1
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Melse O, Antes I, Kaila VRI, Zacharias M. Benchmarking biomolecular force field-based Zn 2+ for mono- and bimetallic ligand binding sites. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:912-926. [PMID: 36495007 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zn2+ is one of the most versatile biologically available metal ions, but accurate modeling of Zn2+ -containing metalloproteins at the biomolecular force field level can be challenging. Since most Zn2+ models are parameterized in bulk solvent, in-depth knowledge about their performance in a protein environment is limited. Thus, we systematically investigate here the behavior of non-polarizable Zn2+ models for their ability to reproduce experimentally determined metal coordination and ligand binding in metalloproteins. The benchmarking is performed in challenging environments, including mono- (carbonic anhydrase II) and bimetallic (metallo-β-lactamase VIM-2) ligand binding sites. We identify key differences in the performance between the Zn2+ models with regard to the preferred ligating atoms (charged/non-charged), attraction of water molecules, and the preferred coordination geometry. Based on these results, we suggest suitable simulation conditions for varying Zn2+ site geometries that could guide the further development of biomolecular Zn2+ models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okke Melse
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,SynBiofoundry@TUM, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Iris Antes
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,SynBiofoundry@TUM, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Ville R I Kaila
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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2
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Tonali N, Hericks L, Schröder DC, Kracker O, Krzemieniecki R, Kaffy J, Le Joncour V, Laakkonen P, Marion A, Ongeri S, Dodero VI, Sewald N. Peptidotriazolamers Inhibit Aβ(1-42) Oligomerization and Cross a Blood-Brain-Barrier Model. Chempluschem 2021; 86:840-851. [PMID: 33905181 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In peptidotriazolamers every second peptide bond is replaced by a 1H-1,2,3-triazole. Such foldamers are expected to bridge the gap in molecular weight between small-molecule drugs and protein-based drugs. Amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates play an important role in Alzheimer's disease. We studied the impact of amide bond replacements by 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles on the inhibitory activity of the aggregation "hot spots" K16 LVFF20 and G39 VVIA42 in Aβ(1-42). We found that peptidotriazolamers act as modulators of the Aβ(1-42) oligomerization. Some peptidotriazolamers are able to interfere with the formation of toxic early Aβ oligomers, depending on the position of the triazoles, which is also supported by computational studies. Preliminary in vitro results demonstrate that a highly active peptidotriazolamer is also able to cross the blood-brain-barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo Tonali
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.,BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Loreen Hericks
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David C Schröder
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Oliver Kracker
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Radosław Krzemieniecki
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julia Kaffy
- BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vadim Le Joncour
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Laakkonen
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antoine Marion
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sandrine Ongeri
- BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Veronica I Dodero
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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3
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Grob N, Schibli R, Béhé M, Valverde IE, Mindt TL. 1,5-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles as Amide Bond Isosteres Yield Novel Tumor-Targeting Minigastrin Analogs. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:585-592. [PMID: 33859799 PMCID: PMC8040048 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
1,5-Disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles (1,5-Tz) are considered bioisosteres of cis-amide bonds. However, their use for enhancing the pharmacological properties of peptides or proteins is not yet well established. Aiming to illustrate their utility, we chose the peptide conjugate [Nle15]MG11 (DOTA-dGlu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2) as a model compound since it is known that the cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) is able to accommodate turn conformations. Analogs of [Nle15]MG11 incorporating 1,5-Tz in the backbone were synthesized and radiolabeled with lutetium-177, and their pharmacological properties (cell internalization, receptor binding affinity and specificity, plasma stability, and biodistribution) were evaluated and compared with [Nle15]MG11 as well as their previously reported analogs bearing 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. Our investigations led to the discovery of novel triazole-modified analogs of [Nle15]MG11 with nanomolar CCK2R-binding affinity and 2-fold increased tumor uptake. This study illustrates that substitution of amides by 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles is an effective strategy to enhance the pharmacological properties of biologically active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie
M. Grob
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Martin Béhé
- Center
for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ibai E. Valverde
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne,
UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Thomas L. Mindt
