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Wang S, Wu Z, Li J, Zhu Y, Zheng S, Jiang C, Lu H. Electrochemical decarboxylative alkylation of β-ketoacids with phenol derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1329-1332. [PMID: 38197300 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05489f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical method for the decarboxylative alkylation of β-ketoacids with phenol derivatives has been developed. The protocol was carried out in readily available unseparated cells at room temperature in the absence of catalysts and oxidants. The corresponding aryl ketones were obtained in satisfactory yields without additional electrolytes, and were easy to produce in gram-scale synthesis. Based on control experiments and cyclic voltammetry, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Zhaotian Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Junqiang Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Yujun Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Shaojun Zheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Hongfei Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
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2
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Kandhavelu J, Subramanian K, Naidoo V, Sebastianelli G, Doan P, Konda Mani S, Yapislar H, Haciosmanoglu E, Arslan L, Ozer S, Thiyagarajan R, Candeias NR, Penny C, Kandhavelu M, Murugesan A. A novel EGFR inhibitor, HNPMI, regulates apoptosis and oncogenesis by modulating BCL-2/BAX and p53 in colon cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:107-124. [PMID: 37183661 PMCID: PMC10952184 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most lethal disease, with high mortality due to its heterogeneity and chemo-resistance. Here, we have focused on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as an effective therapeutic target in CRC and studied the effects of polyphenols known to modulate several key signalling mechanisms including EGFR signalling, associated with anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic properties. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using ligand- and structure-based cheminformatics, we developed three potent, selective alkylaminophenols, 2-[(3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)(p-tolyl)methyl]phenol (THTMP), 2-[(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-1-yl)(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]phenol (THMPP) and N-[2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl(4'-methylphenyl)methyl]indoline (HNPMI). These alkylaminophenols were assessed for EGFR interaction, EGFR-pathway modulation, cytotoxic and apoptosis induction, caspase activation and transcriptional and translational regulation. The lead compound HNPMI was evaluated in mice bearing xenografts of CRC cells. KEY RESULTS Of the three alkylaminophenols tested, HNPMI exhibited the lowest IC50 in CRC cells and potential cytotoxic effects on other tumour cells. Modulation of EGFR pathway down-regulated protein levels of osteopontin, survivin and cathepsin S, leading to apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis revealed that HNPMI induced G0/G1 phase arrest in CRC cells. HNPMI altered the mRNA for and protein levels of several apoptosis-related proteins including caspase 3, BCL-2 and p53. HNPMI down-regulated the proteins crucial to oncogenesis in CRC cells. Assays in mice bearing CRC xenografts showed that HNPMI reduced the relative tumour volume. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS HNPMI is a promising EGFR inhibitor for clinical translation. HNPMI regulated apoptosis and oncogenesis by modulating BCL-2/BAX and p53 in CRC cell lines, showing potential as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyalakshmi Kandhavelu
- Division of Oncology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Kumar Subramanian
- Division of Oncology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Vivash Naidoo
- Division of Oncology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Giulia Sebastianelli
- Molecular Signalling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTechTampere University and Tays Cancer CentreTampereFinland
| | - Phuong Doan
- Molecular Signalling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTechTampere University and Tays Cancer CentreTampereFinland
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
- Science CenterTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Saravanan Konda Mani
- Research and Publication WingBharath Institute of Higher Education and ResearchChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Hande Yapislar
- Department of PhysiologyAcibadem University School of MedicineAtasehir, IstanbulTurkey
| | - Ebru Haciosmanoglu
- Department of BiophysicsBezmialem Vakıf University School of MedicineFatih, IstanbulTurkey
| | - Leman Arslan
- Department of PhysiologyBezmialem Vakıf University School of MedicineFatih, IstanbulTurkey
| | - Samed Ozer
- Department of PhysiologyAcibadem University School of MedicineAtasehir, IstanbulTurkey
| | - Ramesh Thiyagarajan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of MedicinePrince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz UniversityAl‐KharjKingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuno R. Candeias
- LAQV‐REQUIMTE, Department of ChemistryUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Clement Penny
- Division of Oncology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signalling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTechTampere University and Tays Cancer CentreTampereFinland
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
- Science CenterTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signalling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTechTampere University and Tays Cancer CentreTampereFinland
- Department of BiotechnologyLady Doak CollegeThallakulam, MaduraiIndia
