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Oguma T, Uehara S, Nakahara K, Okuyama Y, Fuchino K, Suzuki N, Kan Y, Kanegawa N, Ogata Y, Kusakabe KI. A Quantum Mechanics-Based Method to Predict Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond Formation Reflecting P-glycoprotein Recognition. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:223-228. [PMID: 36793434 PMCID: PMC9923834 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive membrane permeability and an active transport process are key determinants for penetrating the blood-brain barrier. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a well-known transporter, serves as the primary gatekeeper, having broad substrate specificity. A strategy to increase passive permeability and impair P-gp recognition is intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IMHB). 3 is a potent brain penetrant BACE1 inhibitor with high permeability and low P-gp recognition, although slight modifications to its tail amide group significantly affect P-gp efflux. We hypothesized that the difference in the propensity to form IMHB could impact P-gp recognition. Single-bond rotation at the tail group enables both IMHB forming and unforming conformations. We developed a quantum-mechanics-based method to predict IMHB formation ratios (IMHBRs). In a given data set, IMHBRs accounted for the corresponding temperature coefficients measured in NMR experiments, correlating with P-gp efflux ratios. Furthermore, the method was applied in hNK2 receptor antagonists, demonstrating that the IMHBR could be applied to other drug targets involving IMHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Oguma
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry Research and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and
Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research
Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shota Uehara
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry Research and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and
Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research
Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakahara
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry Research and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and
Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research
Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuya Okuyama
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry Research and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and
Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research
Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kouki Fuchino
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry Research and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and
Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research
Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Suzuki
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry Research and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and
Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research
Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kan
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry Research and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and
Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research
Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanegawa
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry Research and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and
Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research
Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogata
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry Research and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and
Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research
Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kusakabe
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry Research and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and
Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research
Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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2
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Xing ZK, Du LS, Fang X, Liang H, Zhang SN, Shi L, Kuang CX, Han TX, Yang Q. The relationship among amyloid-β deposition, sphingomyelin level, and the expression and function of P-glycoprotein in Alzheimer's disease pathological process. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1300-1307. [PMID: 36453415 PMCID: PMC9838140 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.358607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease, the transporter P-glycoprotein is responsible for the clearance of amyloid-β in the brain. Amyloid-β correlates with the sphingomyelin metabolism, and sphingomyelin participates in the regulation of P-glycoprotein. The amyloid cascade hypothesis describes amyloid-β as the central cause of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Better understanding of the change of P-glycoprotein and sphingomyelin along with amyloid-β and their potential association in the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease is critical. Herein, we found that the expression of P-glycoprotein in APP/PS1 mice tended to increase with age and was significantly higher at 9 and 12 months of age than that in wild-type mice at comparable age. The functionality of P-glycoprotein of APP/PS1 mice did not change with age but was significantly lower than that of wild-type mice at 12 months of age. Decreased sphingomyelin levels, increased ceramide levels, and the increased expression and activity of neutral sphingomyelinase 1 were observed in APP/PS1 mice at 9 and 12 months of age compared with the levels in wild-type mice. Similar results were observed in the Alzheimer's disease mouse model induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β1-42 and human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells treated with amyloid-β1-42. In human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, neutral sphingomyelinase 1 inhibitor interfered with the changes of sphingomyelin metabolism and P-glycoprotein expression and functionality caused by amyloid-β1-42 treatment. Neutral sphingomyelinase 1 regulated the expression and functionality of P-glycoprotein and the levels of sphingomyelin and ceramide. Together, these findings indicate that neutral sphingomyelinase 1 regulates the expression and function of P-glycoprotein via the sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway. These studies may serve as new pursuits for the development of anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Kang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Sha Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Kuang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Xiong Han
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Correspondence to: Qing Yang, .
