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Ketata I, Ellouz E. From pathological mechanisms in Krabbe disease to cutting-edge therapy: A comprehensive review. Neuropathology 2024. [PMID: 38444347 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Since its initial documentation by Knud Krabbe in 1916, numerous studies have scrutinized the characteristics of Krabbe disease (KD) until the identification of the mutation in the GALC gene. In alignment with that, we investigated the natural history of KD spanning eight decades to gain a deeper understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of its mechanisms. Through our comprehensive analysis, we unearthed additional novel elements in molecular biology involving the micropathological mechanism of the disease. This review offers an updated perspective on the metabolic disorder that defines KD. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), autophagy impairment, and α-synuclein have emerged as pivotal players in the neuropathological processes. EVs might serve as a cellular mechanism to avoid or alleviate the detrimental impacts of excessive toxic psychosine levels, and extracting EVs could contribute to synapse dysfunction. Autophagy impairment was found to be independent of psychosine and reliant on AKT and B-cell lymphoma 2. Additionally, α-synuclein has been recognized for inducing cellular death and dysfunction in common biological pathways. Our objective is to assess the effectiveness of advanced therapies in addressing this particular condition. While hematopoietic stem cells have been a primary treatment, its administration proves challenging, particularly in the presymptomatic phase. In this review, we have compiled information from over 10 therapy trials, comparing them based on their benefits and disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ketata
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
- Sfax University, Sfax Faculty of Medicine, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emna Ellouz
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
- Sfax University, Sfax Faculty of Medicine, Sfax, Tunisia
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2
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Aseeri M, Abad JL, Delgado A, Fabriàs G, Triola G, Casas J. High-throughput discovery of novel small-molecule inhibitors of acid Ceramidase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:343-348. [PMID: 36519337 PMCID: PMC9762759 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2150183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide has a key role in the regulation of cellular senescence and apoptosis. As Ceramide levels are lowered by the action of acid ceramidase (AC), abnormally expressed in various cancers, the identification of AC inhibitors has attracted increasing interest. However, this finding has been mainly hampered by the lack of formats suitable for the screening of large libraries. We have overcome this drawback by adapting a fluorogenic assay to a 384-well plate format. The performance of this optimised platform has been proven by the screening a library of 4100 compounds. Our results show that the miniaturised platform is well suited for screening purposes and it led to the identification of several hits, that belong to different chemical classes and display potency ranges of 2-25 µM. The inhibitors also show selectivity over neutral ceramidase and retain activity in cells and can therefore serve as a basis for further chemical optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Aseeri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Abad
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Delgado
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Unit of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabriàs
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain,Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Triola
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain,CONTACT Gemma Triola
| | - Josefina Casas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain,Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain,Josefina Casas Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
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3
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Prasher P, Mall T, Sharma M. Synthesis and biological profile of benzoxazolone derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300245. [PMID: 37379239 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The benzoxazolone nucleus is an ideal scaffold for drug design, owing to its discrete physicochemical profile, bioisosteric preference over pharmacokinetically weaker moieties, weakly acidic behavior, presence of both lipophilic and hydrophilic fragments on a single framework, and a wider choice of chemical modification on the benzene and oxazolone rings. These properties apparently influence the interactions of benzoxazolone-based derivatives with their respective biological targets. Hence, the benzoxazolone ring is implicated in the synthesis and development of pharmaceuticals with a diverse biological profile ranging from anticancer, analgesics, insecticides, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agents. This has further led to the commercialization of several benzoxazolone-based molecules and a few others under clinical trials. Nevertheless, the SAR exploration of benzoxazolone derivatives for the identification of potential "hits" followed by the screening of "leads" provides a plethora of opportunities for further exploration of the pharmacological profile of the benzoxazolone nucleus. In this review, we aim to present the biological profile of different derivatives based on the benzoxazolone framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, India
| | - Tanisqa Mall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, India
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
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4
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Heller G, Bradbury AM, Sands MS, Bongarzone ER. Preclinical studies in Krabbe disease: A model for the investigation of novel combination therapies for lysosomal storage diseases. Mol Ther 2023; 31:7-23. [PMID: 36196048 PMCID: PMC9840155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by mutations in the galc gene. There are over 50 monogenetic LSDs, which largely impede the normal development of children and often lead to premature death. At present, there are no cures for LSDs and the available treatments are generally insufficient, short acting, and not without co-morbidities or long-term side effects. The last 30 years have seen significant advances in our understanding of LSD pathology as well as treatment options. Two gene therapy-based clinical trials, NCT04693598 and NCT04771416, for KD were recently started based on those advances. This review will discuss how our knowledge of KD got to where it is today, focusing on preclinical investigations, and how what was discovered may prove beneficial for the treatment of other LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Heller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St M/C 512, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Allison M Bradbury
- Center for Gene Therapy, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Abigail Wexner Research Institute Nationwide Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue Box 8007, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue Box 8007, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St M/C 512, Chicago, IL, USA.