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3
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Murugesan A, Konda Mani S, Koochakkhani S, Subramanian K, Kandhavelu J, Thiyagarajan R, Gurbanov AV, Mahmudov KT, Kandhavelu M. Design, synthesis and anticancer evaluation of novel arylhydrazones of active methylene compounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127909. [PMID: 37951450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptor, tropomyosin kinase receptor kinase type A (TrkA) is emerging as an important target for Glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. TrkA is the cancer biomarker majorly involved in tumor invasion and migration into nearby normal tissue. However, currently, available Trk inhibitors exhibit many adverse effects in cancer patients, thus demanding a novel class of ligands to regulate Trk signaling. Here, we exploited the role of TrkA (NTRK1) expression from the 651 datasets of brain tumors. RNA sequence analysis identified overexpression of NTRK1 in GBM, recurrent GBM as well in Oligoastrocytoma patients. Also, TrkA expression tends to increase over the higher grades of GBM. TrkA protein targeting hydrazone derivatives, R48, R142, and R234, were designed and their mode of interaction was studied using molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies. Ligands' stability and binding assessment reveals R48, 2 2-(2-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl) hydrazineylidene)-1-phenylbutane-1,3-dione, as a potent ligand that interacts well with TrkA's hydrophobic residues, Ile, Phe, Leu, Ala, and Val. R48- TrkA exhibits stable binding potentials with an average RMSD value <0.8 nm. R48 obeyed Lipinski's rule of five and possessed the best oral bioavailability, suggesting R48 as a potential compound with drug-likeness properties. In-vitro analysis also revealed that R48 exhibited a higher cytotoxicity effect for U87 GBM cells than TMZ with the IC50 value of 68.99 μM. It showed the lowest percentage of cytotoxicity to the non-cancerous TrkA expressing MEF cells. However, further SiRNA analysis validates the non-specific binding of R48, necessitating structural alteration for the development of R48-based TrkA inhibitor for GBM therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Murugesan
- Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai Kamaraj University, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India; Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Saravanan Konda Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai 600 073, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shabnaz Koochakkhani
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kumar Subramanian
- Oncology Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jayalakshmi Kandhavelu
- Oncology Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ramesh Thiyagarajan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atash V Gurbanov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Excellence Center, Baku State University, Z. Xalilov Str. 23, Az 1148 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Kamran T Mahmudov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Excellence Center, Baku State University, Z. Xalilov Str. 23, Az 1148 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
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4
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Murugesan A, Konda Mani S, Thiyagarajan R, Palanivel S, Gurbanov AV, Zubkov FI, Kandhavelu M. Benzenesulfonamide Analogs: Synthesis, Anti-GBM Activity and Pharmacoprofiling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12276. [PMID: 37569654 PMCID: PMC10418358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) emerge as a potential target for glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. Benzenesulfonamide analogs were identified as kinase inhibitors possessing promising anticancer properties. In the present work, four known and two novel benzenesulfonamide derivatives were synthesized, and their inhibitory activities in TrkA overexpressing cells, U87 and MEF cells were investigated. The cytotoxic effect of benzenesulfonamide derivatives and cisplatin was determined using trypan blue exclusion assays. The mode of interaction of benzenesulfonamides with TrkA was predicted by docking and structural analysis. ADMET profiling was also performed for all compounds to calculate the drug likeness property. Appropriate QSAR models were developed for studying structure-activity relationships. Compound 4-[2-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)hydrazinyl]-N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfon-amide (AL106) and 4-[2-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-inden-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl]-N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (AL107) showed acceptable binding energies with the active sites for human nerve growth factor receptor, TrkA. Here, AL106 was identified as a potential anti-GBM compound, with an IC50 value of 58.6 µM with a less toxic effect in non-cancerous cells than the known chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin. In silico analysis indicated that AL106 formed prominent stabilizing hydrophobic interactions with Tyr359, Ser371, Ile374 and charged interactions with Gln369 of TrkA. Furthermore, in silico analysis of all benzenesulfonamide derivatives revealed that AL106 has good pharmacokinetics properties, drug likeness and toxicity profiles, suggesting the compound may be suitable for clinical trial. Thus, benzenesulfonamide analog, AL106 could potentially induce GBM cell death through its interaction with TrkA and might be an attractive strategy for developing a drug targeted therapy to treat glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Murugesan
- Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai Kamaraj University, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India;