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Patel S, Bansoad AV, Singh R, Khatik GL. BACE1: A Key Regulator in Alzheimer's Disease Progression and Current Development of its Inhibitors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1174-1193. [PMID: 34852746 PMCID: PMC9886827 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211201094031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with no specific disease-modifying treatment. β-secretase (BACE1) is considered the potential and rationale target because it is involved in the rate-limiting step, which produces toxic Aβ42 peptides that leads to deposits in the form of amyloid plaques extracellularly, resulting in AD. OBJECTIVE This study aims to discuss the role and implications of BACE1 and its inhibitors in the management of AD. METHODS We have searched and collected the relevant quality work from PubMed using the following keywords "BACE1", BACE2", "inhibitors", and "Alzheimer's disease". In addition, we included the work which discusses the role of BACE1 in AD and the recent work on its inhibitors. RESULTS In this review, we have discussed the importance of BACE1 in regulating AD progression and the current development of BACE1 inhibitors. However, the development of a BACE1 inhibitor is very challenging due to the large active site of BACE1. Nevertheless, some of the BACE1 inhibitors have managed to enter advanced phases of clinical trials, such as MK-8931 (Verubecestat), E2609 (Elenbecestat), AZD3293 (Lanabecestat), and JNJ-54861911 (Atabecestat). This review also sheds light on the prospect of BACE1 inhibitors as the most effective therapeutic approach in delaying or preventing AD progression. CONCLUSION BACE1 is involved in the progression of AD. The current ongoing or failed clinical trials may help understand the role of BACE1 inhibition in regulating the Aβ load and cognitive status of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankush Vardhaman Bansoad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), 226002, India
| | - Rakesh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), 226002, India
| | - Gopal L. Khatik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Raebareli, New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, 226002; E-mail: ,
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4
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Copper Catalyzed Inverse Electron Demand [4+2] Cycloaddition for the Synthesis of Oxazines. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A copper catalyzed tandem CuAAC/ring cleavage/[4+2] annulation reaction of terminal ynones, sulfonyl azides, and imines has been developed to synthesize the functionalized oxazines under mild conditions. Particularly, the intermediate N-sulfonyl acylketenimines undergo cycloaddition of an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction with imines and a series of 1,3-oxazine derivatives were obtained successfully in good yields.
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5
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Ueno T, Matsuoka E, Asada N, Yamamoto S, Kanegawa N, Ito M, Ito H, Moechars D, Rombouts FJR, Gijsen HJM, Kusakabe KI. Discovery of Extremely Selective Fused Pyridine-Derived β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-Cleaving Enzyme (BACE1) Inhibitors with High In Vivo Efficacy through 10s Loop Interactions. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14165-14174. [PMID: 34553947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
β-Site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is considered to be a promising target for treating Alzheimer's disease. However, all clinical BACE1 inhibitors have failed due to lack of efficacy, and some have even led to cognitive worsening. Recent evidence points to the importance of avoiding BACE2 inhibition along with careful dose titration. In this study, we focused on the fact that the 10s loop lining the S3 pocket in BACE1 can form both "open (up)" and "closed (down)" conformations, whereas in BACE2, it prefers to adopt a "closed" form; thus, more space is available in BACE1. By leveraging the difference, we designed fused pyridine analogues that could reach the 10s loop, leading to 6 with high selectivity and significant Aβ reduction. The cocrystal structures confirmed that 6 significantly increased B-factors of the 10s loop in BACE2 relative to those in BACE1. Thus, the destabilization of BACE2 seems to offer structural insights into the reduced BACE2 potency of 6, explaining the significant improvement in BACE1 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Ueno
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Eriko Matsuoka
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoya Asada
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shiho Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanegawa
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Mana Ito
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hisanori Ito
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik J R Rombouts
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ken-Ichi Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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6
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Privat C, Granadino-Roldán JM, Bonet J, Santos Tomas M, Perez JJ, Rubio-Martinez J. Fragment dissolved molecular dynamics: a systematic and efficient method to locate binding sites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3123-3134. [PMID: 33491698 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05471b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diverse computational methods to support fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) are available in the literature. Despite their demonstrated efficacy in supporting FBDD campaigns, they exhibit some drawbacks such as protein denaturation or ligand aggregation that have not yet been clearly overcome in the framework of biomolecular simulations. In the present work, we discuss a systematic semi-automatic novel computational procedure, designed to surpass these difficulties. The method, named fragment dissolved Molecular Dynamics (fdMD), utilizes simulation boxes of solvated small fragments, adding a repulsive Lennard-Jones potential term to avoid aggregation, which can be easily used to