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5
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Matsumoto SI, Sato S, Otake K, Kosugi Y. Highly-sensitive simultaneous quantitation of glucosylsphingosine and galactosylsphingosine in human cerebrospinal fluid by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 217:114852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Nasir G, Chopra R, Elwood F, Ahmed SS. Krabbe Disease: Prospects of Finding a Cure Using AAV Gene Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:760236. [PMID: 34869463 PMCID: PMC8633897 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.760236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe Disease (KD) is an autosomal metabolic disorder that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is caused by a functional deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, galactocerebrosidase (GALC), resulting in an accumulation of the toxic metabolite, psychosine. Psychosine accumulation affects many different cellular pathways, leading to severe demyelination. Although there is currently no effective therapy for Krabbe disease, recent gene therapy-based approaches in animal models have indicated a promising outlook for clinical treatment. This review highlights recent findings in the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease, and evaluates AAV-based gene therapy as a promising strategy for treating this devastating pediatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Nasir
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- AllianThera Biopharma, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fiona Elwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Seemin S Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
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7
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Bradbury AM, Bongarzone ER, Sands MS. Krabbe disease: New hope for an old disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 752:135841. [PMID: 33766733 PMCID: PMC8802533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) characterized by progressive and profound demyelination. Infantile, juvenile and adult-onset forms of Krabbe disease have been described, with infantile being the most common. Children with an infantile-onset generally appear normal at birth but begin to miss developmental milestones by six months of age and die by two to four years of age. Krabbe disease is caused by a deficiency of the acid hydrolase galactosylceramidase (GALC) which is responsible for the degradation of galactosylceramides and sphingolipids, which are abundant in myelin membranes. The absence of GALC leads to the toxic accumulation of galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), a lysoderivative of galactosylceramides, in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells resulting in demyelination of the central and peripheral nervous systems, respectively. Treatment strategies such as enzyme replacement, substrate reduction, enzyme chaperones, and gene therapy have shown promise in LSDs. Unfortunately, Krabbe disease has been relatively refractory to most single-therapy interventions. Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can alter the course of Krabbe disease and is the current standard-of-care, it simply slows the progression, even when initiated in pre-symptomatic children. However, the recent success of combinatorial therapeutic approaches in small animal models of Krabbe disease and the identification of new pathogenic mechanisms provide hope for the development of effective treatments for this devastating disease. This review provides a brief history of Krabbe disease and the evolution of single and combination therapeutic approaches and discusses new pathogenic mechanisms and how they might impact the development of more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bradbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, United States.
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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8
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LeVine SM, Tsau S. Substrate Reduction Therapy for Krabbe Disease: Exploring the Repurposing of the Antibiotic D-Cycloserine. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:807973. [PMID: 35118033 PMCID: PMC8804370 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.807973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is a lysosomal storage disease that is caused by a deficiency in galactosylceramidase. Infantile onset disease is the most common presentation, which includes progressive neurological deterioration with corresponding demyelination, development of globoid cells, astrocyte gliosis, etc. Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a disease modifying therapy, but this intervention is insufficient with many patients still experiencing developmental delays and progressive deterioration. Preclinical studies have used animal models, e.g., twitcher mice, to test different experimental therapies resulting in developments that have led to progressive improvements in the therapeutic impact. Some recent advances have been in the areas of gene therapy and substrate reduction therapy (SRT), as well as using these in combination with HSCT. Unfortunately, new experimental approaches have encountered obstacles which have impeded the translation of novel therapies to human patients. In an effort to identify a safe adjunct therapy, D-cycloserine was tested in preliminary studies in twitcher mice. When administered as a standalone therapy, D-cycloserine was shown to lengthen the lifespan of twitcher mice in a small but significant manner. D-Cycloserine is an FDA approved antibiotic used for drug resistant tuberculosis. It also acts as a partial agonist of the NMDA receptor, which has led to numerous human studies for a range of neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions. In addition, D-cycloserine may inhibit serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in sphingolipid production. The enantiomer, L-cycloserine, is a much more potent inhibitor of SPT than D-cycloserine. Previously, L-cycloserine was found to act as an effective SRT agent in twitcher mice as both a standalone therapy and as part of combination therapies. L-Cycloserine is not approved for human use, and its potent inhibitory properties may limit its ability to maintain a level of partial inactivation of SPT that is also safe. In theory, D-cycloserine would encompass a much broader dosage range to achieve a safe degree of partial inhibition of SPT, which increases the likelihood it could advance to human studies in patients with Krabbe disease. Furthermore, additional properties of D-cycloserine raise the possibility of other therapeutic mechanisms that could be exploited for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M LeVine