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Saravanan Konda Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai 600073, India;
| | - Ramesh Thiyagarajan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suresh Palanivel
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Atash V. Gurbanov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Excellence Center, Baku State University, Z. Xalilov Str. 23, Az 1148 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Fedor I. Zubkov
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland;
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5
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Kari S, Kandhavelu J, Murugesan A, Thiyagarajan R, Kidambi S, Kandhavelu M. Mitochondrial complex III bypass complex I to induce ROS in GPR17 signaling activation in GBM. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114678. [PMID: 37054539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein) coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) plays crucial role in Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell signaling and is primarily associated with reactive oxidative species (ROS) production and cell death. However, the underlying mechanisms by which GPR17 regulates ROS level and mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes are still unknown. Here, we investigate the novel link between the GPR17 receptor and ETC complex I and III in regulating level of intracellular ROS (ROSi) in GBM using pharmacological inhibitors and gene expression profiling. Incubation of 1321N1 GBM cells with ETC I inhibitor and GPR17 agonist decreased the ROS level, while treatment with GPR17 antagonist increased the ROS level. Also, inhibition of ETC III and activation of GPR17 increased the ROS level whereas opposite function was observed with antagonist interaction. The similar functional role was also observed in multiple GBM cells, LN229 and SNB19, where ROS level increased in the presence of Complex III inhibitor. The level of ROS varies in Complex I inhibitor and GPR17 antagonist treatment conditions suggesting that ETC I function differs depending on the GBM cell line. RNAseq analysis revealed that ∼ 500 genes were commonly expressed in both SNB19 and LN229, in which 25 genes are involved in ROS pathway. Furthermore, 33 dysregulated genes were observed to be involved in mitochondria function and 36 genes of complex I-V involved in ROS pathway. Further analysis revealed that induction of GPR17 leads to loss of function of NADH dehydrogenase genes involved in ETC I, while cytochrome b and Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase family genes in ETC III. Overall, our findings suggest that mitochondrial ETC III bypass ETC I to increase ROSi in GPR17 signaling activation in GBM and could provide new opportunities for developing targeted therapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Kari
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jeyalakshmi Kandhavelu
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Ramesh Thiyagarajan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, ArvoYlpönkatu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
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6
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Konda Mani S, Thiyagarajan R, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M, Murugesan A. Structural analysis of human G-protein-coupled receptor 17 ligand binding sites. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:533-544. [PMID: 36791278 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The human G protein coupled membrane receptor (GPR17), the sensor of brain damage, is identified as a biomarker for many neurological diseases. In human brain tissue, GPR17 exist in two isoforms, long and short. While cryo-electron microscopy technology has provided the structure of the long isoform of GPR17 with Gi complex, the structure of the short isoform and its activation mechanism remains unclear. Recently, we theoretically modeled the structure of the short isoform of GPR17 with Gi signaling protein and identified novel ligands. In the present work, we demonstrated the presence of two distinct ligand binding sites in the short isoform of GPR17. The molecular docking of GPR17 with endogenous (UDP) and synthetic ligands (T0510.3657, MDL29950) found the presence of two distinct binding pockets. Our observations revealed that endogenous ligand UDP can bind stronger in two different binding pockets as evidenced by glide and autodock vina scores, whereas the other two ligand's binding with GPR17 has less docking score. The analysis of receptor-UDP interactions shows complexes' stability in the lipid environment by 100 ns atomic molecular dynamics simulations. The amino acid residues VAL83, ARG87, and PHE111 constitute ligand binding site 1, whereas site 2 constitutes ASN67, ARG129, and LYS232. Root mean square fluctuation analysis showed the residues 83, 87, and 232 with higher fluctuations during molecular dynamics simulation in both binding pockets. Our findings imply that the residues of GPR17's two binding sites are crucial, and their interaction with UDP reveals the protein's hidden signaling and communication properties. Furthermore, this finding may assist in the development of targeted therapies for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Konda Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramesh Thiyagarajan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Computaional Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,BioMeditech and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- BioMeditech and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