solvate the targets of interest. This method has the advantage of solvating the target with a low number of ligands, thus preventing the denaturation of the target, while simultaneously generating a database of ligand-solvated boxes that can be used in further studies. A number of scripts are made available to analyze the results and obtain the descriptors proposed as a means to trustfully discard spurious binding sites. To test our method, four test cases of different complexity have been solvated with ligand boxes and four molecular dynamics runs of 200 ns length have been run for each system, which have been extended up to 1 μs when needed. The reported results point out that the selected number of replicas are enough to identify the correct binding sites irrespective of the initial structure, even in the case of proteins having several close binding sites for the same ligand. We also propose a set of descriptors to analyze the results, among which the average MMGBSA and the average KDEEP energies have emerged as the most robust ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Privat
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) and the Institut de Quimica Teorica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José M Granadino-Roldán
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas" s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Jordi Bonet
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) and the Institut de Quimica Teorica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Santos Tomas
- Department of Architecture Technology, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 649, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Perez
- Deparment of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Rubio-Martinez
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) and the Institut de Quimica Teorica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Structure-Based Approaches to Improving Selectivity through Utilizing Explicit Water Molecules: Discovery of Selective β-Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors over BACE2. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3075-3085. [PMID: 33719429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACE1 is an attractive target for disease-modifying treatment of Alzheimer's disease. BACE2, having high homology around the catalytic site, poses a critical challenge to identifying selective BACE1 inhibitors. Recent evidence indicated that BACE2 has various roles in peripheral tissues and the brain, and therefore, the chronic use of nonselective inhibitors may cause side effects derived from BACE2 inhibition. Crystallographic analysis of the nonselective inhibitor verubecestat identified explicit water molecules with different levels of free energy in the S2' pocket. Structure-based design targeting them enabled the identification of propynyl oxazine 3 with improved selectivity. Further optimization efforts led to the discovery of compound 6 with high selectivity. The cocrystal structures of 7, a close analogue of 6, bound to BACE1 and BACE2 confirmed that one of the explicit water molecules is displaced by the propynyl group, suggesting that the difference in the relative water displacement cost may contribute to the improved selectivity.
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8
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Koriyama Y, Hori A, Ito H, Yonezawa S, Baba Y, Tanimoto N, Ueno T, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto T, Asada N, Morimoto K, Einaru S, Sakai K, Kanazu T, Matsuda A, Yamaguchi Y, Oguma T, Timmers M, Tritsmans L, Kusakabe KI, Kato A, Sakaguchi G. Discovery of Atabecestat (JNJ-54861911): A Thiazine-Based β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 Inhibitor Advanced to the Phase 2b/3 EARLY Clinical Trial. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1873-1888. [PMID: 33588527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid β peptides (Aβ) is thought to be one of the causal factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aspartyl protease β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting protease for Aβ production, and therefore, BACE1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD. Starting with a dihydro-1,3-thiazine-based lead, Compound J, we discovered atabecestat 1 (JNJ-54861911) as a centrally efficacious BACE1 inhibitor that was advanced into the EARLY Phase 2b/3 clinical trial for the treatment of preclinical AD patients. Compound 1 demonstrated robust and dose-dependent Aβ reduction and showed sufficient safety margins in preclinical models. The potential of reactive metabolite formation was evaluated in a covalent binding study to assess its irreversible binding to human hepatocytes. Unfortunately, the EARLY trial was discontinued due to significant elevation of liver enzymes, and subsequent analysis of the clinical outcomes showed dose-related cognitive worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Tritsmans
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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9
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Balancing potency and basicity by incorporating fluoropyridine moieties: Discovery of a 1-amino-3,4-dihydro-2,6-naphthyridine BACE1 inhibitor that affords robust and sustained central Aβ reduction. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113270. [PMID: 33765486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) has been pursued as a prime target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this report, we describe the discovery of BACE1 inhibitors with a 1-amino-3,4-dihydro-2,6-naphthyridine scaffold. Leveraging known inhibitors 2a and 2b, we designed the naphthyridine-based compounds by removing a structurally labile moiety and incorporating pyridine rings, which showed increased biochemical and cellular potency, along with reduced basicity on the amidine moiety. Introduction of a fluorine atom on the pyridine culminated in compound 11 which had improved cellular activity as well as further reduced basicity and demonstrated a robust and sustained cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ reduction in dog. The crystal structure of compound 11 bound to BACE1 confirmed van der Waals interactions between the fluorine on the pyridine and Tyr71 in the flap.
