1
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Miura K, Fujihara M, Watanabe M, Takamura Y, Kawasaki M, Nakano S, Kakuta H. Direct evaluation of polarity of the ligand binding pocket in retinoid X receptor using a fluorescent solvatochromic agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129536. [PMID: 37913851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
High selectivity of small-molecule drug candidates for their target molecule is important to minimize potential side effects. One factor that contributes to the selectivity is the internal polarity of the ligand-binding pocket (LBP) in the target molecule, but this is difficult to measure. Here, we first confirmed that the retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist 6-(ethyl(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydroquinolin-7-yl)amino)nicotinic acid (NEt-iFQ, 1) exhibits fluorescence solvatochromism, i.e., its Stokes shift depends on the polarity of the solvent, and then we utilized this property to directly measure the internal polarity of the RXRα-LBP. The Stokes shift of 1 when bound to the RXRα-LBP corresponded to that of 1 in chloroform solution. This finding is expected to be helpful for designing RXR-selective ligands. A similar approach should be appliable to evaluate the internal polarity of the LBPs of other receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizuku Miura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujihara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, 2-11 Wakaba, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261- 8586, Japan
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mayu Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52- 1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52- 1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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2
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Ding C, Wang Z, Dou X, Yang Q, Ning Y, Kao S, Sang X, Hao M, Wang K, Peng M, Zhang S, Han X, Cao G. Farnesoid X receptor: From Structure to Function and Its Pharmacology in Liver Fibrosis. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0830. [PMID: 37815898 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, plays a crucial role in regulating bile acid metabolism within the enterohepatic circulation. Beyond its involvement in metabolic disorders and immune imbalances affecting various tissues, FXR is implicated in microbiota modulation, gut- to-brain communication, and liver disease. The liver, as a pivotal metabolic and detoxification organ, is susceptible to damage from factors such as alcohol, viruses, drugs, and high-fat diets. Chronic or recurrent liver injury can culminate in liver fibrosis, which, if left untreated, may progress to cirrhosis and even liver cancer, posing significant health risks. However, therapeutic options for liver fibrosis remain limited in terms of FDA- approved drugs. Recent insights into the structure of FXR, coupled with animal and clinical investigations, have shed light on its potential pharmacological role in hepatic fibrosis. Progress has been achieved in both fundamental research and clinical applications. This review critically examines recent advancements in FXR research, highlighting challenges and potential mechanisms underlying its role in liver fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zeping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Dou
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ning
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi Kao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianan Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyun Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuosheng Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xin Han
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jinhua, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jinhua, China
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3
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Zou C, Wang L, Shu C, Tan X, Wu Z, Zou Y, Li Z, Wang G, Song Z, You F. Rxrs and their partner receptor genes inducing masculinization plausibly mediated by endocrine disruption in Paralichthys olivaceus. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 226:106219. [PMID: 36356854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) can form homo- or heterodimers with orphan receptors involved in multiple intertwined signaling pathways. However, there is limited study on the formation of sex phenotypes and the regulation of steroidogenesis by RXRs in fish. Here, in Paralichthys olivaceus, we first indicated that PPARγ::RXRα was predictably a transcription factor for steroidogenesis genes, and Foxl2 and Dmrt1 were also transcription factors for rxrs and their partner receptor genes. When the flounder fry were exposed to LG100268 (LG, RXRs agonist, 50 mg/kg diet), the percentage of males increased from 50% to 71.4%. Before histological differentiation of the flounder ovary (3 cm TL) and testis (6 cm TL), the transcripts of rar β and rar γ (P < 0.05) were activated, and the steroidogenesis gene Hsd3b1 was down-regulated (P < 0.05). The ratios of testosterone (T)/17β-estradiol (E2) were all greatly increased (P < 0.05), and the ratio of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT)/E2 was elevated at 3 cm TL. Moreover, LG was used to treat the cultured gonads in vitro (10 μM) and the fish with intraperitoneal injection in vivo (12 mg/kg body weight), respectively. LG was able to up-regulate rxr γ, rar γ, and ppar δ, and Hsd3b1 was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). The ratios of 11-KT/E2 in the culture medium and in the ovaries of the fish were decreased. Furthermore, the recombinant flounder Foxl2 protein was able to significantly down-regulate ppar γ (P < 0.05) and tr β (P < 0.01) in the ovaries in vitro, and the result of the Dmrt1 in the testes was opposite to that of the Foxl2, probably indicating a feedback loop between RXRs' partner receptors and Foxl2/Dmrt1. These findings introduce for the first time the mode of action of RXRs on the flounder steroidogenesis and provide important data to learn the potential function of RXRs in fish sex differentiation and the potential role of RXRs in aquatic animals in the presence of water pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zou
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Chang Shu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xungang Tan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yuxia Zou
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ze Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Guoyu Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zongcheng Song
- Shenghang Aquatic Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Weihai 264200, PR China
| | - Feng You
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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4