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Korbecki J, Rębacz-Maron E, Kupnicka P, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Synthesis and Significance of Arachidonic Acid, a Substrate for Cyclooxygenases, Lipoxygenases, and Cytochrome P450 Pathways in the Tumorigenesis of Glioblastoma Multiforme, Including a Pan-Cancer Comparative Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030946. [PMID: 36765904 PMCID: PMC9913267 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive gliomas. New and more effective therapeutic approaches are being sought based on studies of the various mechanisms of GBM tumorigenesis, including the synthesis and metabolism of arachidonic acid (ARA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). PubMed, GEPIA, and the transcriptomics analysis carried out by Seifert et al. were used in writing this paper. In this paper, we discuss in detail the biosynthesis of this acid in GBM tumors, with a special focus on certain enzymes: fatty acid desaturase (FADS)1, FADS2, and elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 5 (ELOVL5). We also discuss ARA metabolism, particularly its release from cell membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, iPLA2, and sPLA2) and its processing by cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), lipoxygenases (5-LOX, 12-LOX, 15-LOX-1, and 15-LOX-2), and cytochrome P450. Next, we discuss the significance of lipid mediators synthesized from ARA in GBM cancer processes, including prostaglandins (PGE2, PGD2, and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2)), thromboxane A2 (TxA2), oxo-eicosatetraenoic acids, leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4), lipoxins, and many others. These lipid mediators can increase the proliferation of GBM cancer cells, cause angiogenesis, inhibit the anti-tumor response of the immune system, and be responsible for resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Rębacz-Maron
- Department of Ecology and Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-914-661-515
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8
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Wei H, Li B, Wang N, Ma Y, Yu J, Wang X, Su J, Liu D. Development and Application of Indolines in Pharmaceuticals. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202200235. [PMID: 36722823 PMCID: PMC9891127 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of cancer is high around the world, and the resistance of bacteria is increasing. To cope with the potentially adverse side effects of cancer chemotherapy and surgery, researchers are turning to the construction of new drug scaffolds. The indoline structure exists in a huge number of natural products, but drugs with indoline have only been formally studied in recent years. With the deepening of research, drugs containing indoline have played important roles in more disease treatment aspects, such as anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and have been used as analgesics, to treat cardiovascular diseases and so on. The synthesis and pharmacological activity of indoline derivatives is summarized in this review in order to support the addition of the indoline component to the toolbox of medicinal chemists. This review focuses on the advantages of indoline compounds in development and synthesis of and for the use as anticancer drugs, antibacterial drugs, to treat cardiovascular diseases and as anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. Indoline structures are commonly found in natural and synthetic compounds with medicinal value and are now beginning to be exploited as the basic backbone of various drugs. As research continues, dihydroindoles and their derivatives will play a greater role in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Yitian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Jingyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Xuena Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Su
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
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Harrington AW, Liu C, Phillips N, Nepomuceno D, Kuei C, Chang J, Chen W, Sutton SW, O'Malley D, Pham L, Yao X, Sun S, Bonaventure P. Identification and characterization of select oxysterols as ligands for GPR17. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:401-421. [PMID: 36214386 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE G-protein coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) is an orphan receptor involved in the process of myelination, due to its ability to inhibit the maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Despite multiple claims that the biological ligand has been identified, it remains an orphan receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Seventy-seven oxysterols were screened in a cell-free [35 S]GTPγS binding assay using membranes from cells expressing GPR17. The positive hits were characterized using adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), inositol monophosphate (IP1) and calcium mobilization assays, with results confirmed in rat primary oligodendrocytes. Rat and pig brain extracts were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and endogenous activator(s) were identified in receptor activation assays. Gene expression studies of GPR17, and CYP46A1 (cytochrome P450 family 46 subfamily A member 1) enzymes responsible for the conversion of cholesterol into specific oxysterols, were performed using quantitative real-time PCR. KEY RESULTS Five oxysterols were able to stimulate GPR17 activity, including the brain cholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-HC). A specific brain fraction from rat and pig extracts containing 24S-HC activates GPR17 in vitro. Expression of Gpr17 during mouse brain development correlates with the expression of Cyp46a1 and the levels of 24S-HC itself. Other active oxysterols have low brain concentrations below effective ranges. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Oxysterols, including but not limited to 24S-HC, could be physiological activators for GPR17 and thus potentially regulate OPC differentiation and myelination through activation of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changlu Liu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Naomi Phillips