- Ludwig
Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Molina N, Nájera F, Guadix JA, Perez-Pomares JM, Vida Y, Perez-Inestrosa E. Synthesis of Amino Terminal Clicked Dendrimers. Approaches to the Application as a Biomarker. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10197-10208. [PMID: 31310119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an easy and efficient synthesis of amino terminal dendrons, combining protection/deprotection reactions with copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition in a convergent way. This new approach affords dendrons in gram scale with excellent yields and easy purification. By choosing the appropriate azido-functionalized core, these dendrons lead to a more efficient and controlled convergent synthesis of dendrimers with different sizes and shapes and multivalence. The amino terminal dendrimers were analyzed by diffusion-ordered spectroscopy experiments. The observed dendrimer size is in excellent correlation with the expected size and shape by molecular dynamic simulations. The construction of these kinds of nanostructures, in a simple and efficient way, opens new opportunities for biomedical applications. Moreover, by choosing the appropriate core, these versatile macromolecules become an excellent fluorescent biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Molina
- Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA , Departamento de Química Orgánica , Campus de Teatinos s/n , 29071 Málaga , Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND , Parque Tecnológico de Andalucı́a , C/ Severo Ochoa 35 , 29590 , Campanillas, Málaga , Spain
| | - Francisco Nájera
- Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA , Departamento de Química Orgánica , Campus de Teatinos s/n , 29071 Málaga , Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND , Parque Tecnológico de Andalucı́a , C/ Severo Ochoa 35 , 29590 , Campanillas, Málaga , Spain
| | - Juan A Guadix
- Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA , Departamento de Biología Animal , Campus de Teatinos s/n , 29071 Málaga , Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND , Parque Tecnológico de Andalucı́a , C/ Severo Ochoa 35 , 29590 , Campanillas, Málaga , Spain
| | - Jose M Perez-Pomares
- Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA , Departamento de Biología Animal , Campus de Teatinos s/n , 29071 Málaga , Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND , Parque Tecnológico de Andalucı́a , C/ Severo Ochoa 35 , 29590 , Campanillas, Málaga , Spain
| | - Yolanda Vida
- Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA , Departamento de Química Orgánica , Campus de Teatinos s/n , 29071 Málaga , Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND , Parque Tecnológico de Andalucı́a , C/ Severo Ochoa 35 , 29590 , Campanillas, Málaga , Spain
| | - Ezequiel Perez-Inestrosa
- Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA , Departamento de Química Orgánica , Campus de Teatinos s/n , 29071 Málaga , Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND , Parque Tecnológico de Andalucı́a , C/ Severo Ochoa 35 , 29590 , Campanillas, Málaga , Spain
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5
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Kemker I, Schnepel C, Schröder DC, Marion A, Sewald N. Cyclization of RGD Peptides by Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7417-7430. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Kemker
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Schnepel
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David C. Schröder
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Antoine Marion
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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6
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Fedorczyk B, Lipiński PFJ, Puszko AK, Tymecka D, Wilenska B, Dudka W, Perret GY, Wieczorek R, Misicka A. Triazolopeptides Inhibiting the Interaction between Neuropilin-1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-165. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091756. [PMID: 31064153 PMCID: PMC6539594 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting the interaction of neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has become an interesting mechanism for potential anticancer therapies. In our previous works, we have obtained several submicromolar inhibitors of this interaction, including branched pentapeptides of general structure Lys(Har)-Xxx-Xxx-Arg. With the intent to improve the proteolytic stability of our inhibitors, we turned our attention to 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as peptide bond isosteres. In the present contribution, we report the synthesis of 23 novel triazolopeptides along with their inhibitory activity. The compounds were synthesized using typical peptide chemistry methods, but with a conversion of amine into azide completely on solid support. The inhibitory activity of the synthesized derivatives spans from 9.2% to 58.1% at 10 μM concentration (the best compound Lys(Har)-GlyΨ[Trl]GlyΨ[Trl]Arg, 3, IC50 = 8.39 μM). Synthesized peptidotriazoles were tested for stability in human plasma and showed remarkable resistance toward proteolysis, with half-life times far exceeding 48 h. In vitro cell survival test resulted in no significant impact on bone marrow derived murine cells 32D viability. By means of molecular dynamics, we were able to propose a binding mode for compound 3 and discuss the observed structure–activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr F J Lipiński
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna K Puszko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Tymecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Beata Wilenska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wioleta Dudka
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Gerard Y Perret
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1125, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France.
