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Péraldi-Roux S, Bayle M, M'Kadmi C, Damian M, Vaillé J, Fernandez G, Paula Cornejo M, Marie J, Banères JL, Ben Haj Salah K, Fehrentz JA, Cantel S, Perello M, Denoyelle S, Oiry C, Neasta J. Design and Characterization of a Triazole-Based Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Modulator Inhibiting the Glucoregulatory and Feeding Actions of Ghrelin. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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2
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Bukhari SNA. An insight into the multifunctional role of ghrelin and structure activity relationship studies of ghrelin receptor ligands with clinical trials. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114308. [PMID: 35344905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifunctional gastrointestinal acylated peptide, primarily synthesized in the stomach and regulates the secretion of growth hormone and energy homeostasis. It plays a central role in modulating the diverse biological, physiological and pathological functions in vertebrates. The synthesis of ghrelin receptor ligands after the finding of growth hormone secretagogue developed from Met-enkephalin led to reveal the endogenous ligand ghrelin and the receptors. Subsequently, many peptides, small molecules and peptidomimetics focusing on the ghrelin receptor, GHS-R1a, were derived. In this review, the key features of ghrelin's structure, forms, its bio-physiological functions, pathological roles and therapeutic potential have been highlighted. A few peptidomimetics and pseudo peptide synthetic perspectives have also been discussed to make ghrelin receptor ligands, clinical trials and their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 2014, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Giorgioni G, Del Bello F, Quaglia W, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Piergentili A. Advances in the Development of Nonpeptide Small Molecules Targeting Ghrelin Receptor. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3098-3118. [PMID: 35157454 PMCID: PMC8883476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an octanoylated peptide acting by the activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, namely, GHS-R1a. The involvement of ghrelin in several physiological processes, including stimulation of food intake, gastric emptying, body energy balance, glucose homeostasis, reduction of insulin secretion, and lipogenesis validates the considerable interest in GHS-R1a as a promising target for the treatment of numerous disorders. Over the years, several GHS-R1a ligands have been identified and some of them have been extensively studied in clinical trials. The recently resolved structures of GHS-R1a bound to ghrelin or potent ligands have provided useful information for the design of new GHS-R1a drugs. This perspective is focused on the development of recent nonpeptide small molecules acting as GHS-R1a agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists, bearing classical or new molecular scaffolds, as well as on radiolabeled GHS-R1a ligands developed for imaging. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of the most studied ligands have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - E Micioni Di Bonaventura
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - M V Micioni Di Bonaventura
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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4
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Saliyeva LN, Diachenko IV, Vas’kevich RI, Slyvka NY, Vovk MV. Imidazothiazoles and their Hydrogenated Analogs: Methods of Synthesis and Biomedical Potential. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02827-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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5
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Xiao X, Bi M, Jiao Q, Chen X, Du X, Jiang H. A new understanding of GHSR1a--independent of ghrelin activation. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101187. [PMID: 33007437 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, is a functional receptor of ghrelin. The expression levels and activities of GHSR1a are affected by various factors. In past years, it has been found that the ghrelin-GHSR1a system can perform biological functions such as anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-oxidative stress. In addition to mediating the effect of ghrelin, GHSR1a also has abnormally high constitutive activity; that is, it can still transmit intracellular signals without activation of the ghrelin ligand. This constitutive activity affects brain functions, growth and development of the body; therefore, it has profound impacts on neurodegenerative diseases and some other age-related diseases. In addition, GHSR1a can also form homodimers or heterodimers with other GPCRs, affecting the release of neurotransmitters, appetite regulation, cell proliferation and insulin release. Therefore, further understanding of the constitutive activities and dimerization of GHSR1a will enable us to better clarify the characteristics of GHSR1a and provide more therapeutic targets for drug development. Here, we focus on the roles of GHSR1a in various biological functions and provide a comprehensive summary of the current research on GHSR1a to provide broader therapeutic prospects for age-related disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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6
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Cooper M, Llinas A, Hansen P, Caffrey M, Ray A, Sjödin S, Shamovsky I, Wada H, Jellesmark Jensen T, Sivars U, Hultin L, Andersson U, Lundqvist S, Gedda K, Jinton L, Krutrök N, Lewis R, Jansson P, Gardelli C. Identification and Optimization of Pyrrolidine Derivatives as Highly Potent Ghrelin Receptor Full Agonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9705-9730. [PMID: 32787075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy and cachexia are common comorbidities among patients suffering from cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and several other chronic diseases. The peptide hormone ghrelin exerts pleiotropic effects including the stimulation of growth hormone secretion and subsequent increase of insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, an important mediator of muscle growth and repair. Ghrelin also acts on inflammation, appetite, and adipogenesis and therefore has been considered a promising therapeutic target for catabolic conditions. We previously reported on the synthesis and properties of an indane based series of ghrelin receptor full agonists which led to a sustained increase of insulin-like growth factor-1 in a dog pharmacodynamic study. Herein we report on the identification of a series of pyrrolidine or piperidine based full agonists and attempted optimization to give compounds with profiles suitable for progression as clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stina Sjödin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | | | | | - Tina Jellesmark Jensen