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Kodama S, Matsumoto S, Takamura Y, Fujihara M, Watanabe M, Ono A, Kakuta H. Structural characterization of 1,3-bis-tert-butyl monocyclic benzene derivatives with agonistic activity towards retinoid X receptor alpha. Toxicol Lett 2022; 373:76-83. [PMID: 36368620 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) plays pivotal roles in multiple biological processes, but limited information is available on the structural features of chemicals that show low affinity for RXRα, but nevertheless cause significant activation, though these may represent a human health hazard. We recently discovered that several industrial chemicals having 1,3-bis-tert-butylbenzene as a common chemical structure exhibit agonistic activity towards rat RXRα. In this study, we explored the structure-activity relationship of 1,3-bis-tert-butyl monocyclic benzene derivatives for RXRα activation by means of in vitro and in silico analyses. The results indicate that a bulky substituent at the 5-position is favorable for agonistic activity towards human RXRα. Since 1,3-bis-tert-butyl monocyclic benzene derivatives with bulky hydrophobic moieties differ structurally from known RXRα ligands such as 9-cis-retinoic acid and bexarotene, our findings may be helpful for the development of structural alerts in the safety evaluation of industrial chemicals for RXRα-based toxicity to living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kodama
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Shuzo Matsumoto
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujihara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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5
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Watanabe M, Nakamura-Nakayama M, Fujihara M, Kawasaki M, Nakano S, Kakuta H. Increased Molecular Flexibility Widens the Gap between K i and K d values in Screening for Retinoid X Receptor Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:211-217. [PMID: 35178177 PMCID: PMC8842113 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for small-molecule modulators targeting a particular receptor is frequently based on measurement of K d, i.e., the binding constant between the receptor and the compound of interest. However, K d values also reflect binding at receptor protein sites other than the modulatory site. We designed derivatives of retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonist CBTF-EE (1) with modifications that altered their conformational flexibility. Compounds 6a,b and 7a,b showed quite similar K d values, but 7a,b exhibited 10-fold higher K i values than those of 6a,b. Further, 6a,b showed potent RXR-antagonistic activity, while 7a,b were inactive. These results suggest that increased conformational flexibility promotes binding at nontarget receptor sites. In this situation, conventional determination of K d is less effective for screening purposes than the determination of K i using a ligand that binds specifically to the site regulating transcriptional activity. Thus, the use of K i values for orthosteric ligands may increase the hit rate in screening active regulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Watanabe
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mariko Nakamura-Nakayama
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujihara
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan,AIBIOS
K.K., Tri-Seven Roppongi
8F, 7-7-7 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0032, Japan
| | - Mayu Kawasaki
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan,. Phone: +81-(0)86-251-7963
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6
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Structural overview and perspectives of the nuclear receptors, a major family as the direct targets for small-molecule drugs. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 54:12-24. [PMID: 35130630 PMCID: PMC9909358 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2021001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors (NRs) are an evolutionarily related family of transcription factors, which share certain common structural characteristics and regulate the expressions of various genes by recognizing different response elements. NRs play important roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, survival and apoptosis, rendering them indispensable in many physiological activities including growth and metabolism. As a result, dysfunctions of NRs are closely related to a variety of diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, infertility, inflammation, the Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, prostate and breast cancers. Meanwhile, small-molecule drugs directly targeting NRs have been widely used in the treatment of above diseases. Here we summarize recent progress in the structural biology studies of NR family proteins. Compared with the dozens of structures of isolated DNA-binding domains (DBDs) and the striking more than a thousand of structures of isolated ligand-binding domains (LBDs) accumulated in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) over thirty years, by now there are only a small number of multi-domain NR complex structures, which reveal the integration of different NR domains capable of the allosteric signal transduction, or the detailed interactions between NR and various coregulator proteins. On the other hand, the structural information about several orphan NRs is still totally unavailable, hindering the further understanding of their functions. The fast development of new technologies in structural biology will certainly help us gain more comprehensive information of NR structures, inspiring the discovery of novel NR-targeting drugs with a new binding site beyond the classic LBD pockets and/or a new mechanism of action.
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7
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Ligands and DNA in the allosteric control of retinoid receptors function. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:887-899. [PMID: 34296739 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids are a family of compounds that include both vitamin A (all-trans retinol) and its naturally occurring metabolites such as retinoic acids (e.g. all-trans retinoic acid) as well as synthetic analogs. They are critically involved in the regulation of a wide variety of essential biological processes, such as embryogenesis and organogenesis, apoptosis, reproduction, vision, and the growth and differentiation of normal and neoplastic cells in vertebrates. The ability of these small molecules to control the expression of several hundred genes through binding to nuclear ligand-dependent transcription factors accounts for most of their functions. Three retinoic acid receptor (RARα,β,γ) and three retinoid X receptor (RXRα,β,γ) subtypes form a variety of RXR-RAR heterodimers that have been shown to mediate the pleiotropic effects of retinoids through the recruitment of high-molecular weight co-regulatory complexes to response-element DNA sequences found in the promoter region of their target genes. Hence, heterodimeric retinoid receptors are multidomain entities that respond to various incoming signals, such as ligand and DNA binding, by allosteric structural alterations which are the basis of further signal propagation. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge with regard to the structural mechanisms by which retinoids and DNA response elements act as allosteric effectors that may combine to finely tune RXR-RAR heterodimers activity.