| | - Rafal Wieczorek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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7
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Schröder DC, Kracker O, Fröhr T, Góra J, Jewginski M, Nieß A, Antes I, Latajka R, Marion A, Sewald N. 1,4-Disubstituted 1 H-1,2,3-Triazole Containing Peptidotriazolamers: A New Class of Peptidomimetics With Interesting Foldamer Properties. Front Chem 2019; 7:155. [PMID: 30972322 PMCID: PMC6443886 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidotriazolamers are hybrid foldamers with features of peptides and triazolamers, containing alternation of amide bonds and 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles with conservation of the amino acid side chains. We report on the synthesis of a new class of peptidomimetics, containing 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles in alternation with amide bonds and the elucidation of their conformational properties in solution. Based on enantiomerically pure propargylamines bearing the stereogenic center in the propargylic position and α-azido esters, building blocks were obtained by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. With these building blocks the peptidotriazolamers were readily available by solution phase synthesis. A panel of homo- and heterochiral tetramers, hexamers, and heptamers was synthesized and the heptamer Boc-Ala-Val-Ψ[4Tz]Phe-LeuΨ[4Tz]Phe-LeuΨ[4Tz]Val-OAll as well as an heterochiral and a Gly-containing equivalent were structurally characterized by NMR-based molecular dynamics simulations using a specifically tailored force field to determine their conformational and solvation properties. All three variants adopt a compact folded conformation in DMSO as well as in water. In addition to the heptamers we predicted the conformational behavior of similar longer oligomers i.e., Boc-Ala-(AlaΨ[4Tz]Ala)6-OAll as well as Boc-Ala-(d-AlaΨ[4Tz]Ala)6-OAll and Boc-Ala-(GlyΨ[4Tz]Ala)6-OAll. Our calculations predict a clear secondary structure of the first two molecules in DMSO that collapses in water due to the hydrophobic character of the side chains. The homochiral compound folds into a regular helical structure and the heterochiral one shows a twisted “S”-shape, while the Gly variant exhibits no clear secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Schröder
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Oliver Kracker
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tanja Fröhr
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jerzy Góra
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Jewginski
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anke Nieß
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Iris Antes
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Rafał Latajka
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Antoine Marion
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, TU Munich, Freising, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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8
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Kracker O, Góra J, Krzciuk-Gula J, Marion A, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Nieß A, Antes I, Latajka R, Sewald N. 1,5-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazole-Containing Peptidotriazolamers: Design Principles for a Class of Versatile Peptidomimetics. Chemistry 2017; 24:953-961. [PMID: 29160605 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peptidotriazolamers are hybrid foldamers combining features of peptides and triazolamers-repetitive peptidomimetic structures with triazoles replacing peptide bonds. We report on the synthesis of a new class of peptidomimetics, containing 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in an alternating fashion with amide bonds and the analysis of their conformation in solid state and solution. Homo- or heterochiral peptidotriazolamers were obtained from enantiomerically pure propargylamines with stereogenic centers in the propargylic position and α-azido esters by ruthenium-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC) under microwave conditions in high yields. With such building blocks the peptidotriazolamers are readily available by solution phase synthesis. While the conformation of the homochiral peptidotriazolamer Boc-Ala[5Tz]Phe-Val[5Tz]Ala-Leu[5Tz]Val-OBzl resembles that of a β VIa1 turn, the heterochiral peptidotriazolamer Boc-d-Ala[5Tz]Phe-d-Val[5Tz]Ala-d-Leu[5Tz]Val-OBzl adopts a polyproline-like repetitive structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kracker
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jerzy Góra
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Krzciuk-Gula
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Antoine Marion
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Biosciences, TU Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anke Nieß
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Iris Antes
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Biosciences, TU Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Rafał Latajka
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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