Preparation and Properties of Narrowly Dispersed Polyurethane Nanocapsules Containing Essential Oil via Phase Inversion Emulsification

Innovative Encapsulation Strategies for Food, Industrial, and Pharmaceutical Applications

Bioactive metabolites obtained from fruits and vegetables as well as many drugs have various capacities to prevent or treat various ailments. Nevertheless, their efficiency, in vivo, encounter many challenges resulting in lower efficacy as well as different side effects when high doses are used resulting in many challenges for their application. Indeed, demand for effective treatments with no or less unfavorable side effects is rising. Delivering active molecules to a particular site of action within the human body is an example of targeted therapy which remains a challenging field. Developments of nanotechnology and polymer science have great promise for meeting the growing demands of efficient options. Encapsulation of active ingredients in nano-delivery systems has become as a vitally tool for protecting the integrity of critical biochemicals, improving their delivery, enabling their controlled release and maintaining their biological features. Here, we examine a wide range of nano-delivery techniques, such as niosomes, polymeric/solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and nano-emulsions. The advantages of encapsulation in targeted, synergistic, and supportive therapies are emphasized, along with current progress in its application. Additionally, a revised collection of studies was given, focusing on improving the effectiveness of anticancer medications and addressing the problem of antimicrobial resistance. To sum up, this paper conducted a thorough analysis to determine the efficacy of encapsulation technology in the field of drug discovery and development.

A flexible modulated pesticide release platform through poly(urethane-urea) microcapsules: effect of different crosslinkers compositions

BACKGROUND

Polymeric microcapsules (MCs) have become an important issue and have attracted increasing attention because of their tunable physical and chemical properties. Diverse shell structures can confer multiple properties on MCs.

RESULTS

Different polyols (1,4-butanediol and glycerin) and polyamines (triethylenetetramine and isophorondiamine) were selected as crosslinkers to obtain emamectin benzoate (EB)-loaded poly(urethane-urea) MCs (PU-MCs) by interfacial polymerization. The four obtained PU-MCs showed sphericity with different degrees of smoothness on their surfaces, and displayed a uniform size distribution ranging from 500 to 700 nm. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy showed that the shell thickness was roughly uniform, and was greatly influenced by the type and structure of the crosslinker. GI-MCs, prepared using glycerin and isophorondiamine, had the largest shell thickness. GT-MCs, obtained using glycerin and triethylenetetramine, had the highest encapsulation efficiency and drug-loading content, and BT-MCs, obtained using mixtures of 1,4-butanediol and triethylenetetramine, had the fastest release behavior. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the greater the degree of shell crosslinking, the higher decomposition temperature and the greater the thermal stability. A BT-MC suspension had the lowest viscosity and contact angle with the best wettability. Bioassay experiments showed that BT-MCs exhibited good insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella larvae with a half-maximal lethal concentration of 4.19 mg/L. Furthermore, a BT-MC suspension showed good thermal and light stability, with potential applications in minimizing the toxicity of EB through sustained release.

CONCLUSION

Various properties of EB-loaded PU-MCs were modulated through simple selection of different polyols and polyamines during fabrication, which might have an important role in constructing the pesticide delivery system and improving pesticide utilization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Further Improvement Based on Traditional Nanocapsule Preparation Methods: A Review

Nanocapsule preparation technology, as an emerging technology with great development prospects, has uniqueness and superiority in various industries. In this paper, the preparation technology of nanocapsules was systematically divided into three categories: physical methods, chemical methods, and physicochemical methods. The technological innovation of different methods in recent years was reviewed, and the mechanisms of nanocapsules prepared via emulsion polymerization, interface polymerization, layer-by-layer self-assembly technology, nanoprecipitation, supercritical fluid, and nano spray drying was summarized in detail. Different from previous reviews, the renewal iteration of core-shell structural materials was highlighted, and relevant illustrations of their representative and latest research results were reviewed. With the continuous progress of nanocapsule technology, especially the continuous development of new wall materials and catalysts, new preparation technology, and new production equipment, nanocapsule technology will be used more widely in medicine, food, cosmetics, pesticides, petroleum products, and many other fields.

