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Gröne M, Duse DA, Kramser N, Ophoff N, Schweers H, Voß F, Quast C, Sansone R, Heiss C, Jung C, Kelm M, Erkens R. Cocoa flavanols improve peakVO 2 and exercise capacity in a randomized double blinded clinical trial in healthy elderly people. Food Funct 2023; 14:7562-7573. [PMID: 37526943 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01737k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: Loss of functional capacity is one of the hallmarks in cardiovascular aging. Cocoa flavanols (CF) exert favorable effects on endothelial function, blood pressure, and inflammation. These cardiovascular health markers worsen with increasing age and limit functional exercise capacity. Aim: To investigate the effect of CF on cardiorespiratory-fitness in healthy elderly people. Methods: In a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-group dietary intervention trial, 68 healthy elderly people (55-79 years, 28 female) received either 500 mg of CF or a nutrient-matched control capsule twice a day for 30 days. Primary endpoint was defined as peak oxygen consumption (VO2) in a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Secondary endpoints were oxygen pulse (VO2 per heart rate (HR)), resting blood pressure (BP), and resting vascular function. Results: After 30 days of CF intake peakVO2 increased by 190 ml min-1 (95% CI 1-371 ml min-1) and peakVO2 per kg by 2.5 ml (min kg)-1 (95% CI 0.30-4.2 ml (min kg)-1). O2-pulse increased by 1.7 ml (95% CI 0.29-3.2 ml) and max exercise capacity by 9.6 W (95% CI 2.1-17.7 W). CF decreased resting systolic and diastolic BP by 5.4 mmHg (95% CI -10.7 to -0.1 mmHg) and 2.9 mmHg (95% CI -5.5 to -0.4 mmHg), respectively. Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) increased by an absolute 1.3% (95% CI 0.76-1.79%) in the CF group. Indexes of pulmonary function were not affected. No changes for primary and secondary endpoints were detected in control. Conclusion: CF substantially improve markers of cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy elderly humans highlighting their potential to preserve cardiovascular health with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gröne
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dragos Andrei Duse
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Kramser
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Niklas Ophoff
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Schweers
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Fabian Voß
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christine Quast
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Roberto Sansone
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christian Heiss
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, UK
| | - Christian Jung
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Malte Kelm
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- CARID, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Erkens
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Gröne M, Schillings M, Duse D, Kramser N, Quast C, Heiss C, Sansone R, Jung C, Kelm M, Erkens R. Cocoa flavanol supplementation preserves early and late radial artery function after transradial catheterization. Food Funct 2023; 14:4824-4835. [PMID: 37128985 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01116j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: The transradial approach for coronary angiography is associated with fewer complications and preferred over the femoral approach. Injury to the radial artery (RA) endothelium elicits intimal hyperplasia, possibly resulting in total occlusion and limb functional decline. Flavanols are known to improve endothelial function. Effects on arterial remodeling after mechanical injury are unknown. Objective: To investigate the effects of cocoa flavanols on (a) intimal hyperplasia and (b) endothelial functional recovery after mechanical vascular wall injury through transradial coronary angiography (TCA). Methods: Primary endpoint in this double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was RA intima-media thickness (IMT) after 6 months follow-up (FU). Secondary endpoints were RA flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and fractional diameter change (Fdc). Further luminal diameter and circulating endothelial microparticles (EMP) were assessed. Thirty-six male patients undergoing elective TCA were included. Flavanol or matched placebo supplementation started 7 days prior TCA (cocoa flavanol 1000 mg day-1) for 14 days. Four measurements spanned three periods over 6-moths-FU. Results: TCA induced sustained intimal hyperplasia in the placebo-, but not in the flavanol-group (IMT 0.44 ± 0.01 vs. 0.37 ± 0.01 mm, p = 0.01). FMD decreased after TCA in both groups, but recovered to baseline after 6 months in the flavanol group only. Fdc acutely decreased, EMPs increased in the placebo-, not in the flavanol -group. Luminal diameter remained unchanged in both groups. Conclusion: Peri-interventional cocoa flavanol supplementation prevents long-term intima media thickening and endothelial dysfunction 6 months after TCA opening the perspective for dietary interventions to mitigate endothelial cell damage and intimal hyperplasia after mechanical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gröne
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Miriam Schillings
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dragos Duse
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Kramser
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christine Quast
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christian Heiss
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, UK
| | - Roberto Sansone
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christian Jung
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Malte Kelm
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- CARID Cardiovascular Research Institute Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Erkens
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Angiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Ellagitannins, urolithins, and neuroprotection: Human evidence and the possible link to the gut microbiota. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101109. [PMID: 35940941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ellagitannins (ETs) and ellagic acid (EA) are dietary polyphenols poorly absorbed but extensively metabolized by the human gut microbiota to produce different urolithins (Uros). Depending on the individuals' microbial signatures, ETs metabolism can yield the Uro metabotypes A, B, or 0, potentially impacting human health after consuming ETs. Human evidence points to improved brain health after consuming ET-rich foods, mainly pomegranate juices and extracts containing punicalagin, punicalin, and different EA-derivatives. Although ETs and (or) EA are necessary to exert the effects, the precise mechanism, actual metabolites, or final drivers responsible for the observed effects have not been unraveled. The cause-and-effect evidence on Uro-A administration and the improvement of animal brain health is consistent but not addressed in humans. The Uro-A's in vivo anti-inflammatory, mitophagy, autophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis activities suggest it as a possible final driver in neuroprotection. However, the precise Uro metabolic forms reaching the brain are unknown. In addition to the possible participation of direct effectors in brain tissues, the current evidence points out that improving blood flow, gut microbiota ecology, and gut barrier by ET-rich foods and (or) Uro-A could contribute to the neuroprotective effects. We show here the current human evidence on ETs and brain health, the possible link between the gut microbiota metabolism of ETs and their effects, including the preservation of the gut barrier integrity, and the possible role of Uros. Finally, we propose a roadmap to address what is missing on ETs, Uros, and neuroprotection.