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8
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Takioku M, Takamura Y, Fujihara M, Watanabe M, Yamada S, Kawasaki M, Ito S, Nakano S, Kakuta H. Creation of Fluorescent RXR Antagonists Based on CBTF-EE and Application to a Fluorescence Polarization Binding Assay. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1024-1029. [PMID: 34141088 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands often bind in modes in which the carboxy group forms a hydrogen bond inside the ligand-binding pocket (LBP). However, our previously reported RXR antagonist, CBTF-EE (4a), binds with its carboxy group directed outside the LBP and its alkoxy side chain located inside the LBP. Here, we examined the binding modes of 4b and 4c bearing a nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) or boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) fluorophore, respectively, at the end of the alkoxy chain of 4a. Both compounds function as RXR antagonists. 4c, but not 4b, was available for a fluorescence polarization binding assay, indicating that rotation of BODIPY, but not NBD, is restricted in the bound state. The fluorescence findings, supported by docking simulations, suggest the fluorophores are located outside the LBP, so that the binding mode of 4b and 4c is different from that of 4a. The assay results were highly correlated with those of a [3H]9-cis-retinoic acid assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Takioku
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujihara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- AIBIOS Co. Ltd., Tri-Seven Roppongi 8F 7-7-7 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0032, Japan
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shoya Yamada
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Research Fellowship Division, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Sumitomo-Ichibancho FS Bldg., 8 Ichibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Mayu Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52- 1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52- 1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52- 1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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9
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Schierle S, Chaikuad A, Lillich FF, Ni X, Woltersdorf S, Schallmayer E, Renelt B, Ronchetti R, Knapp S, Proschak E, Merk D. Oxaprozin Analogues as Selective RXR Agonists with Superior Properties and Pharmacokinetics. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5123-5136. [PMID: 33793232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The retinoid X receptors (RXR) are ligand-activated transcription factors involved in multiple regulatory networks as universal heterodimer partners for nuclear receptors. Despite their high therapeutic potential in many pathologies, targeting of RXR has only been exploited in cancer treatment as the currently available RXR agonists suffer from exceptional lipophilicity, poor pharmacokinetics (PK), and adverse effects. Aiming to overcome the limitations and to provide improved RXR ligands, we developed a new potent RXR ligand chemotype based on the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug oxaprozin. Systematic structure-activity relationship analysis enabled structural optimization toward low nanomolar potency similar to the well-established rexinoids. Cocrystal structures of the most active derivatives demonstrated orthosteric binding, and in vivo profiling revealed superior PK properties compared to current RXR agonists. The optimized compounds were highly selective for RXR activation and induced RXR-regulated gene expression in native cellular and in vivo settings suggesting them as excellent chemical tools to further explore the therapeutic potential of RXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schierle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix F Lillich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xiaomin Ni
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefano Woltersdorf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Espen Schallmayer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Beatrice Renelt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Riccardo Ronchetti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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10
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Yukawa-Takamatsu K, Wang Y, Watanabe M, Takamura Y, Fujihara M, Nakamura-Nakayama M, Yamada S, Kikuzawa S, Makishima M, Kawasaki M, Ito S, Nakano S, Kakuta H. Convenient Retinoid X Receptor Binding Assay Based on Fluorescence Change of the Antagonist NEt-C343. J Med Chem 2020; 64:861-870. [PMID: 33378197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) modulators (rexinoids) are considered to have therapeutic potential for multiple diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. To overcome various disadvantages of prior screening methods, we previously developed an RXR binding assay using a fluorescent RXR ligand, CU-6PMN (4). However, this ligand binds not only at the ligand-binding domain (LBD) but also at the dimer-dimer interface of hRXRα. Here, we present a new fluorescent RXR antagonist 6-[N-ethyl-N-(5-isobutoxy-4-isopropyl-2-(11-oxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H,11H-pyrano[2,3-f]pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-10-carboxamido)phenyl)amino]nicotinic acid (NEt-C343, 7), which emits strong fluorescence only when bound to the RXR-LBD. It allows us to perform a rapid, simple, and nonhazardous binding assay that does not require bound/free separation and uses a standard plate reader. The obtained Ki values of known compounds were correlated with the Ki values obtained using the standard [3H]9cis-retinoic acid assay. This assay should be useful for drug discovery as well as for research on endocrine disruptors, functional foods, and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Yukawa-Takamatsu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujihara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,AIBIOS Co. Ltd., Tri-Seven Roppongi 8F 7-7-7 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0032 Japan
| | - Mariko Nakamura-Nakayama
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shoya Yamada
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Research Fellowship Division, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Sumitomo-Ichibancho FS Bldg., 8 Ichibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Shota Kikuzawa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Mayu Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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