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Chester Kuei
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joseph Chang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Steven W Sutton
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel O'Malley
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ly Pham
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiang Yao
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Siquan Sun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
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10
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Murugesan A, Nguyen P, Ramesh T, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M, Saravanan KM. Molecular modeling and dynamics studies of the synthetic small molecule agonists with GPR17 and P2Y1 receptor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12908-12916. [PMID: 34542380 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1977707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The human Guanine Protein coupled membrane Receptor 17 (hGPR17), an orphan receptor that activates uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl leukotrienes is considered as a crucial target for the neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, the detailed molecular interaction of potential synthetic ligands of GPR17 needs to be characterized. Here, we have studied a comparative analysis on the interaction specificity of GPR17-ligands with hGPR17 and human purinergic G protein-coupled receptor (hP2Y1) receptors. Previously, we have simulated the interaction stability of synthetic ligands such as T0510.3657, AC1MLNKK, and MDL29951 with hGPR17 and hP2Y1 receptor in the lipid environment. In the present work, we have comparatively studied the protein-ligand interaction of hGPR17-T0510.3657 and P2Y1-MRS2500. Sequence analysis and structural superimposition of hGPR17 and hP2Y1 receptor revealed the similarities in the structural arrangement with the local backbone root mean square deviation (RMSD) value of 1.16 Å and global backbone RMSD value of 5.30 Å. The comparative receptor-ligand interaction analysis between hGPR17 and hP2Y1 receptor exposed the distinct binding sites in terms of geometrical properties. Further, the molecular docking of T0510.3657 with the hP2Y1 receptor have shown non-specific interaction. The experimental validation also revealed that Gi-coupled activation of GPR17 by specific ligands leads to the adenylyl cyclase inhibition, while there is no inhibition upon hP2Y1 activation. Overall, the above findings suggest that T0510.3657-GPR17 binding specificity could be further explored for the treatment of numerous neuronal diseases. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, India
| | - Phung Nguyen
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Konda Mani Saravanan
- Scigen Research and Innovation Pvt Ltd, Periyar Technology Business Incubator, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Thakur A, Faujdar C, Sharma R, Sharma S, Malik B, Nepali K, Liou JP. Glioblastoma: Current Status, Emerging Targets, and Recent Advances. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8596-8685. [PMID: 35786935 PMCID: PMC9297300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant
brain tumor characterized
by a heterogeneous population of genetically unstable and highly infiltrative
cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. Although substantial efforts
have been invested in the field of anti-GBM drug discovery in the
past decade, success has primarily been confined to the preclinical
level, and clinical studies have often been hampered due to efficacy-,
selectivity-, or physicochemical property-related issues. Thus, expansion
of the list of molecular targets coupled with a pragmatic design of
new small-molecule inhibitors with central nervous system (CNS)-penetrating
ability is required to steer the wheels of anti-GBM drug discovery
endeavors. This Perspective presents various aspects of drug discovery
(challenges in GBM drug discovery and delivery, therapeutic targets,
and agents under clinical investigation). The comprehensively covered
sections include the recent medicinal chemistry campaigns embarked
upon to validate the potential of numerous enzymes/proteins/receptors
as therapeutic targets in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chetna Faujdar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201307, India
| | - Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Basant Malik
- Department of Sterile Product Development, Research and Development-Unit 2, Jubiliant Generics Ltd., Noida 201301, India
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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12
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Roman G. Anticancer activity of Mannich bases: a review of recent literature. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200258. [PMID: 35678192 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes the latest published data on the antiproliferative action and cytotoxic activity of Mannich bases, a structurally heterogeneous category of chemical entities that includes compounds which are synthesized via the grafting of an aminomethyl function onto diverse substrates by means of the Mannich reaction. The present overview of the topic is an update to the information assembled in a previously published review that covered the literature up to 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Roman
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Inorganic polymers, 41A Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda, 700487, Iasi, ROMANIA
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13