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10
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Facile Construction of an Amino-1,3-Oxazine Scaffold using Burgess Reagent Under Mild Conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Richardson J, Lindsay-Scott PJ, Larichev V, Pocock E. Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Amino-1,3-Oxazines from Thioureas. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Richardson
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Peter J. Lindsay-Scott
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Vladimir Larichev
- AMRI UK Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Emily Pocock
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
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12
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Rombouts F, Kusakabe KI, Hsiao CC, Gijsen HJM. Small-molecule BACE1 inhibitors: a patent literature review (2011 to 2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 31:25-52. [PMID: 33006491 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1832463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhibition of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) has been extensively pursued as potential disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical failures with BACE inhibitors have progressively raised the bar forever cleaner candidates with reduced cardiovascular liability, toxicity risk, and increased selectivity over cathepsin D (CatD) and BACE2. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of patented BACE1 inhibitors between 2011 and 2020 per pharmaceutical company or research group and highlights the progress that was made in dialing out toxicity liabilities. EXPERT OPINION Despite an increasingly crowded IP situation, significant progress was made using highly complex chemistry in avoiding toxicity liabilities, with BACE1/BACE2 selectivity being the most remarkable achievement. However, clinical trial data suggest on-target toxicity is likely a contributing factor, which implies the only potential future of BACE1 inhibitors lies in careful titration of highly selective compounds in early populations where the amyloid burden is still minimal as prophylactic therapy, or as an affordable oral maintenance therapy following amyloid-clearing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Rombouts
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ken-Ichi Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd ., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chien-Chi Hsiao
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Beerse, Belgium
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13
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Reichel M, Karaghiosoff K. Reagents for Selective Fluoromethylation: A Challenge in Organofluorine Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12268-12281. [PMID: 32022357 PMCID: PMC7383490 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of a monofluoromethyl moiety has undoubtedly become a very important area of research in recent years. Owing to the beneficial properties of organofluorine compounds, such as their metabolic stability, the incorporation of the CH2 F group as a bioisosteric substitute for various functional groups is an attractive strategy for the discovery of new pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the monofluoromethyl unit is also widely used in agrochemistry, in pharmaceutical chemistry, and in fine chemicals. The problems associated with climate change and the growing need for environmentally friendly industrial processes mean that alternatives to the frequently used CFC and HFBC fluoromethylating agents (CH2 FCl and CH2 FBr) are urgently needed and also required by the Montreal Protocol. This has recently prompted many researchers to develop alternative fluoromethylation agents. This Minireview summarizes both the classical and new generation of fluoromethylating agents. Reagents that act via electrophilic, nucleophilic, and radical pathways are discussed, in addition to their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reichel
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilian UniversityButenandstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
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14
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Reichel M, Karaghiosoff K. Reagenzien für die selektive Fluormethylierung: Herausforderungen der Organofluorchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reichel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Lloyd
- Drug & Target Development, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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16
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Docking studies suggest the important role of interactions among the catalytic dyad and inhibitors for designing Bace1 specific inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Peschiulli A, Oehlrich D, Rombouts F, Vos A, Gijsen HJM. 3,3-Difluoro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-amines: Potent and permeable BACE-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.126999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Mouchlis VD, Melagraki G, Zacharia LC, Afantitis A. Computer-Aided Drug Design of β-Secretase, γ-Secretase and Anti-Tau Inhibitors for the Discovery of Novel Alzheimer's Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E703. [PMID: 31973122 PMCID: PMC7038192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by progressive neuronal death and synapses loss in human brain, are rapidly growing affecting millions of people globally. Alzheimer's is the most common neurodegenerative disease and it can be caused by genetic and environmental risk factors. This review describes the amyloid-β and Tau hypotheses leading to amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, respectively which are the predominant pathways for the development of anti-Alzheimer's small molecule inhibitors. The function and structure of the druggable targets of these two pathways including β-secretase, γ-secretase, and Tau are discussed in this review article. Computer-Aided Drug Design including computational structure-based design and ligand-based design have been employed successfully to develop inhibitors for biomolecular targets involved in Alzheimer's. The application of computational molecular modeling for the discovery of small molecule inhibitors and modulators for β-secretase and γ-secretase is summarized. Examples of computational approaches employed for the development of anti-amyloid aggregation and anti-Tau phosphorylation, proteolysis and aggregation inhibitors are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Melagraki
