Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Indoline and Indole Derivatives as Potent and Selective α1A-Adrenoceptor Antagonists

Functional Hexafluoroisopropyl Group Used in the Construction of Biologically Important Pyrimidine Derivatives

A series of versatile 4-((1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl)oxy)pyridine intermediates have been developed to efficiently produce biaryls, amines, ethers, and thioethers. These hydrolysis-stable ether intermediates exhibit reactivity toward electron-donating groups and nucleophiles in cross-coupling and nucleophilic substitution reactions while surpassing the stability of corresponding aryl halides. In comparison to conventional coupling methods, this protocol offers an alternative pathway for accessing natural product and drug-like compounds without the need for metal catalysts. With assistance of this approach, we successfully obtained a potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor 4k (YS-370), a potent epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor 4l (YS-363), and a promising lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor 5g.

Elucidation of active components and target mechanism in Jinqiancao granules for the treatment of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are inflammations of the prostate gland, which surrounds the urethra in males. Jinqiancao granules are a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat kidney stones and this medicine consists of four herbs: Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr., Pyrrosia calvata (Baker) Ching, Plantago asiatica L. and stigma of Zea mays L.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We hypothesized that Jinqiancao granules could be a potential therapy for prostatitis and BPH, and this work aimed to elucidate active compounds in Jinqiancao granules and their target mechanisms for the potential treatment of the two diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Jinqiancao granules were commercially available and purchased. Database-driven data mining and networking were utilized to establish a general correlation between Jinqiancao granules and the two diseases above. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for compound separation and characterization. The characterized compounds were evaluated on four G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs: GPR35, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3, alpha-1A adrenergic receptor α1A and cannabinoid receptor CB2). A dynamic mass redistribution technique was applied to evaluate compounds on four GPCRs. Nitric acid (NO) inhibition was tested on the macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Molecular docking was conducted on GPR35-active compounds and GPR35 crystal structure. Statistical analysis using GEO datasets was conducted.

RESULTS

Seventy compounds were isolated and twelve showed GPCR activity. Three compounds showed potent GPR35 agonistic activity (EC50 < 10 μM) and the GPR35 agonism action of PAL-21 (Scutellarein) was reported for the first time. Docking results revealed that the GPR35-targeting compounds interacted at the key residues for the agonist-initiated activation of GPR35. Five compounds showed weak antagonistic activity on M3, which was confirmed to be a disease target by statistical analysis. Seventeen compounds showed NO inhibitory activity. Several compounds showed multi-target properties. An experiment-based network reflected a pharmacological relationship between Jinqiancao granules and the two diseases.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified active compounds in Jinqiancao granules that have synergistic mechanisms, contributing to anti-inflammatory effects. The findings provide scientific evidence for the potential use of Jinqiancao granules as a treatment for prostatitis and BPH.

Novel substituted 4-(Arylethynyl)-Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) Treat depressive disorder in mice

In view of the fact that the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) sit at the top of the signaling pathways triggering a diverse range of signaling cascades towards a cellular event, GPCRs are regarded as central drug targets. mGlu5, a type of classical GPCRs, is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and responds to the neurotransmitter glutamate. Researches show that mGlu5 is a potential drug target for the treatment of depression. Up to now, multiple mGlu5 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) have entered clinical trials, but no small molecule mGlu5 NAM has yet to reach market. Herein, we report the structural optimization and structure-activity relationship studies of a series of novel mGlu5 NAMs. Among them, the novel compound 10b is a high-affinity mGluR5 antagonist, with an IC50 value of 11.5 nM. Besides, we evaluated the anti-depressant effect of compound 10b using the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression model. The data showed that the mice in CUMS group were featured by decreased level of serum 5-HT and increased level of serum CORT, and the expression of synaptic proteins were reduced, including GluA1, GluA2, p-PKA, BDNF and TrkB. However, those factors for identifying sensitivity to depression-like behaviors could be improved by compound 10b treatment. The preliminary toxicology evaluations indicated that compound 10b had a good safety profile in vivo. Collectively, the compound 10b represents a promising lead compound for the treatment of depressive disorder.

Dual Palladium-Photoredox-Mediated Regioselective Acylation of Carbazoles and Indolines

We have described a dual palladium-photoredox-catalyzed highly regioselective acylation of carbazoles and indolines using molecular oxygen as the green oxidant. The reaction shows a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Late-stage functionalization of a carprofen drug derivative, further manipulation of products, and gram-scale synthesis of the acylated products were illustrated to show the versatility of the method.

Redox-Neutral Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Chemospecific and Regiospecific [4+1] Annulation between Indoles and Alkenes for the Synthesis of Functionalized Imidazo[1,5-a]indoles

Exploiting internal alkenes embedded with an oxidizing function/leaving group as a rare and unconventional one-carbon unit, a redox-neutral rhodium(III)-catalyzed chemo- and regiospecific [4+1] annulation between indoles and alkenes for the synthesis of functionalized imidazo[1,5-a]indoles has been achieved. Internal alkenes employed here can fulfill an unusual [4+1] annulation rather than normal [4+2] annulation/C-H alkenylation. This method is characterized by excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, good to high yields, and redox-neutral conditions.

Rh(III)-Catalyzed Divergent Synthesis of Alkynylated Imidazo[1,5-a]indoles and α,α-Difluoromethylene Tetrasubstituted Alkenes

Herein, we report the divergent synthesis of alkynylated imidazo[1,5-a]indoles and α,α-difluoromethylene tetrasubstituted alkenes through Rh(III)-catalyzed [4 + 1] annulation/alkyne moiety migration and C-H alkenylation/DG migration, respectively. This protocol features tunable product selectivity, excellent chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity, broad substrate scope, moderate to high yields, good tolerance of functional groups, and mild redox-neutral conditions.