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | | | - Leif Hultin
- In Vivo Imaging Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andersson
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Sara Lundqvist
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Karin Gedda
- Precision Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
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7
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Shiimura Y, Horita S, Hamamoto A, Asada H, Hirata K, Tanaka M, Mori K, Uemura T, Kobayashi T, Iwata S, Kojima M. Structure of an antagonist-bound ghrelin receptor reveals possible ghrelin recognition mode. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4160. [PMID: 32814772 PMCID: PMC7438500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone with important physiological functions. The unique feature of ghrelin is its Serine 3 acyl-modification, which is essential for ghrelin’s activity. However, it remains to be elucidated why the acyl-modification of ghrelin is necessary for activity. To address these questions, we solved the crystal structure of the ghrelin receptor bound to antagonist. The ligand-binding pocket of the ghrelin receptor is bifurcated by a salt bridge between E124 and R283. A striking feature of the ligand-binding pocket of the ghrelin receptor is a wide gap (crevasse) between the TM6 and TM7 bundles that is rich in hydrophobic amino acids, including a cluster of phenylalanine residues. Mutagenesis analyses suggest that the interaction between the gap structure and the acyl acid moiety of ghrelin may participate in transforming the ghrelin receptor into an active conformation. Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone with important physiological functions, including growth hormone release and appetite-stimulating activity. Here, authors solved the crystal structure of the ghrelin receptor bound to antagonist and suggested a possible mechanism of activation by acyl-modified ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shiimura
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Horita
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akie Hamamoto
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Asada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kunio Hirata
- RIKEN, SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Saitama, Japan
| | - Misuzu Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Mori
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Saitama, Japan.
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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8
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Spann RA, Grayson BE. Curbing Obesity from One Generation to Another: the Effects of Bariatric Surgery on the In Utero Environment and Beyond. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:1821-1833. [PMID: 32578163 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 250,000 individuals seek bariatric surgery each year in the USA for the long-term resolution of obesity-related comorbidities. Greater than 80% of these individuals are women and approximately half are of child-bearing age. Although there are many positive metabolic benefits that are realized through surgical weight loss for both men and women, the various long-term hormonal, molecular, nutrient, and epigenetic changes following bariatric surgery have not been evaluated for the surgical recipient or in the context of pregnancy and the offspring. Pregnancy may be a vulnerable period of time for the bariatric surgery recipient, and thoughtful consideration of pregnancy management should be taken by health care providers and recipients alike. The purpose of this review is to explore potential etiologies of some of the gestation-specific outcomes for the mother and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redin A Spann
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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9
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Xin G, Ming Y, Ji C, Wei Z, Li S, Morris-Natschke SL, Zhang X, Yu K, Li Y, Zhang B, Zhang J, Xing Z, He Y, Chen Z, Yang X, Niu H, Lee KH, Huang W. Novel potent antiplatelet thrombotic agent derived from biguanide for ischemic stroke. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112462. [PMID: 32464472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Platelet thrombosis is the main pathogeny resulting in the low curability of ischemic stroke, a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Metformin, a biguanide derivative that is the first-line oral medicine for type 2 diabetes, alleviates the severity of ischemic stroke in diabetic patients and suppresses platelet activation in experimental animal model. However, the clinical implementation of commercial biguanide analogs for stroke related to platelet thrombosis remains challenging due to its weak potency, poor pharmacokinetic characteristics and possible hypoglycemia. Here, twenty-three biguanide derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the principles of bioisosteres. These derivatives were evaluated for the activity of antiplatelet thrombosis in vivo. We found that N-trifluoromethanesulfonyl biguanide derivative, compound b10, uniquely prevented cerebral infarction as well as neuronal function injury, and significantly decrease the mortality rate of ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery occlusion mice without significant side effects. We verified that b10 directly inhibited platelets thrombus formation and decreased the compactness of stroke thrombi. Particularly, b10 exhibited good potency to inhibit human platelet activation including platelet aggregation, adhesion, pseudopodia formation, integrin GPIIb/IIIa activation, CD62P expression and clot retraction. Meanwhile, the pharmacokinetics assessment showed that b10 had satisfying pharmacological characteristics including a longer duration and a higher oral absorption ratio than its parent compound. In addition, b10 remarkably ameliorated not only stroke related to platelet thrombosis but also carotid artery thrombus formation. It is concluded that the novel potent antiplatelet thrombotic agent derived from biguanide is a promising candidate for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Xin