Emulsions containing composite (clove, oregano, and cinnamon) essential oils: Phase inversion preparation, physicochemical properties and antibacterial mechanism

Natural essential oils (EOs), especially those combining different individual EOs (also termed composite EOs) with enhanced performance, are becoming healthy, market-sought food preservatives/additives. This study aims to provide insights into the challenge regarding EOs processing due to their low solubility and the elusive mechanism under the enhanced bio-reactivity of composite EOs. A unique oil/water interacting network was created by phase-inversion processing, which enhances EO solubilization and emulsification to form composite EO formulations (EOFs) containing ordinary cinnamon, oregano and clove EOs. These EOFs mainly contained cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and eugenol and exhibited excellent post-storage stability. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability of EOFs (at 15.880 μL/mL) was > 88%, and the Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was 1.8 mM FeSO₄·7H₂O. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EOFs against E. coli and S. aureus was ∼7.940 μL/mL. The EOFs could cause quick deterioration of bacterial structures, demonstrating high efficacy in bacteria-killing and anti-biofilm formation.

Biodegradable starch-based packaging films incorporated with polyurethane-encapsulated essential-oil microcapsules for sustained food preservation

Novel starch-based packaging films with sustained antibacterial activity were successfully made by incorporating polyurethane-encapsulated essential-oil microcapsules (EOs@PU) as an alternative synthetic preservative for food preservation. Herein, three essential oils (EOs) were blended to make composite essential oils with a more harmonious aroma and higher antibacterial ability and encapsulated into polyurethane (PU) to form EOs@PU microcapsules based on interfacial polymerization. The morphology of the constructed EOs@PU microcapsules was regular and uniform with an average size of approximately 3 μm, thus enabling high loading capacity (59.01 %). As such, we further integrated the obtained EOs@PU microcapsules into potato starch to prepare food packaging films for sustained food preservation. Consequently, the prepared starch-based packaging films incorporated with EOs@PU microcapsules had an excellent UV blocking rate (>90 %) and low cell toxicity. Notably, the long-term release of EOs@PU microcapsules gave the packaging films a sustained antibacterial ability, prolonging the shelf life of fresh blueberries and raspberries at 25 °C (> 7 days). Furthermore, the biodegradation rate of food packaging films cultured with natural soil was 95 % after 8 days, clarifying the excellent biodegradability of the packaging films for environmental protection. As demonstrated, the biodegradable packaging films provided a natural and safe strategy for food preservation.

Sizing down and functionalizing polylactide (PLA) resin for synthesis of PLA-based polyurethanes for use in biomedical applications

Alcoholysis is a promising approach for upcycling postconsumer polylactide (PLA) products into valuable constituents. In addition, an alcohol-acidolysis of PLA by multifunctional 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (DMPA) produces lactate oligomers with hydroxyl and carboxylic acid terminals. In this work, a process for sizing down commercial PLA resin to optimum medium-sized lactate oligomers is developed at a lower cost than a bottom-up synthesis from its monomer. The microwave-assisted reaction is conveniently conducted at 220-240 °C and pressure lower than 100 psi. The PLA resin was completely converted via alcohol-acidolysis reaction, with a product purification yield as high as 93%. The resulting products are characterized by FTIR, 2D-NMR, ¹H-NMR, GPC, DSC, and XRD spectroscopy. The effects of PLA: DMPA feed ratios and the incorporation of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) on the structures, properties, and particle formability of the alcohol-acidolyzed products are examined. The products from a ratio of 12:1, which possessed optimum size and structures, are used to synthesize PLA-based polyurethane (PUD) by reacting with 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI). The resulting PUD is employed in encapsulating lavender essential oil (LO). Without using any surfactant, stable LO-loaded nanoparticles are prepared due to the copolymer's self-stabilizability from its carboxylate groups. The effect of the polymer: LO feed ratio (1.25-3.75: 1) on the physicochemical properties of the resulting nanoparticles, e.g., colloidal stability (zeta potential > -60 mV), hydrodynamic size (300-500 nm), encapsulation efficiency (80-88%), and in vitro release, are investigated. The LO-loaded nanoparticles show non-toxicity to fibroblast cells, with an IC₅₀ value higher than 2000 µg/mL. The products from this process have high potential as drug encapsulation templates in biomedical applications.

