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Iloabuchi K, Spiteller D. Bacillus sp. G2112 Detoxifies Phenazine-1-carboxylic Acid by N5 Glucosylation. Molecules 2024; 29:589. [PMID: 38338334 PMCID: PMC10856480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial symbionts of plants constitute promising sources of biocontrol organisms to fight plant pathogens. Bacillus sp. G2112 and Pseudomonas sp. G124 isolated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus) leaves inhibited the plant pathogens Erwinia and Fusarium. When Bacillus sp. G2112 and Pseudomonas sp. G124 were co-cultivated, a red halo appeared around Bacillus sp. G2112 colonies. Metabolite profiling using liquid chromatography coupled to UV and mass spectrometry revealed that the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) released by Pseudomonas sp. G124 was transformed by Bacillus sp. G2112 to red pigments. In the presence of PCA (>40 µg/mL), Bacillus sp. G2112 could not grow. However, already-grown Bacillus sp. G2112 (OD600 > 1.0) survived PCA treatment, converting it to red pigments. These pigments were purified by reverse-phase chromatography, and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry, NMR, and chemical degradation as unprecedented 5N-glucosylated phenazine derivatives: 7-imino-5N-(1'β-D-glucopyranosyl)-5,7-dihydrophenazine-1-carboxylic acid and 3-imino-5N-(1'β-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,5-dihydrophenazine-1-carboxylic acid. 3-imino-5N-(1'β-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,5-dihydrophenazine-1-carboxylic acid did not inhibit Bacillus sp. G2112, proving that the observed modification constitutes a resistance mechanism. The coexistence of microorganisms-especially under natural/field conditions-calls for such adaptations, such as PCA inactivation, but these can weaken the potential of the producing organism against pathogens and should be considered during the development of biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenechukwu Iloabuchi
- Department Chemical Ecology/Biological Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Obukpa Road, Nsukka 410105, Nigeria
| | - Dieter Spiteller
- Department Chemical Ecology/Biological Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;
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Li YX, Yue SJ, Zheng YF, Huang P, Nie YF, Hao XR, Zhang HY, Wang W, Hu HB, Zhang XH. Economical Production of Phenazine-1-carboxylic Acid from Glycerol by Pseudomonas chlororaphis Using Cost-Effective Minimal Medium. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1292. [PMID: 37887002 PMCID: PMC10604798 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenazine compounds are widely used in agricultural control and the medicine industry due to their high inhibitory activity against pathogens and antitumor activity. The green and sustainable method of synthesizing phenazine compounds through microbial fermentation often requires a complex culture medium containing tryptone and yeast extract, and its cost is relatively high, which greatly limits the large-scale industrial production of phenazine compounds by fermentation. The aim of this study was to develop a cost-effective minimal medium for the efficient synthesis of phenazine compounds by Pseudomonas chlororaphis. Through testing the minimum medium commonly used by Pseudomonas, an ME medium for P. chlororaphis with a high production of phenazine compounds was obtained. Then, the components of the ME medium and the other medium were compared and replaced to verify the beneficial promoting effect of Fe2+ and NH4+ on phenazine compounds. A cost-effective general defined medium (GDM) using glycerol as the sole carbon source was obtained by optimizing the composition of the ME medium. Using the GDM, the production of phenazine compounds by P. chlororaphis reached 1073.5 mg/L, which was 1.3 times that achieved using a complex medium, while the cost of the GDM was only 10% that of a complex medium (e.g., the KB medium). Finally, by engineering the glycerol metabolic pathway, the titer of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid reached the highest level achieved using a minimum medium so far. This work demonstrates how we systematically analyzed and optimized the composition of the medium and integrated a metabolic engineering method to obtain the most cost-effective fermentation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Sheng-Jie Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Yi-Fan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Yan-Fang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Xiang-Rui Hao
- Shanghai Nong Le Biological Products Company Limited (NLBP), Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Nong Le Biological Products Company Limited (NLBP), Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Hong-Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
- Shanghai Nongle Joint R&D Center on Biopesticides and Biofertilizers, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xue-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
- Shanghai Nongle Joint R&D Center on Biopesticides and Biofertilizers, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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A Convenient Diels-Alder Approach toward Potential Polyketide-like Antibiotics Using α-Activated α,β-Unsaturated 4,4-Dimethyl-1-tetralones as Dienophiles. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062739. [PMID: 36985714 PMCID: PMC10057133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Making use of a Diels–Alder approach based on various α,β-unsaturated 2-carbomethoxy-4,4-dimethyl-1-tetralones as novel dienophiles, the corresponding polycyclic adducts could be efficiently synthesized in good to high yields (74~99%) in the presence of Lewis acid (e.g., SnCl4). Accordingly, a synthetically useful platform is established to provide a focused aromatic polyketide-like library for screening of potential natural and non-natural antimicrobial agents.
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