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengjie Ji
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zeliang Wei
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kui Yu
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Youping Li
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Boli Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihua Xing
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yarong He
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xijing Yang
- Animal Experiment Center, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai Niu
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; College of Mathematics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Al-Zoubi RM, Al-Omari MK, Al-Jammal WK, Ferguson MJ. Palladium-catalyzed highly regioselective mono and double Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions of 5-substituted-1,2,3-triiodobenzene under ambient conditions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16366-16376. [PMID: 35498858 PMCID: PMC9053030 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01569e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of 2,3-diiodinated diphenylacetylene and iodinated meta-terphenylacetylene derivatives through highly regioselective mono and double Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions of 5-substituted-1,2,3-triiodobenzene is reported. Significantly, the regioselectivity of coupling reactions is exclusively performed at the terminal C-I bonds, the less sterically hindered and the most regioactive positions. The highest isolated yields were achieved from reactions of electron-poor/neutral 1,2,3-triiodoarene and electron-rich arylacetylene derivatives. The use of 2.0 equiv. of arylacetylenes in one-pot fashion afforded the iodinated meta-terphenylacetylenes in excellent site selectivity and in good isolated yields. Different functional groups were found to be suitable under optimized conditions. This report discloses the first method to synthesize hitherto unknown 2,3-diiodinated diphenylacetylenes and iodinated meta-terphenylacetylenes that is facile, highly regioselective, general in scope and produces remarkable building blocks for other chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed M Al-Zoubi
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology P. O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan +962-2-7201071 +962-2-7201000-ext. 23651
| | - Mothana K Al-Omari
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology P. O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan +962-2-7201071 +962-2-7201000-ext. 23651
| | - Walid K Al-Jammal
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology P. O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan +962-2-7201071 +962-2-7201000-ext. 23651
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G2G2 Canada
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11
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Abstract
The use of an acetylene (ethynyl) group in medicinal chemistry coincides with the launch of the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 1959. Since then, the acetylene group has been broadly exploited in drug discovery and development. As a result, it has become recognized as a privileged structural feature for targeting a wide range of therapeutic target proteins, including MAO, tyrosine kinases, BACE1, steroid receptors, mGlu5 receptors, FFA1/GPR40, and HIV-1 RT. Furthermore, a terminal alkyne functionality is frequently introduced in chemical biology probes as a click handle to identify molecular targets and to assess target engagement. This Perspective is divided into three parts encompassing: (1) the physicochemical properties of the ethynyl group, (2) the advantages and disadvantages of the ethynyl group in medicinal chemistry, and (3) the impact of the ethynyl group on chemical biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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12
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Lima LM, Alves MA, do Amaral DN. Homologation: A Versatile Molecular Modification Strategy to Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1734-1750. [PMID: 31393250 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190808145235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homologation is a concept introduced by Gerhard in 1853 to describe a homologous series in organic chemistry. Since then, the concept has been adapted and used in medicinal chemistry as one of the most important strategies for molecular modification. The homologation types, their influence on physico-chemical properties and molecular conformation are presented and discussed. Its application in lead-identification and lead optimization steps, as well as its impact on pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetic properties and on protein structure is highlighted from selected examples. • Homologation: definition and types • Homologous series in nature • Comparative physico-chemical and conformational properties • Application in lead-identification and lead-optimization • Impact on pharmacodynamic property • Impact on pharmacokinetic property • Impact on protein structure • Concluding remarks • Acknowledgment • References.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia M Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Farmacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR;, Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Sintese de Substancias Bioativas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro- RJ, Brazil
| | - Marina A Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Farmacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR;, Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Sintese de Substancias Bioativas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro- RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel N do Amaral
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Farmacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR;, Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Sintese de Substancias Bioativas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro- RJ, Brazil
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard G. Luyt
- Departments of Chemistry, Oncology, and Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
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