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Li Y, Xie Z, Lei X, Yang X, Huang S, Yuan W, Deng X, Wang Z, Tang G. Recent advances in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitors: Structures, inhibitory mechanisms and biological activities. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107160. [PMID: 38301426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Metabolism is reprogrammed in a variety of cancer cells to ensure their rapid proliferation. Cancer cells prefer to utilize glycolysis to produce energy as well as to provide large amounts of precursors for their division. In this process, cancer cells inhibit the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) by upregulating the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs). Inhibiting the activity of PDKs in cancer cells can effectively block this metabolic transition in cancer cells, while also activating mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and promoting apoptosis of cancer cells. To this day, the study of PDKs inhibitors has become one of the research hotspots in the field of medicinal chemistry. Novel structures targeting PDKs are constantly being discovered, and some inhibitors have entered the clinical research stage. Here, we reviewed the research progress of PDKs inhibitors in recent years and classified them according to the PDKs binding sites they acted on, aiming to summarize the structural characteristics of inhibitors acting on different binding sites and explore their clinical application value. Finally, the shortcomings of some PDKs inhibitors and the further development direction of PDKs inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Weixi Yuan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiangping Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Guo Y, Zhou Y, Wu P, Ran M, Xu N, Shan W, Sha O, Tam KY. Dichloroacetophenone biphenylsulfone ethers as anticancer pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer models. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 378:110467. [PMID: 37004952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) is an important metabolic enzyme which is often overexpressed in many types of cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Targeting PDK1 appears to be an attractive anticancer strategy. Based on a previously reported moderate potent anticancer PDK1 inhibitor, 64, we developed three dichloroacetophenone biphenylsulfone ethers, 30, 31 and 32, which showed strong PDK1 inhibitions of 74%, 83% and 72% at 10 μM, respectively. Then we investigated the anticancer effects of 31 in two NSCLC cell lines, namely, NCI-H1299 and NCI-H1975. It was found that 31 exhibited sub-micromolar cancer cell IC50s, suppressed colony formation, induced mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, triggered apoptosis, altered cellular glucose metabolism, with concomitant reductions in extracellular lactate levels and enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species in NSCLC cells. Moreover, 31 significantly suppressed the tumor growth in an NCI-H1975 mouse xenograft model, outperforming the anticancer effects of 64. Taken together our results suggested that inhibition of PDK1 via dichloroacetophenone biphenylsulfone ethers may provide a novel direction leading to an alternative treatment option in NSCLC therapy.
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Anwar S, Shamsi A, Mohammad T, Islam A, Hassan MI. Targeting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase signaling in the development of effective cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188568. [PMID: 34023419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate is irreversibly decarboxylated to acetyl coenzyme A by mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Decarboxylation of pyruvate is considered a crucial step in cell metabolism and energetics. The cancer cells prefer aerobic glycolysis rather than mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate. This attribute of cancer cells allows them to sustain under indefinite proliferation and growth. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs) play critical roles in many diseases because they regulate PDC activity. Recent findings suggest an altered metabolism of cancer cells is associated with impaired mitochondrial function due to PDC inhibition. PDKs inhibit the PDC activity via phosphorylation of the E1a subunit and subsequently cause a glycolytic shift. Thus, inhibition of PDK is an attractive strategy in anticancer therapy. This review highlights that PDC/PDK axis could be implicated in cancer's therapeutic management by developing potential small-molecule PDK inhibitors. In recent years, a dramatic increase in the targeting of the PDC/PDK axis for cancer treatment gained an attention from the scientific community. We further discuss breakthrough findings in the PDC-PDK axis. In addition, structural features, functional significance, mechanism of activation, involvement in various human pathologies, and expression of different forms of PDKs (PDK1-4) in different types of cancers are discussed in detail. We further emphasized the gene expression profiling of PDKs in cancer patients to prognosis and therapeutic manifestations. Additionally, inhibition of the PDK/PDC axis by small molecule inhibitors and natural compounds at different clinical evaluation stages has also been discussed comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha Anwar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Ilimaquinone Induces the Apoptotic Cell Death of Cancer Cells by Reducing Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 1 Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176021. [PMID: 32825675 PMCID: PMC7504051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells, aerobic glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is generally preferred for the production of ATP. In many cancers, highly expressed pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) reduces the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) by inducing the phosphorylation of its E1α subunit (PDHA1) and subsequently, shifts the energy metabolism from OxPhos to aerobic glycolysis. Thus, PDK1 has been regarded as a target for anticancer treatment. Here, we report that ilimaquinone (IQ), a sesquiterpene quinone isolated from the marine sponge Smenospongia cerebriformis, might be a novel PDK1 inhibitor. IQ decreased the cell viability of human and murine cancer cells, such as A549, DLD-1, RKO, and LLC cells. The phosphorylation of PDHA1, the substrate of PDK1, was reduced by IQ in the A549 cells. IQ decreased the levels of secretory lactate and increased oxygen consumption. The anticancer effect of IQ was markedly reduced in PDHA1-knockout cells. Computational simulation and biochemical assay revealed that IQ interfered with the ATP binding pocket of PDK1 without affecting the interaction of PDK1 and the E2 subunit of the PDH complex. In addition, similar to other pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitors, IQ induced the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential in the A549 cells. The apoptotic cell death induced by IQ treatment was rescued in the presence of MitoTEMPO, a mitochondrial ROS inhibitor. In conclusion, we suggest that IQ might be a novel candidate for anticancer therapeutics that act via the inhibition of PDK1 activity.
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Enhanced antitumor potential induced by chloroacetate-loaded benzophenones acting as fused tubulin-pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDHK1) ligands. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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