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From Cocoa to Chocolate: Effect of Processing on Flavanols and Methylxanthines and Their Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214365. [PMID: 36430843 PMCID: PMC9698929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the health benefits associated with the ingestion of the bioactive compounds in cocoa, the high concentrations of polyphenols and methylxanthines in the raw cocoa beans negatively influence the taste, confer the astringency and bitterness, and affect the stability and digestibility of the cocoa products. It is, therefore, necessary to process cocoa beans to develop the characteristic color, taste, and flavor, and reduce the astringency and bitterness, which are desirable in cocoa products. Processing, however, affects the composition and quantities of the bioactive compounds, resulting in the modification of the health-promoting properties of cocoa beans and chocolate. In this advanced review, we sought to better understand the effect of cocoa's transformational process into chocolate on polyphenols and methylxanthine and the mechanism of action of the original flavanols and methylxanthines. More data on the cocoa processing effect on cocoa bioactives are still needed for better understanding the effect of each processing step on the final polyphenolic and methylxanthine composition of chocolate and other cocoa products. Regarding the mechanisms of action, theobromine acts through the modulation of the fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and energy metabolism pathways, while flavanols mainly act though the protein kinases and antioxidant pathways. Both flavanols and theobromine seem to be involved in the nitric oxide and neurotrophin regulation.
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Francini A, Fidalgo-Illesca C, Raffaelli A, Romi M, Cantini C, Sebastiani L. Cocoa Bar Antioxidant Profile Enrichment with Underutilized Apples Varieties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040694. [PMID: 35453379 PMCID: PMC9025123 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of dried apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) addition on improving the antioxidant characteristics of dark chocolate was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was measured through DPPH scavenging activity and showed an increase in the cocoa bar with ‘Nesta’ dry apple (17.3% vs. 46.8%) in comparison to cocoa mass. The 15 polyphenols analyzed by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS indicated great variability among the apple varieties. Quercetin was detected in the highest concentrations (ranged from 753.3 to 1915.5 µg g−1), while the lowest were for kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, measured only in ‘Mora’ and ‘Nesta’ cocoa bars (from 0.034 to 0.069 µg g−1, respectively). P-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid contribute largely to the antioxidant activity in cocoa bars. Principal component analysis shows that a cocoa bar with the addition of ‘Nesta’ dry apple differ from others due to its higher content of polyphenols (1614 ± 61.8 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g). In conclusion, data confirm that cocoa bars with dry apples might be considered as a polyphenol-enriched food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Francini
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.F.-I.); (A.R.)
| | - Carmen Fidalgo-Illesca
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.F.-I.); (A.R.)
| | - Andrea Raffaelli
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.F.-I.); (A.R.)