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Sheila Tsau
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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9
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Caputo S, Di Martino S, Cilibrasi V, Tardia P, Mazzonna M, Russo D, Penna I, Summa M, Bertozzi SM, Realini N, Margaroli N, Migliore M, Ottonello G, Liu M, Lansbury P, Armirotti A, Bertorelli R, Ray SS, Skerlj R, Scarpelli R. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Series of Oxazolone Carboxamides as a Novel Class of Acid Ceramidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15821-15851. [PMID: 33290061 PMCID: PMC7770833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Acid
ceramidase (AC) is a cysteine hydrolase that plays a crucial
role in the metabolism of lysosomal ceramides, important members of
the sphingolipid family, a diversified class of bioactive molecules
that mediate many biological processes ranging from cell structural
integrity, signaling, and cell proliferation to cell death. In the
effort to expand the structural diversity of the existing collection
of AC inhibitors, a novel class of substituted oxazol-2-one-3-carboxamides
were designed and synthesized. Herein, we present the chemical optimization
of our initial hits, 2-oxo-4-phenyl-N-(4-phenylbutyl)oxazole-3-carboxamide 8a and 2-oxo-5-phenyl-N-(4-phenylbutyl)oxazole-3-carboxamide 12a, which resulted in the identification of 5-[4-fluoro-2-(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)phenyl]-2-oxo-N-pentyl-oxazole-3-carboxamide 32b as a potent
AC inhibitor with optimal physicochemical and metabolic properties,
showing target engagement in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and
a desirable pharmacokinetic profile in mice, following intravenous
and oral administration. 32b enriches the arsenal of
promising lead compounds that may therefore act as useful pharmacological
tools for investigating the potential therapeutic effects of AC inhibition
in relevant sphingolipid-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Caputo
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Di Martino
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cilibrasi
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Piero Tardia
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzonna
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Debora Russo
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,D3-Pharma Chemistry, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Penna
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,D3-Pharma Chemistry, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Analytical Chemistry and Translational Pharmacology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sine Mandrup Bertozzi
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Analytical Chemistry and Translational Pharmacology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Natalia Realini
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Natasha Margaroli
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Migliore
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ottonello
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Analytical Chemistry and Translational Pharmacology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Min Liu
- Lysosomal Therapeutics Inc., 19 Blackstone Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Lansbury
- Lysosomal Therapeutics Inc., 19 Blackstone Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Analytical Chemistry and Translational Pharmacology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Analytical Chemistry and Translational Pharmacology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Soumya S Ray
- Lysosomal Therapeutics Inc., 19 Blackstone Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Renato Skerlj
- Lysosomal Therapeutics Inc., 19 Blackstone Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rita Scarpelli
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.,Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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Pattarawarapan M, Yamano D, Wiriya N, Yimklan S, Phakhodee W. Simultaneous Formation and Functionalization of Aryliminophosphoranes Using 1,3-Dihydro-1 H-benzimidazol-2-ones as Precursors. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13330-13338. [PMID: 33006471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An atom- and step-economic synthesis of aryliminophosphoranes bearing ortho urea was achieved via unprecedented Ph3P-I2 mediated ring-opening of 1,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazol-2-ones with secondary amines. Tandem aza-Wittig/heterocyclization of the functionalized aryliminophosphoranes upon treatment with isothiocyanates enables a facile access to a single regioisomer of N1-substituted 2-aminobenzimidazoles as well as fused tetracyclic quinazolinone derivatives in one-pot. 31P{1H} NMR studies suggested that the urea C-N bond of benzimidazolone is weakened by N-phosphorylation, leading to aminolysis rather than the expected deoxygenative amination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mookda Pattarawarapan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Research Center on Chemistry for Development of Health Promoting Products from Northern Resources, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Dolnapa Yamano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Wiriya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Saranphong Yimklan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wong Phakhodee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Research Center on Chemistry for Development of Health Promoting Products from Northern Resources, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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