Enantioselective synthesis of indole derivatives by Rh/Pd relay catalysis and their anti-inflammatory evaluation

An efficient Rh/Pd relay catalyzed intermolecular and cascade intramolecular hydroamination for the synthesis of exclusive trans 1-indolyl dihydronaphthalenols (up to 88% yield, 99% ee) is described under mild conditions. Moreover, the in silico and in vitro screening showed that the novel 1-indolyl dihydronaphthalenol products are potent lead compounds for treating inflammation disease.

The one-pot synthesis of butyl-1H-indol-3-alkylcarboxylic acid derivatives in ionic liquid as potent dual-acting agent for management of BPH

Based on the SAR of both α₁-AR antagonists and 5α-reductase (5AR) inhibitors, the dual-acting agent 4-(1-(4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)butanoic acid 4aaa was designed against BPH and synthesized by two steps of N-alkylation. One-pot protocol towards 4aaa was newly developed. With IL [C₆min]Br as solvent, the yield of 4aaa was increased to 75.1% from 16.0% and the reaction time was shortened in 1.5 h from 48 h. 25 derivatives structurally based on arylpiperazine and indolyl butyric acid with alkyl linker were prepared. The protocol was futher extended to get another 14 derivatives wherein O-alkylation was involved, and applied to the synthesis of biologically efficient molecules DPQ and Aripiprazole. Expectedly, compound 4aaa exhibited dual inhibition of α₁-AR and 5α-reductase, and exhibited no obvious cytotoxicity against human cells. The pharmacokinetic properties of 4aaa was also determined.

B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed C-C Coupling of 1,4-Naphthoquinones with the C-3 Position of Indole Derivatives in Water

An atom-economical and environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of indole-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones from indoles and 1,4-naphthoquinones using readily available Lewis acidic B(C₆F₅)₃ in water and with the recycling of water and part of the catalyst is reported. The reaction proceeded through the B(C₆F₅)₃-catalyzed C(sp²)-H and C(sp²)-H bond coupling of 1,4-naphthoquinones with the C-3 position of indole derivatives in water. This methodology provides a facile protocol for the synthesis of some new indole-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones in satisfactory yields and with a broad substrate scope. When compared to known methods for the synthesis of indole-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones, this protocol is practical and efficient and does not require a transition-metal catalyst or toxic organic solvents. In addition, we utilized a simple filtration process for complete recycling of the solvent and the part of the catalyst in each reaction cycle.

Diastereoselective construction of 3-aryl-substituted indolines via annulation of in situ generated p-quinone methides

A highly diastereoselective [4 + 1] annulation reaction of in situ generated p-quinone methides for the synthesis of 3-aryl-substituted indolines has been developed.

Synthesis of silodosin glucuronide and its deuterated counterpart: solving a problematic O-glycosylation of a nitrogen-containing molecule

We report here the first chemical synthesis of silodosin glucuronide, a metabolite of the α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist silodosin, and its deuterium-labeled counterpart. As a key synthetic step, the incorporation of a glucuronosyl unit onto silodosin invariably led to either an undesired orthoester or a complex mixture under an array of standard glycosylation conditions. This problematic O-glycosylation may be attributed to the presence of multiple basic groups that could neutralize the acidic activators, decrease the nucleophilicity of a hydroxy group via hydrogen bond or even facilitate acyl migration side reactions. After elaborate tuning of reaction conditions, success was eventually achieved by using perbenzoylated d-glucuronosyl N-phenyltrifluroacetimidate (PTFA) as donor in combination with a procedure of sequential addition of TMSOTf. This protocol is potentially general for the glycosylation of other nitrogen-containing small molecule drugs.

Pharmaceutical evaluation of naftopidil enantiomers: Rat functional assays in vitro and estrogen/androgen induced rat benign prostatic hyperplasia model in vivo

Naftopidil (NAF) is a α_1D/1A adrenoceptor selective drug used for the treatment of both benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH/LUTS). However, NAF is used as a racemate in clinic. To compare the differences and similarities among two enantiomers and racemate, pharmacological activities were evaluated through rat functional assays in vitro and estrogen/androgen (E/T) induced rat BPH model in vivo. NAF and the two enantiomers showed similar blocking activity on α₁ receptor. S-NAF exhibited more α_1D/1A adrenoceptor subtype selectivity than R-NAF and the racemate. The selectivity ratios pA₂ (α_1D)/pA₂ (α_1B) and pA₂ (α_1A)/pA₂ (α_1B) were 40.7- and 16.2-fold, respectively. NAF and its enantiomers effectively prevented the development of rat prostatic hyperplasia via suppressing the increase of the prostatic wet weight, visually. The quantitative analysis of the relative acinus volume, relative stroma volume, relative epithelial volume, epithelial height and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were carried out. S-NAF showed an advantage on the effect of inhibiting prostate wet weight and stroma volume over R-NAF and racemate NAF (P<0.05). Nevertheless, no other significant difference was observed between these two enantiomers. In conclusion, both R-NAF and S-NAF not only relax prostate muscle but also inhibit the prostate growth, thus relieve BPH.

Rh-catalysed asymmetric conjugate addition of boronic acids to nitroalkenes employing a P-chiral P,π-hybrid ligand

A P-chiral P,π-hybrid ligand was applied to the asymmetric conjugate addition of aryl boronic acids to β-substituted nitroalkenes.