Study of the volatilization rules of volatile oil and the sustained-release effect of volatile oil solidified by porous starch

Volatile oil from traditional Chinese medicine has various biological activities and has pharmacological activities in the central nervous system, digestive system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, etc. These oils are widely used in clinical practice. However, the development of their clinical applications is restricted due to the disadvantages of volatile oils, such as high stimulation, high volatility and poor stability. To improve the stability of a volatile oil in the preparation process, its volatilization and stable release must be controlled. In this paper, porous starch was used as a solid carrier material, and liquid volatile oil was solidified by physical adsorption. GC–MS was used to determine the chemical constituents of the volatile oil, solidified powder and tablets, and the volatilization rules of 34 chemical constituents were analysed statistically. The solidified volatile oil/porous starch powder was characterized by XRD, TGA and DSC, and the VOCs of the volatile oil before and after solidification were analysed by portable GC–MS. Finally, the stable release of the volatile oil could be optimized by changing the porous starch ratio in the formulation. Volatilization was shown to be closely related to the peak retention time and chemical composition, which was consistent with the theory of flavour. The physical properties and chemical composition of the volatile oil did not change after curing, indicating that the adsorption of the volatile oil by porous starch was physical adsorption. In this paper, the porous starch-solidified volatile oil had a slow-release effect, and the production process is simple, easy to operate, and has high application value.

Encapsulation of Flavours and Fragrances into Polymeric Capsules and Cyclodextrins Inclusion Complexes: An Update

Flavours and fragrances are volatile compounds of large interest for different applications. Due to their high tendency of evaporation and, in most cases, poor chemical stability, these compounds need to be encapsulated for handling and industrial processing. Encapsulation, indeed, resulted in being effective at overcoming the main concerns related to volatile compound manipulation, and several industrial products contain flavours and fragrances in an encapsulated form for the final usage of customers. Although several organic or inorganic materials have been investigated for the production of coated micro- or nanosystems intended for the encapsulation of fragrances and flavours, polymeric coating, leading to the formation of micro- or nanocapsules with a core-shell architecture, as well as a molecular inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins, are still the most used. The present review aims to summarise the recent literature about the encapsulation of fragrances and flavours into polymeric micro- or nanocapsules or inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins, with a focus on methods for micro/nanoencapsulation and applications in the different technological fields, including the textile, cosmetic, food and paper industries.

A simple and effective strategy to enhance the stability and solid-liquid interfacial interaction of an emulsion by the interfacial dilational rheological properties

The development of an emulsion is an important challenge in many fields, such as agrochemicals, pharmaceutics, paints, cosmetics, inkjet printing, and food science. However, the traditional strategies that refer to the empirical value and complex secondary additives cannot reflect the influence of the structure, content, compound, and adsorption of emulsifiers. Here, we propose a simple and effective strategy to develop the emulsion, wherein the emulsifiers are chosen based on the dilational rheological properties of the interfacial films at the molecular level. The dilational rheological properties of polyoxyethylene (80) castor oil (EL-80), sorbitan monostearate (Span 60), and their emulsions were explored by the oscillating drop method. Based on the dilational rheological properties, the emulsions were prepared by the phase inversion emulsification technique. The results showed that the emulsion was stable and realized effective solid-liquid interfacial interaction, which was attributed to the large dilational modulus (intermolecular interaction) at the oil/water interface and loss modulus (molecular diffusion exchange) at the air/water interface. These factors reduced the Ostwald ripening and coalescence, and finally increased the spreading diameter. Additionally, the prochloraz 25% emulsion in water (EW) and difenoconazole 20% EW were developed to verify the feasibility of the strategy. Therefore, this research advances the understanding of an emulsion by interfacial dilational rheological properties, which can provide a simple and effective strategy to develop a stable emulsion and achieve an effective solid-liquid interfacial interaction of the emulsion.