Papa
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (P.P.); (F.d.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (A.G.); (F.S.)
- Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (P.P.); (F.d.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (A.G.); (F.S.)
- Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (P.P.); (F.d.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (A.G.); (F.S.)
- Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (P.P.); (F.d.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (A.G.); (F.S.)
- Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Loris Riccardo Lopetuso
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (P.P.); (F.d.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.P.); (G.C.); (A.G.); (F.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, della Salute e delle Professioni Sanitarie, Università degli Studi Link, 00165 Rome, Italy
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Yang S, Gao B, Yang Q, Huo Y, Li K, Shu L, Fan L, Liu Y, Li H, Cai W. A Systematic Method for the Identification of Oligosaccharide Constituents in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua Using UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2025; 30:1433. [PMID: 40286060 PMCID: PMC11990173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30071433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2025] [Revised: 03/18/2025] [Accepted: 03/22/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
A Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (PCH) is a common medicinal and edible plant whose rhizomes are widely used for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. Previous studies have revealed a variety of chemical components such as polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids, which possess a variety of biological activities such as antimicrobial, lipid-regulating, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory. However, to date, the structure and activity of its oligosaccharide components are still unclear. In this study, we developed a method combining ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS) and monosaccharide analysis for the identification of oligosaccharides in PCH. Finally, a total of 44 oligosaccharides, including 27 fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), 10 arabino-oligosaccharides (AOS), and 7 others, were identified based on the precise relative molecular mass and fragment ion information provided by high-resolution mass spectrometry, in combination with standard comparison, monosaccharide composition analysis, and the relevant literature reports. All of those oligosaccharides were reported for the first time. These findings laid the foundation for the subsequent study of its medicinal substances and provided a theoretical basis for the more comprehensive development and utilization of PCH as a medicinal and edible product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (S.Y.); (B.G.); (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.F.); (Y.L.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China; (K.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Bowen Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (S.Y.); (B.G.); (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qingrui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (S.Y.); (B.G.); (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.F.); (Y.L.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China; (K.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Yanghui Huo
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (S.Y.); (B.G.); (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.F.); (Y.L.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China; (K.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Kailin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China; (K.L.); (L.S.)
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Liangyin Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China; (K.L.); (L.S.)
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Lingxuan Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (S.Y.); (B.G.); (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.F.); (Y.L.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China; (K.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Yiliang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (S.Y.); (B.G.); (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Huanting Li
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (S.Y.); (B.G.); (Q.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China; (K.L.); (L.S.)
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