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Gao X, Chang R, Rao J, Hao D, Zhang Z, Zhou CY, Guo Z. Halogen-Bonding-Promoted C-H Malonylation of Indoles under Visible-Light Irradiation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8198-8202. [PMID: 35612828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a halogen-bonding-based electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex-promoted photoreaction for the synthesis of C2-malonylated indoles. The protocol provides access to a broad range of functionalized indoles in good yields through the coupling reaction of indoles with diethyl bromomalonate under visible-light irradiation without the need for any transition-metal catalyst or photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxin Rao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Hao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuxia Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
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14
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Nguyen P, Doan P, Murugesan A, Ramesh T, Rimpilainen T, Candeias NR, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. GPR17 signaling activation by CHBC agonist induced cell death via modulation of MAPK pathway in glioblastoma. Life Sci 2022; 291:120307. [PMID: 35016881 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary adult brain tumor. GBM is characterized by a heterogeneous population of cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. Recently, we have synthesized CHBC, a novel indole derivative targeted to GBM biomarker G-protein-coupled receptor 17 and inhibitor of GBM cells. In this study, CHBC was further investigated to characterize the efficiency of this agonist at the molecular level and its underlying mechanism in GBM cell death induction. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of CHBC and TMZ was determined using time dependent inhibitor assay in glioblastoma cells, LN229 and SNB19. Drug induced cell cycle arrest was measured using PI staining followed by image analysis. The induction of apoptosis and mechanism of action of CHBC was studied using apoptosis, caspase 3/7 and mitochondrial membrane permeability assays. Modulation of the key genes involved in MAPK signaling pathway was also measured using immunoblotting array. KEY FINDINGS The inhibitory kinetic study has revealed that CHBC inhibited SNB19 and LN229 cell growth in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, CHBC with the IC50 of 85 μM, mediated cell death through an apoptosis mechanism in both studied cell lines. The study also has revealed that CHBC targets GPR17 leading to the induction of apoptosis via the activation of Caspase 3/7 and dysfunction of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, CHBC treatment led to marked G2/M cell cycle arrest. The protein array has confirmed the anticancer effect of CHBC by the disruption of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK). SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these results demonstrated that CHBC induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by disrupting MAPK signaling in human glioblastoma cells. This study concludes that CHBC represent a class of compounds for treating glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phung Nguyen
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland; BioMeditech and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Phuong Doan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland; BioMeditech and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland; Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tatu Rimpilainen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Nuno R Candeias
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33101 Tampere, Finland; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103-8904, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland; BioMeditech and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
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15
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Le HTT, Murugesan A, Ramesh T, Yli-Harja O, Konda Mani S, Kandhavelu M. Molecular interaction of HIC, an agonist of P2Y1 receptor, and its role in prostate cancer apoptosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:142-150. [PMID: 34425116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous, slow growing asymptomatic cancer that predominantly affects man. A purinergic G-protein coupled receptor, P2Y1R, is targeted for its therapeutic value since it plays a crucial role in many key molecular events of cancer progression and invasion. Our previous study demonstrated that indoline derivative, 1 ((1-(2-Hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl) (4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl)indoline-4‑carbonitrile; HIC), stimulates prostate cancer cell (PCa) growth inhibition via P2Y1R. However, the mode of interaction of P2Y1R with HIC involved in this process remains unclear. Here, we have reported the molecular interactions of HIC with P2Y1R. Molecular dynamics simulation was performed that revealed the stable specific binding of the protein-ligand complex. In vitro analysis has shown increased apoptosis of PCa-cells, PC3, and DU145, upon specific interaction of P2Y1R-HIC. This was further validated using siRNA analysis that showed a higher percentage of apoptotic cells in PCa-cells transfected with P2Y-siRNA-MRS2365 than P2Y-siRNA-HIC treatment. Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) level show their role in P2Y1R-HIC mediated apoptosis. These in silico and in vitro results confirmed that HIC could induce mitochondrial apoptotic signaling through the P2Y1R activation. Thus, HIC being a potential ligand upon interaction with P2Y1R might have therapeutic value for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi Thu Le
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103-8904, USA
| | - Saravanan Konda Mani
- Scigen Research and Innovation Pvt Ltd, Periyar Technology Business Incubator, Thanjavur 613403, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
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