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Wu D, Liu J, Paragas EM, Yadav J, Aliwarga T, Heimbach T, Escotet-Espinoza MS. Assessing and mitigating pH-mediated DDI risks in drug development - formulation approaches and clinical considerations. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38700278 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2345632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
pH-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDI) is a prevalent DDI in drug development, especially for weak base compounds with highly pH-dependent solubility. FDA has released a guidance on the evaluation of pH-mediated DDI assessments using in vitro testing and clinical studies. Currently, there is no common practice of ways of testing across the academia and industry. The development of biopredictive method and physiologically-based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) approaches to assess acid-reducing agent (ARA)-DDI have been proven with accurate prediction and could decrease drug development burden, inform clinical design and potentially waive clinical studies. Formulation strategies and careful clinical design could help mitigate the pH-mediated DDI to avoid more clinical studies and label restrictions, ultimately benefiting the patient. In this review paper, a detailed introduction on biorelevant dissolution testing, preclinical and clinical study requirement and PBPK modeling approaches to assess ARA-DDI are described. An improved decision tree for pH-mediated DDI is proposed. Potential mitigations including clinical or formulation strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Erickson M Paragas
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jaydeep Yadav
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Aliwarga
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
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2
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Shurtleff VW, Layton ME, Parish CA, Perkins JJ, Schreier JD, Wang Y, Adam GC, Alvarez N, Bahmanjah S, Bahnck-Teets CM, Boyce CW, Burlein C, Cabalu TD, Campbell BT, Carroll SS, Chang W, de Lera Ruiz M, Dolgov E, Fay JF, Fox NG, Goh SL, Hartingh TJ, Hurzy DM, Kelly MJ, Klein DJ, Klingler FM, Krishnamurthy H, Kudalkar S, Mayhood TW, McKenna PM, Murray EM, Nahas D, Nawrat CC, Park S, Qian D, Roecker AJ, Sharma V, Shipe WD, Su J, Taggart RV, Truong Q, Wu Y, Zhou X, Zhuang N, Perlin DS, Olsen DB, Howe JA, McCauley JA. Invention of MK-7845, a SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease Inhibitor Employing a Novel Difluorinated Glutamine Mimic. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3935-3958. [PMID: 38365209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate, antiviral treatments are needed to complement vaccines. The virus's main protease, 3CLPro, is an attractive drug target in part because it recognizes a unique cleavage site, which features a glutamine residue at the P1 position and is not utilized by human proteases. Herein, we report the invention of MK-7845, a novel reversible covalent 3CLPro inhibitor. While most covalent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CLPro reported to date contain an amide as a Gln mimic at P1, MK-7845 bears a difluorobutyl substituent at this position. SAR analysis and X-ray crystallographic studies indicate that this group interacts with His163, the same residue that forms a hydrogen bond with the amide substituents typically found at P1. In addition to promising in vivo efficacy and an acceptable projected human dose with unboosted pharmacokinetics, MK-7845 exhibits favorable properties for both solubility and absorption that may be attributable to the unusual difluorobutyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark E Layton
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Craig A Parish
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - James J Perkins
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John D Schreier
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yunyi Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Gregory C Adam
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Nadine Alvarez
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Tamara D Cabalu
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Brian T Campbell
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steven S Carroll
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Wonsuk Chang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Enriko Dolgov
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - John F Fay
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Nicholas G Fox
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shih Lin Goh
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Danielle M Hurzy
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael J Kelly
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Daniel J Klein
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | | | - Shalley Kudalkar
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Todd W Mayhood
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Philip M McKenna
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Edward M Murray
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Debbie Nahas
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Steven Park
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | | | | | - Vijeta Sharma
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - William D Shipe
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jing Su
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert V Taggart
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Quang Truong
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yin Wu
- Viva Biotech Ltd., Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - David S Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - David B Olsen
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John A Howe
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John A McCauley
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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3
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Qing L, Fu S, Xu J, Li Y, Fang H, He H. Exploring the structural-activity relationship of hexahydropyrazino[1,2-d]pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazine derivatives as potent and orally-bioavailable PARP7 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115836. [PMID: 37826932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
PARP7 has emerged as a promising anti-tumor target due to its crucial roles in nucleic acid sensing and immune regulation. Herein, we explored the structural-activity relationship of tricyclic PARP7 inhibitors containing a hexahydropyrazino[1,2-d]pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazine motif. The effects of the chirality of the fused rings, the group conjugated to the fused rings, and the size of the linker on PARP7 inhibition were fully investigated. Our work leads to the discovery of an extremely potent and orally-bioavailable PARP7 inhibitor, namely 18 (PARP7 inhibition IC50 = 0.56 nM), for efficacious treatment of lung cancer in vivo. Notably, 18 showed acceptable bioavailability in ICR mice (F = 33.9%) and Beagle dogs (F = 45.2%). Further investigation of ADME-T properties suggested that 18 has the potential to be developed as a candidate drug molecule for PARP7-sensitive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China; Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430200, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Luolong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Shaojuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Juan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, PR China; Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430200, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430200, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, PR China.
| | - Huaxiang Fang
- Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430200, PR China.
| | - Huan He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China; Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430200, PR China.
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5
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Chen S, Gao Y, Lou X, Henry RF, Stolarik DF, Lipert MP, Sheikh AY, Zhang GGZ. Overcoming Bioavailability Challenges of Dasabuvir and Enabling a Triple-Combination Direct-Acting Antiviral HCV Regimen through a Salt of Very Weak Acid for Oral Delivery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2367-2379. [PMID: 35481355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dasabuvir is a non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. It is an extremely weak diacidic drug (pKa = 8.2 and 9.2) and a prolific solvate former. Due to its exceedingly low aqueous solubility (≤0.127 μg/mL at pH 1-6.8, dose number of 1.31 × 104), crystalline dasabuvir free acid exhibited poor oral bioavailability in initial animal pharmacokinetic (PK) assessment. This necessitated the development of enabling formulation for human clinical studies to achieve the required therapeutic in vivo concentration of dasabuvir. While salt formation has been widely used to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of solids, this approach has rarely been applied to develop oral solid dosage forms for acidic drugs as weak as dasabuvir due to concerns of rapid disproportionation and crystallization of its free acid. In this contribution, we detail our efforts in identifying dasabuvir monosodium monohydrate as a drug substance that is stable, manufacturable, and, most importantly, significantly enhances the dissolution and oral absorption of this poorly soluble drug. The oral delivery of dasabuvir through the salt approach has enabled the commercialization of the triple-combination direct-acting antiviral HCV regimen, Viekira Pak. The methodologies and solutions identified in targeted studies to overcome technical challenges encountered along the way (i.e., incorporation of polymers to inhibit crystallization and disproportionation and species mapping to enable salt manufacturing process, etc.) can be applied to other insoluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaochun Lou
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rodger F Henry
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - DeAnne F Stolarik
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Maya P Lipert
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ahmad Y Sheikh
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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