| | - Marco Romi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Claudio Cantini
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, 58022 Follonica, Italy;
| | - Luca Sebastiani
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.F.-I.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-883-070
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Chen X, Guan X, Tang Y, Deng J, Zhang X. Effects of cocoa products intake on cardiometabolic biomarkers of type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on both long-term and short-term randomised controlled trials. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73:571-587. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2022.2046711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Guan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yujun Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinlan Deng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Munasinghe M, Afshari R, Heydarian D, Almotayri A, Dias DA, Thomas J, Jois M. Effects of cocoa on altered metabolite levels in purine metabolism pathways and urea cycle in Alzheimer's disease in C. elegans. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Monfoulet LE, Martinez MC. Dietary modulation of large extracellular vesicles: the good and the bad for human health. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1274-1293. [PMID: 34875084 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompassing nanovesicles derived from the endosome system and generated by plasmatic membrane shedding are of increasing interest in view of their ability to sustain cell-to-cell communication and the possibility that they could be used as surrogate biomarkers of healthy and unhealthy trajectories. Nutritional strategies have been developed to preserve health, and the impact of these strategies on circulating EVs is arousing growing interest. Data available from published studies are now sufficient for a first integration to better understand the role of EVs in the relationship between diet and health. Thus, this review focuses on human intervention studies investigating the impact of diet or its components on circulating EVs. Because of analytical bias, only large EVs have been assessed so far. The analysis highlights that poor-quality diets with elevated fat and sugar content increase levels of circulating large EVs, and these can be partly counteracted by healthy food or some food micronutrients and bioactive compounds. However, knowledge of the content and the biological functions of these diet-induced EVs is still missing. It is important to address these aspects in new research in order to state if EVs are mediators of the effects of diet on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent-Emmanuel Monfoulet
- L.-E. Monfoulet is with the Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont-Ferrand, France M.C. Martinez is with the oxidative stress and metabolic pathologies laboratory (SOPAM), U1063, INSERM, Université Angers, Angers, France
| | - Maria Carmen Martinez
- L.-E. Monfoulet is with the Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont-Ferrand, France M.C. Martinez is with the oxidative stress and metabolic pathologies laboratory (SOPAM), U1063, INSERM, Université Angers, Angers, France
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Monti P, Solazzo G, Ferrari L, Bollati V. Extracellular Vesicles: Footprints of environmental exposures in the aging process? Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:309-322. [PMID: 34743313 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized lipid particles that participate in intercellular signaling through the trafficking of bioactive molecules from parental cells to recipient ones. This well-orchestrated communication system is crucial for the organism to respond to external cues in a coordinated manner; indeed, environmental and lifestyle exposures can modify both EV number and content, with consequences on cellular metabolism and homeostasis. In particular, a growing body of evidence suggests that exposome-induced changes in EV profile could regulate the aging process, both at the cellular and organismal levels. Here, we provide an overview of the role played by ambient-induced EVs on aging and age-related diseases. Among the several environmental factors that can affect the communication network operated by EVs, we focused on air pollution, ultraviolet light, diet, and physical exercise. Moreover, we performed a miRNA target analysis, to support the role of EV-miRNA emerging from the literature in the context of aging. RECENT FINDINGS The overall emerging picture strongly supports a key regulatory role for EVs at the interface between external stimuli and cellular/organismal aging, thus providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms linking a "healthy exposome" to well-being in old age. In addition, this knowledge will pave the way for research aimed at developing innovative antiaging strategies based on EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Monti
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Solazzo
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy. .,Occupational Health Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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Philip P, Sagaspe P, Taillard J, Mandon C, Constans J, Pourtau L, Pouchieu C, Angelino D, Mena P, Martini D, Del Rio D, Vauzour D. Acute Intake of a Grape and Blueberry Polyphenol-Rich Extract Ameliorates Cognitive Performance in Healthy Young Adults During a Sustained Cognitive Effort. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120650. [PMID: 31861125 PMCID: PMC6943592 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an increasing level of evidence supporting the individual beneficial effect of polyphenols on cognitive performance, information related to the potential synergistic action of these phytonutrients on cognitive performance during a prolonged cognitive effort is currently lacking. This study investigated the acute and sustained action of a polyphenols-rich extract from grape and blueberry (PEGB), on working memory and attention in healthy students during a prolonged and intensive cognitive effort. In this randomised, cross-over, double blind study, 30 healthy students consumed 600 mg of PEGB or a placebo. Ninety minutes after product intake, cognitive functions were assessed for one hour using a cognitive demand battery including serial subtraction tasks, a rapid visual information processing (RVIP) task and a visual analogical scale. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and plasma flavan-3-ols metabolites quantification were also performed. A 2.5-fold increase in serial three subtraction variation net scores was observed following PEGB consumption versus placebo (p < 0.001). A trend towards significance was also observed with RVIP percentage of correct answers (p = 0.058). No treatment effect was observed on FMD. Our findings suggest that consumption of PEGB coupled with a healthy lifestyle may be a safe alternative to acutely improve working memory and attention during a sustained cognitive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Philip
- Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; (P.P.); (P.S.)
- Sommeil, Addiction et NeuroPSYchiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Bordeaux, INSERM CIC 1401, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Patricia Sagaspe
- Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; (P.P.); (P.S.)
- Sommeil, Addiction et NeuroPSYchiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Jacques Taillard
- Sommeil, Addiction et NeuroPSYchiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Claire Mandon
- Vascular Medicine Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Joël Constans
- Vascular Medicine Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Line Pourtau
- Activ’Inside, F-33750 Beychac et Caillau, France; (L.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Camille Pouchieu
- Activ’Inside, F-33750 Beychac et Caillau, France; (L.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Donato Angelino
- Department of Food & Drugs, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (D.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Pedro Mena
- Department of Food & Drugs, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (D.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Daniela Martini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (D.M.); (D.D.R.)
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (D.M.); (D.D.R.)
- School of Advanced Studies on Food and Nutrition, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1603-591-732
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