- Division of Physical Sciences & Applications, Hellenic Military Academy, Vari 16672, Greece;
| | - Lefteris C. Zacharia
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus;
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- Department of ChemoInformatics, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1046, Cyprus
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19
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Anan K, Iso Y, Oguma T, Nakahara K, Suzuki S, Yamamoto T, Matsuoka E, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Ando S, Morimoto K, Kanegawa N, Kido Y, Kawachi T, Fukushima T, Teisman A, Urmaliya V, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Austin N, Van Den Bergh A, Verboven P, Bischoff F, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Kusakabe KI. Trifluoromethyl Dihydrothiazine‐Based β‐Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors with Robust Central β‐Amyloid Reduction and Minimal Covalent Binding Burden. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1894-1910. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Anan
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Iso
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Takuya Oguma
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Kenji Nakahara
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Shinji Suzuki
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Takahiko Yamamoto
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
- Current address: API Process Development Department (Biotechnology)Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 5–1, Ukima 5-chome, Kita-ku Tokyo 115-8543 Japan
| | - Eriko Matsuoka
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Hisanori Ito
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Gaku Sakaguchi
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Shigeru Ando
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Kenji Morimoto
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Naoki Kanegawa
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Yasuto Kido
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawachi
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Tamio Fukushima
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Ard Teisman
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Vijay Urmaliya
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Deborah Dhuyvetter
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Nigel Austin
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
- Current address: Sosei HeptaresSteinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6DG UK
| | - An Van Den Bergh
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Peter Verboven
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Francois Bischoff
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Harrie J. M. Gijsen
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Yoshinori Yamano
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kusakabe
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
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20
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Zinad DS, Mahal A, Mohapatra RK, Sarangi AK, Pratama MRF. Medicinal chemistry of oxazines as promising agents in drug discovery. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 95:16-47. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhafer S. Zinad
- Applied Science Department University of Technology Baghdad Iraq
| | - Ahmed Mahal
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- Guangzhou HC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Guangzhou China
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry Government College of Engineering Keonjhar Odisha India
| | - Ashish K. Sarangi
- Department of Chemistry Government College of Engineering Keonjhar Odisha India
| | - Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Health Sciences Muhammadiyah University of Palangkaraya Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Airlangga University Surabaya Indonesia
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21
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Tadano G, Komano K, Yoshida S, Suzuki S, Nakahara K, Fuchino K, Fujimoto K, Matsuoka E, Yamamoto T, Asada N, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Kanegawa N, Kido Y, Ando S, Fukushima T, Teisman A, Urmaliya V, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Van Den Bergh A, Austin N, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Iso Y, Kusakabe KI. Discovery of an Extremely Potent Thiazine-Based β-Secretase Inhibitor with Reduced Cardiovascular and Liver Toxicity at a Low Projected Human Dose. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9331-9337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Fujimoto K, Matsuoka E, Asada N, Tadano G, Yamamoto T, Nakahara K, Fuchino K, Ito H, Kanegawa N, Moechars D, Gijsen HJM, Kusakabe KI. Structure-Based Design of Selective β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) Inhibitors: Targeting the Flap to Gain Selectivity over BACE2. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5080-5095. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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New evolutions in the BACE1 inhibitor field from 2014 to 2018. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:761-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Oguma T, Anan K, Suzuki S, Hisakawa S, Takada A, Ogawa M, Kusakabe KI. Synthesis of a 6-CF3-Substituted 2-Amino-dihydro-1,3-thiazine β-Secretase Inhibitor by N,N-Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride-Mediated Chemoselective Cyclization. J Org Chem 2018; 84:4893-4897. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Nakahara K, Fuchino K, Komano K, Asada N, Tadano G, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto T, Sako Y, Ogawa M, Unemura C, Hosono M, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Ando S, Ohnishi S, Kido Y, Fukushima T, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Iso Y, Kusakabe KI. Discovery of Potent and Centrally Active 6-Substituted 5-Fluoro-1,3-dihydro-oxazine β-Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors via Active Conformation Stabilization. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5525-5546. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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